메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 95-107

Physical Restraints in an Italian Psychiatric Ward: Clinical Reasons and Staff Organization Problems

Author keywords

Acute psychiatric ward; Aggressiveness; Physical restraint; Staff organization

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT; PSYCHOSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

EID: 84859156681     PISSN: 00315990     EISSN: 17446163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2011.00308.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (74)
  • 1
    • 0003768522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milan, Italy: The McGraw-Hill Companies Press.
    • Armitage, P., & Berry, G. (1996). Statistica medica. Milan, Italy: The McGraw-Hill Companies Press.
    • (1996) Statistica medica
    • Armitage, P.1    Berry, G.2
  • 2
    • 62449113177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Achieving restraint-free on an inpatient behavioral health unit
    • doi:10.3928/02793695-20090101-01
    • Barton, S. A. (2009). Achieving restraint-free on an inpatient behavioral health unit. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 47, 34-40. doi:10.3928/02793695-20090101-01
    • (2009) Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services , vol.47 , pp. 34-40
    • Barton, S.A.1
  • 3
    • 69049110898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Italian Law "180" thirty years after: From the unmet needs of sick people and families to the duty of a critical reflection
    • Bersani, G. (2009). The Italian Law "180" thirty years after: From the unmet needs of sick people and families to the duty of a critical reflection. Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 45, 27-32.
    • (2009) Annali Istituto Superiore di Sanità , vol.45 , pp. 27-32
    • Bersani, G.1
  • 4
    • 70350461985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violent behavior in acute psychiatric inpatient facilities: A national survey in Italy
    • PROGRES-Acute Group. ., doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181bb0d6b
    • Biancosino, B., Delmonte, S., Grassi, L., Santone, G., Preti, A., Miglio, R., ... PROGRES-Acute Group. (2009). Violent behavior in acute psychiatric inpatient facilities: A national survey in Italy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 772-782. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181bb0d6b
    • (2009) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.197 , pp. 772-782
    • Biancosino, B.1    Delmonte, S.2    Grassi, L.3    Santone, G.4    Preti, A.5    Miglio, R.6
  • 5
    • 84977493387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and management of aggression training and violent incidents on U.K. acute psychiatric wards
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.1022
    • Bowers, L., Nijman, J., Allan, T., Simpson, A., Warren, J., & Turner, L. (2006). Prevention and management of aggression training and violent incidents on U.K. acute psychiatric wards. Psychiatric Services, 57, 1022-1026. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.1022
    • (2006) Psychiatric Services , vol.57 , pp. 1022-1026
    • Bowers, L.1    Nijman, J.2    Allan, T.3    Simpson, A.4    Warren, J.5    Turner, L.6
  • 6
    • 84859163172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Charitas/Migrantes. Dossier statistico 2009. XIX Rapporto sull'immigrazione. IDOS. Rome: Centro Studio e Ricerche. Retrieved from
    • Charitas/Migrantes. (2009). Dossier statistico 2009. XIX Rapporto sull'immigrazione. IDOS. Rome: Centro Studio e Ricerche. Retrieved from
    • (2009)
  • 8
    • 0034201853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency psychiatry: Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.6.717
    • Currier, G. W., & Allen, H. M. (2000). Emergency psychiatry: Physical and chemical restraint in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatric Services, 31, 717-719. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.51.6.717
    • (2000) Psychiatric Services , vol.31 , pp. 717-719
    • Currier, G.W.1    Allen, H.M.2
  • 9
    • 67349209617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal thromboembolic disease: A risk in physically restrained psychiatric patients
    • doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.12.008
    • Dickson, B. C. (2009). Fatal thromboembolic disease: A risk in physically restrained psychiatric patients. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 16, 284-286. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2008.12.008
    • (2009) Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine , vol.16 , pp. 284-286
    • Dickson, B.C.1
  • 10
    • 67650901502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structured team approach to the agitated patient in the emergency department
    • doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01182
    • Downes, M. A., Healy, P., Page, C. B., Bryant, J. L., & Isbister, G. K. (2009). Structured team approach to the agitated patient in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 21, 196-202. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01182
    • (2009) Emergency Medicine Australasia , vol.21 , pp. 196-202
    • Downes, M.A.1    Healy, P.2    Page, C.B.3    Bryant, J.L.4    Isbister, G.K.5
  • 11
    • 19744364353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and management of patient aggression and violence: Staff and patient perspectives
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03426
    • Duxbury, J., & Whittington, R. (2005). Causes and management of patient aggression and violence: Staff and patient perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50, 469-478. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03426
    • (2005) Journal of Advanced Nursing , vol.50 , pp. 469-478
    • Duxbury, J.1    Whittington, R.2
  • 12
    • 0036886201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of physical restraint minimization in the acute and residential care settings
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02422
    • Evans, D., Wood, J., & Lambert, L. (2002). A review of physical restraint minimization in the acute and residential care settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40, 616-625. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02422
    • (2002) Journal of Advanced Nursing , vol.40 , pp. 616-625
    • Evans, D.1    Wood, J.2    Lambert, L.3
  • 13
    • 21244460308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The last resort? Staff and client perspectives on physical intervention
    • doi:10.1177/1744629505049726
    • Fish, H., & Culshaw, E. (2005). The last resort? Staff and client perspectives on physical intervention. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 9, 93-107. doi:10.1177/1744629505049726
    • (2005) Journal of Intellectual Disabilities , vol.9 , pp. 93-107
    • Fish, H.1    Culshaw, E.2
  • 14
    • 0027973227 scopus 로고
    • Restraints and seclusions: A review of the literature
    • Fisher, W. A. (1994). Restraints and seclusions: A review of the literature. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1584-1591.
    • (1994) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1584-1591
    • Fisher, W.A.1
  • 15
    • 84859157603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of repetitively assaultive patients: Ten year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP)
    • Flannery, R. B., Rachlin, S., & Walker, A. (2002). Characteristics of repetitively assaultive patients: Ten year analysis of the Assaulted Staff Action Program (ASAP). International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 72, 59-69.
    • (2002) International Journal of Emergency Mental Health , vol.72 , pp. 59-69
    • Flannery, R.B.1    Rachlin, S.2    Walker, A.3
  • 16
    • 0002461085 scopus 로고
    • Food and Drug Administration. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • Food and Drug Administration. (1992). FDA safety alert: Potential hazards with restraint devices. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • (1992) FDA safety alert: Potential hazards with restraint devices
  • 17
    • 0033203503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staff training decreases use of seclusion and restraint in an acute psychiatric hospital
    • doi:10.1016/S0883-9417(99)80037-5
    • Forster, P. L., Cavness, C., & Phelps, M. A. (1999). Staff training decreases use of seclusion and restraint in an acute psychiatric hospital. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 13, 269-271. doi:10.1016/S0883-9417(99)80037-5
    • (1999) Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , vol.13 , pp. 269-271
    • Forster, P.L.1    Cavness, C.2    Phelps, M.A.3
  • 18
    • 34047212484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggressive behaviour on acute psychiatric wards: Prevalence, severity and management
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04169.x
    • Foster, C., Bowers, L., & Nijman, H. (2007). Aggressive behaviour on acute psychiatric wards: Prevalence, severity and management. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58, 140-149. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04169.x
    • (2007) Journal of Advanced Nursing , vol.58 , pp. 140-149
    • Foster, C.1    Bowers, L.2    Nijman, H.3
  • 19
    • 33747166970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Situational variables and institutional violence: A systematic review of the literature
    • doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.02.002
    • Gadon, L., Cooke, D. J., & Johnstone, L. (2006). Situational variables and institutional violence: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 515-534. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.02.002
    • (2006) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.26 , pp. 515-534
    • Gadon, L.1    Cooke, D.J.2    Johnstone, L.3
  • 21
    • 0034812774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of violent behaviour in acute psychiatric inpatient: A 5-year Italian study
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00292.x
    • Grassi, L., Peron, L., Marangoni, C., Bianchi, P., & Vanni, A. (2001). Characteristics of violent behaviour in acute psychiatric inpatient: A 5-year Italian study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 273-279. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00292.x
    • (2001) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol.104 , pp. 273-279
    • Grassi, L.1    Peron, L.2    Marangoni, C.3    Bianchi, P.4    Vanni, A.5
  • 23
    • 0017842980 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the theoretical bases for seclusion of psychiatric inpatient
    • Gutheil, T. G. (1987). Observations on the theoretical bases for seclusion of psychiatric inpatient. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 325-328.
    • (1987) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.135 , pp. 325-328
    • Gutheil, T.G.1
  • 24
    • 34748881229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing the use of restraint and seclusion among psychiatric inpatients
    • doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000290669.10107.ba
    • Hellerstein, D. J., Staub, A. B., & Lequesne, E. (2007). Decreasing the use of restraint and seclusion among psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 13, 308-317. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000290669.10107.ba
    • (2007) Journal of Psychiatric Practice , vol.13 , pp. 308-317
    • Hellerstein, D.J.1    Staub, A.B.2    Lequesne, E.3
  • 25
    • 49649123358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inappropriate restraint practices in Australian teaching hospitals
    • Irving, K. (2004). Inappropriate restraint practices in Australian teaching hospitals. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21, 23-27.
    • (2004) Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing , vol.21 , pp. 23-27
    • Irving, K.1
  • 27
    • 56849091523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coerced medication in psychiatric inpatient care: Literature review
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04832.x
    • Jarrett, M., Bowers, L., & Simpson, A. (2008). Coerced medication in psychiatric inpatient care: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 64, 538-548. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04832.x
    • (2008) Journal of Advanced Nursing , vol.64 , pp. 538-548
    • Jarrett, M.1    Bowers, L.2    Simpson, A.3
  • 29
    • 52449084777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coercion in psychiatry
    • doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e49f
    • Kallert, T. W. (2008). Coercion in psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 485-489. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328305e49f
    • (2008) Current Opinion in Psychiatry , vol.21 , pp. 485-489
    • Kallert, T.W.1
  • 30
    • 0034118280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coercion and restrictions in psychiatric inpatient treatment
    • doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00223-6
    • Kaltiala-Heino, R., Korkeila, J., Touhimaki, G., Tuori, T., & Lehtinen, V. (2000). Coercion and restrictions in psychiatric inpatient treatment. European Psychiatry, 15, 213-219. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00223-6
    • (2000) European Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 213-219
    • Kaltiala-Heino, R.1    Korkeila, J.2    Touhimaki, G.3    Tuori, T.4    Lehtinen, V.5
  • 34
    • 84859161008 scopus 로고
    • Legge 13 Maggio. n.180 "Accertamenti e trattamenti sanitari volontari e obbligatori," Gazzetta Ufficiale, 16 maggio 1978, n.133. Retrieved from
    • Legge 13 Maggio. (1978). n.180 "Accertamenti e trattamenti sanitari volontari e obbligatori, " Gazzetta Ufficiale, 16 maggio 1978, n.133. Retrieved from
    • (1978)
  • 35
    • 0029162309 scopus 로고
    • Evidence bearing on mental illness and possible causes of violent behaviour
    • Link, B. G., & Stueve, T. (1995). Evidence bearing on mental illness and possible causes of violent behaviour. Epidemiologic Reviews, 17, 172-181.
    • (1995) Epidemiologic Reviews , vol.17 , pp. 172-181
    • Link, B.G.1    Stueve, T.2
  • 36
    • 24344431542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of coercive measures in psychiatry
    • Group Eunomia.
    • Mayoral, F., Torres, F., & Group Eunomia. (2005).Use of coercive measures in psychiatry. Acta Espanolas de Psiquiatria, 33, 331-338.
    • (2005) Acta Espanolas de Psiquiatria , vol.33 , pp. 331-338
    • Mayoral, F.1    Torres, F.2
  • 37
    • 42149104341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with the use of physical restraints for agitated patients in psychiatric emergency rooms
    • Mignon, M. N., Coutinho, E. S., Huf, G., Adams, C. E., Cunha, G. M., & Allen, M. H. (2008). Factors associated with the use of physical restraints for agitated patients in psychiatric emergency rooms. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 263-268.
    • (2008) General Hospital Psychiatry , vol.30 , pp. 263-268
    • Mignon, M.N.1    Coutinho, E.S.2    Huf, G.3    Adams, C.E.4    Cunha, G.M.5    Allen, M.H.6
  • 38
    • 85021378487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle Politiche Sociali. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Versione Italiana della ICD-9-CM."International Classification of Diseases-9th revision-Clinical Modification" 2007.
    • Ministero del Lavoro, della Salute e delle Politiche Sociali. (2008). Classificazione delle malattie e dei traumatismi, degli interventi chirurgici e delle procedure diagnostiche e terapeutiche. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Versione Italiana della ICD-9-CM."International Classification of Diseases-9th revision-Clinical Modification" 2007.
    • (2008) Classificazione delle malattie e dei traumatismi, degli interventi chirurgici e delle procedure diagnostiche e terapeutiche
  • 39
    • 1842589522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence risk assessment
    • In A. M. Goldstein (Ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons Press
    • Monahan, J. (2003). Violence risk assessment. In A. M. Goldstein (Ed.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 11, pp. 527-540). New York: John Wiley & Sons Press.
    • (2003) Handbook of psychology , vol.11 , pp. 527-540
    • Monahan, J.1
  • 40
    • 33750096448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness
    • Art. No. CD002084. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002084.pub2
    • Murilidharan, S., & Fenton, M. (2006). Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Art. No. CD002084. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002084.pub2
    • (2006) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Murilidharan, S.1    Fenton, M.2
  • 41
    • 84859161011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute of Clinical Excellence. Clinical practice guidelines for violence. The short-term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in Psychiatric Settings and Emergency Departments. NCC-NCS 22/02/05. London: Author.
    • National Institute of Clinical Excellence. (2005). Clinical practice guidelines for violence. The short-term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in Psychiatric Settings and Emergency Departments. NCC-NCS 22/02/05. London: Author.
    • (2005)
  • 42
    • 0035072241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ward crowding and incidents of violence on an acute psychiatric inpatient unit
    • Ng, B., Kumar, S., Ranclaud, M., & Robinson, E. (2001). Ward crowding and incidents of violence on an acute psychiatric inpatient unit. Psychiatric Services, 52, 521-525.
    • (2001) Psychiatric Services , vol.52 , pp. 521-525
    • Ng, B.1    Kumar, S.2    Ranclaud, M.3    Robinson, E.4
  • 43
    • 4143126014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model of aggression in psychiatric hospitals
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.30
    • Nijman, H. L. I. (2002). A model of aggression in psychiatric hospitals. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 142-143. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.30
    • (2002) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol.106 , pp. 142-143
    • Nijman, H.L.I.1
  • 45
    • 84859163171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority. Independent inquiry into the death of David Bennet. Retrieved from
    • Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority. (2004). Independent inquiry into the death of David Bennet. Retrieved from
    • (2004)
  • 46
    • 38049007484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: A British perspective on the use of restraint and seclusion in correctional mental health care
    • O'Grady, J. C. (2007). Commentary: A British perspective on the use of restraint and seclusion in correctional mental health care. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 35, 439-443.
    • (2007) Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , vol.35 , pp. 439-443
    • O'Grady, J.C.1
  • 47
    • 42049091457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coercion in patients who at their first contact with the psychiatric services system were diagnosed within the schizophrenia-spectrum in Denmark. A register study
    • doi:10.1080/08039480801979628
    • Ohlenschlaeger, J., & Nordentoft, M. (2008). Coercion in patients who at their first contact with the psychiatric services system were diagnosed within the schizophrenia-spectrum in Denmark. A register study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 77-81. doi:10.1080/08039480801979628
    • (2008) Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 77-81
    • Ohlenschlaeger, J.1    Nordentoft, M.2
  • 48
    • 84992815711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sudden death during restraint: Do some positions affect lung function?
    • doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.48.2.137
    • Parkers, J. (2008). Sudden death during restraint: Do some positions affect lung function? Medicine, Science, and the Law, 48, 137-141. doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.48.2.137
    • (2008) Medicine, Science, and the Law , vol.48 , pp. 137-141
    • Parkers, J.1
  • 49
    • 34347225970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restraint and the question of validity
    • doi:10.1177/0969733007077888
    • Paterson, B., & Duxbury, J. (2007). Restraint and the question of validity. Nursing Ethics, 14, 535-545. doi:10.1177/0969733007077888
    • (2007) Nursing Ethics , vol.14 , pp. 535-545
    • Paterson, B.1    Duxbury, J.2
  • 50
    • 0032537470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium: A retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in community
    • Pollanan, M. S., Chiasson, D. A., Cairns, J. T., & Young, J. G. (1998). Unexpected death related to restraint for excited delirium: A retrospective study of deaths in police custody and in community. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 158, 1603-1607.
    • (1998) Canadian Medical Association Journal , vol.158 , pp. 1603-1607
    • Pollanan, M.S.1    Chiasson, D.A.2    Cairns, J.T.3    Young, J.G.4
  • 51
    • 0031567627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of restraints on patients in Israeli psychiatric hospitals
    • Porat, S. (1997). The use of restraints on patients in Israeli psychiatric hospitals. British Journal of Nursing, 6, 864-873.
    • (1997) British Journal of Nursing , vol.6 , pp. 864-873
    • Porat, S.1
  • 52
    • 58149252061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we justify eliminating coercive measures in psychiatry?
    • doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022780
    • Prinsen, E. J., & Van Delden, J. J. (2009). Can we justify eliminating coercive measures in psychiatry? Journal of Medical Ethics, 35, 69-73. doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022780
    • (2009) Journal of Medical Ethics , vol.35 , pp. 69-73
    • Prinsen, E.J.1    Van Delden, J.J.2
  • 53
    • 33845188681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hostility and violence of acute psychiatric inpatients
    • doi:10.1186/1745-0179-1-11
    • Raja, M., & Azzoni, A. (2005). Hostility and violence of acute psychiatric inpatients. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 29, 1-11. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-1-11
    • (2005) Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health , vol.29 , pp. 1-11
    • Raja, M.1    Azzoni, A.2
  • 54
    • 84921431370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses
    • Issue 1, Art. No. CD001163. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001163
    • Sailas, E. E. S., & Fenton, M. (2000). Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illnesses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1, Art. No. CD001163. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001163
    • (2000) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    • Sailas, E.E.S.1    Fenton, M.2
  • 58
    • 84859160258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steering Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. White paper on the protection of the human rights and dignity of people suffering from mental disorders, especially those placed as involuntary patients in a psychiatric establishment. Council of Europe. Retrieved from
    • Steering Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. (2005). White paper on the protection of the human rights and dignity of people suffering from mental disorders, especially those placed as involuntary patients in a psychiatric establishment. Council of Europe. Retrieved from
    • (2005)
  • 59
    • 0037886193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of inpatient violence
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.29
    • Steinert, T. (2002). Prediction of inpatient violence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 133-141. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.29
    • (2002) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol.106 , pp. 133-141
    • Steinert, T.1
  • 60
    • 60549097059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal provisions and practice in the management of violent patients. A case vignette study in 16 European countries
    • doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.002
    • Steinert, T., & Lepping, P. (2009). Legal provisions and practice in the management of violent patients. A case vignette study in 16 European countries. European Psychiatry, 24, 135-141. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.03.002
    • (2009) European Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 135-141
    • Steinert, T.1    Lepping, P.2
  • 62
    • 0031063594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of research on clinical practice: The use of restraints
    • doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(97)80078-X
    • Stratmann, D., Vinson, M. H., Magee, R., & Hardin, S. B. (1997). The effects of research on clinical practice: The use of restraints. Applied Nursing Research, 19, 39-43. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(97)80078-X
    • (1997) Applied Nursing Research , vol.19 , pp. 39-43
    • Stratmann, D.1    Vinson, M.H.2    Magee, R.3    Hardin, S.B.4
  • 63
    • 58349087054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical intervention: A review of the literature on its use, staff and patient views, and the impact of training
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01335.x
    • Stubbs, B., Leadbetter, D., Paterson, B., Yorston, G., Knight, C., & Davis, S. (2009). Physical intervention: A review of the literature on its use, staff and patient views, and the impact of training. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16, 99-105. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01335.x
    • (2009) Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , vol.16 , pp. 99-105
    • Stubbs, B.1    Leadbetter, D.2    Paterson, B.3    Yorston, G.4    Knight, C.5    Davis, S.6
  • 65
    • 44449144551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professionals' attitudes toward reducing restraint: The case of seclusion in the Netherlands
    • doi:10.1007/s11126-007-9063-x
    • Van Doeselaar, M., Sleegers, P., & Hutschemaekers, G. (2008). Professionals' attitudes toward reducing restraint: The case of seclusion in the Netherlands. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79, 97-109. doi:10.1007/s11126-007-9063-x
    • (2008) Psychiatric Quarterly , vol.79 , pp. 97-109
    • Van Doeselaar, M.1    Sleegers, P.2    Hutschemaekers, G.3
  • 66
    • 79851500351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overcrowding in psychiatric wards and physical assaults on staff: Data-linked longitudinal study
    • doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082388
    • Virtanen, M., Vahtera, J., David Batty, G., Tuisku, K., Pentti, J., Oksanen, T., ... Kivimäki, M. (2011). Overcrowding in psychiatric wards and physical assaults on staff: Data-linked longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 149-155. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082388
    • (2011) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.198 , pp. 149-155
    • Virtanen, M.1    Vahtera, J.2    David Batty, G.3    Tuisku, K.4    Pentti, J.5    Oksanen, T.6    Kivimäki, M.7
  • 67
    • 0026948131 scopus 로고
    • Physical restraints: An FDA update
    • doi:10.2307/3426944
    • Weick, M. D. (1992). Physical restraints: An FDA update. American Journal of Nursing, 92, 74-80. doi:10.2307/3426944
    • (1992) American Journal of Nursing , vol.92 , pp. 74-80
    • Weick, M.D.1
  • 68
    • 27744463900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactional aspects of violent behavior on acute psychiatric wards
    • Whittington, R., & Richter, D. (2005). Interactional aspects of violent behavior on acute psychiatric wards. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11, 377-388.
    • (2005) Psychology, Crime and Law , vol.11 , pp. 377-388
    • Whittington, R.1    Richter, D.2
  • 69
    • 33644984828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further thoughts on the process of restraint
    • doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00913.x
    • Winship, G. (2006). Further thoughts on the process of restraint. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13, 55-60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2006.00913.x
    • (2006) Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , vol.13 , pp. 55-60
    • Winship, G.1
  • 70
    • 0942285536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence in a general hospital: Comparison of assailant and other assault-related factors on accident and emergency and inpatients wards
    • doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.31.x
    • Winstanley, S., & Whittington, R. (2002). Violence in a general hospital: Comparison of assailant and other assault-related factors on accident and emergency and inpatients wards. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 144-147. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.106.s412.31.x
    • (2002) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol.106 , pp. 144-147
    • Winstanley, S.1    Whittington, R.2
  • 71
    • 84859163169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Mental health, human rights and legislation: WHO's framework. What about patient's view about physical restraints? Retrieved from
    • World Health Organization. (2005). Mental health, human rights and legislation: WHO's framework. What about patient's view about physical restraints? Retrieved from
    • (2005)
  • 72
    • 84859163170 scopus 로고
    • World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Retrieved from
    • World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. (1964). Retrieved from
    • (1964)
  • 73
    • 77954887739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease
    • doi:10.1038/nrn2868
    • Wulff, K., Gatti, S., Wettstein, J. G., & Foster, R. G. (2010). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 589-599. doi:10.1038/nrn2868
    • (2010) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.11 , pp. 589-599
    • Wulff, K.1    Gatti, S.2    Wettstein, J.G.3    Foster, R.G.4
  • 74
    • 0347589429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staff's attitudes to the use of restraint and seclusion in a Norwegian university psychiatric hospital
    • doi:10.1080/08039480310003470
    • Wynn, R. (2003). Staff's attitudes to the use of restraint and seclusion in a Norwegian university psychiatric hospital. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 453-459. doi:10.1080/08039480310003470
    • (2003) Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 453-459
    • Wynn, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.