Violent behavior in acute psychiatric inpatient facilities: A national survey in italy

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 197, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 772-782

  Biancosino, Bruno ^a   Delmonte, Sara ^b   Grassi, Luigi ^a   Santone, Giovanni ^c   Preti, Antonio ^d   Miglio, Rossella ^e   De Girolamo, Giovanni ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b Villa Igea Psychiatric Clinic   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^f IRCCS ISTITUTO CENTRO SAN GIOVANNI DI DIO FATEBENEFRATELLI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Aggression; Inpatient care; Violence

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; ASSAULT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRIEF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALE; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; GENDER; GROUPS BY AGE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; ITALY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MENTAL HOSPITAL; MENTAL PATIENT; ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PENSIONER; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREDICTION; PRIVATE HOSPITAL; PUBLIC HOSPITAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VERBAL HOSTILITY; VIOLENCE; AGE; AGED; AGGRESSION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY; HEALTH SURVEY; MENTAL DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGGRESSION; COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HOSPITALIZATION; HOSPITALS, PRIVATE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HOSPITALS, PUBLIC; HUMANS; ITALY; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SEX FACTORS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 70350461985     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181bb0d6b     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Allen MH, Currier GW, Carpenter D, Ross RW, Docherty JP; Expert Consensus panel for behavioural emergencies 2005 (2005) The expert consensus guideline series: Treatment of behavioural emergencies 2005. J Clin Psychiatry Pract. 11(suppl 1):5-108.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (4th ed). Washington (DC): APA.
3. Arango C, Calcedo Barba A, Gonzales-Salvador T, Calcedo Ordonez A (1999) Violence in in-patients with schizophrenia: A prospective study. Schizoph Bull. 25:493-503.
4. Barlow K, Grenyer B, Ilkiw-Lavalle O (2000) Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 34:967-974.
5. Biancosino B, Barbui C, Marmai L, Donbae S, Grassi L (2005) Determinants of antipsychotic polypharmacy in psychiatric inpatients: A prospective study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 20:305-309.
6. Bowers L (1999) A critical appraisal of violent incident measures. J Ment Health. 8:339-349.
7. Bowers L, Douzenis A, Galeazzi GM, Forgieri M, Tsopelas C, Simpson A, Allan T (2005) Disruptive and dangerous behaviour by patients on acute psychiatric wards in three European centres. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 40:822-828.
8. Buckley PF, Hrouda DR, Friedman L, Noffsinger SG, Resnick PJ Camlin-Shingler K (2004) Insight and its relationship to violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 162:1712-1714.
9. Carpenter MD, Hannon VR, McCleery G, Wanderling JA (1988) Variations in seclusion and restraint practices by hospital location. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 39:418-423.
10. Carr VJ, Lewin TJ, Sly KA, Conrad AM, Tirupati S, Cohen M, Ward PB, Coombs T (2008) Adverse incidents in acute psychiatric inpatient units: Rates, correlates and pressures. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 42:267-282.
11. Centorrino F, Goren JL, Hennen J, Salvatore P, Kelleher JP, Baldessarini RJ (2004) Multiple versus single antipsychotic agents for hospitalized psychiatric patients: Case control study of risks versus benefits. Am J Psychiatry. 161:700-706.
12. Cooper AF, Mendonca JD (1991) A prospective study of patient assaults on nurses in a provincial psychiatric hospital in Canada. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 84:163-166.
13. Daffern M, Howells K (2002) Psychiatric inpatients aggression. A review of structural and functional assessment approaches. Aggress Violent Behav. 7:477-497.
14. Davis S (1991) Violence by psychiatric in-patients: A review. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 42:585-590.
15. de Girolamo G, Bellini M, Bocchia S, Ruggeri M (1995) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale versione 4.0 "ampliata" (BPRS 4.0). Epidemiol Psichiatria Soc. 4:69-85.
16. de Girolamo G, Barbato A, Bracco R, Gaddini A, Miglio R, Morosini P, Norcio B, Picardi A, Rossi E, Rucci P, Santone G, Dell'Acqua G; PROGRES-Acute group (2007) Characteristics and activities of acute psychiatric in-patient facilities: National survey in Italy. Br J Psychiatry. 191:170-177.
17. Ehmann TS, Smith GN, Yamamoto A, McCarthy N, Ross D, Au T, Flynn SW, Altman S, Honer WG (2001) Violence in treatment resistant psychotic inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 189:716-721.
18. Eronen M, Angermeyer MC, Schulze B (1998) The psychiatric epidemiology of violent behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 33:S13-S23.
19. Fisher WA (1994) Restraint and seclusion: A review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1584-1591.
20. Gigantesco A, Miglio R, Santone G, De Girolamo G, Bracco R, Morosini P, Norcio B, Picardi A; Progres Group (2007) Process of care in general hospital psychiatric units: National survey in Italy. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 41:509-518.
21. Goldberg BR, Serper MR, Sheets M, Beech D, Dill C, Duffy KG (2007) Predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service: Self-esteem, narcissism and theory of mind deficits. J Nerv Ment Dis. 195:436-442.
22. Grassi L, Peron L, Marangoni C, Zanchi P, Venni A (2001) Characteristic of violent behaviour in acute psychiatric in-patients: A 5-year Italian study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 104:273-279.
23. Grassi L, Biancosino B, Marmai L, Kotrotsiou V, Zanchi P, Peron L, Marangoni C, Vanni A, Barbui C (2006) Violence in psychiatric units. A 7-years Italian study of persistently assaultive patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 41:698-703.
24. Hare RD (2003) The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (2nd ed). Toronto (ON): Multi- Health Systems.
25. Hare RD, Neumann CS (2008) Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 4:217-246.
26. Hart SD, Cox DN, Hare RD (1995) Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV). Toronto (ON): Multi-Health Systems.
27. Hodgins S (2007) Persistent violent offending: What do we know? Br J Psychiatry. 190(suppl. 49): s12-s14.
28. Hodgins S, Côté G (1993) The criminality of mentally disordered offenders. Crim Justice Behav. 28:115-129.
29. Hodgins S, Janson C-G (2002) Criminality and Violence Among the Mentally Disordered: The Stockholm Metropolitan Project. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Hodgins S, Lapalme M, Toupin J (1999) Criminal activities and substance use of patients with major affective disorders and schizophrenia: A two-year follow up. J Affect Disord. 55:187-202.
31. Hodgins S, Müller-Isberner R (2004) Preventing crime by people with schizophrenic disorders: The role of psychiatric services. Br J Psychiatry. 185:245-250.
32. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied Logistic Regression. New York (NY): Wiley.
33. Irwin A (2006) The nurse's role in the management of aggression. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 13:309-318.
34. Johnson ME (2004) Violence on inpatient psychiatric units: State of the science. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 10:113-121.
35. Kaltiala-Heino R, Korkeila J, Tuohimaki C, Lehtinen V, Juokamaa M (2000) Coercion and restrictions in psychiatric inpatients treatment. Eur Psychiatry. 15:213-219.
36. Ketelsen R, Zechert C, Driessen M, Schulz M (2007) Characteristics of aggression in a German psychiatric hospital and predictors of patients at risk. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 14:92-99.
37. Khadivi AN, Patel RC, Atkinson AR, Levine JM (2004) Association between seclusion and restraint and patient-related violence. Psychiatr Serv. 55:1311-1312.
38. Krakowski M, Czobor P (2004) Gender differences in violent behaviour: Relationship to clinical and psychosocial factors. Am J Psychiatry. 161: 459-465.
39. Krakowski M, Czobor P, Chou JC-Y (1999) Course of violence in patients with schizophrenia: Relationship to clinical symptoms. Schizophr Bull. 25:505-517.
40. Krakowski M, Volavka J, Brizer D (1986) Psychopathology and violence: A review of literature. Compr Psychiatry. 27:131-148.
41. Leistico AM, Salekin RT, DeCoster J, Rogers R (2008) A meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law Hum Behav. 32:28-45.
42. Lidz CW, Mulvey EP, Gardner W (1993) The accuracy of predictions of violence to others. JAMA. 269:1007-1011.
43. Lincoln TM, Hodgins S (2008) Is lack of insight associated with physically aggressive behaviour among people with schizophrenia living in the community? J Nerv Ment Dis. 196:62-66.
44. Lukoff D, Nuechterlein KH, Ventura J (1986) Manual for the Expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Schizophr Bull. 12:594-602.
45. Martin V, Bernhardsgrutter R, Goebel R, Steinert T (2007) The use of mechanical restraint and seclusion in patients with schizophrenia: A comparison of the practice in Germany and Switzerland. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 3:1.
46. McGuire J (1995) What Works: Reducing Reoffending-Guidelines from Research and Practice. Chichester (West Sussex): JohnWiley and Sons.
47. Migon MN, Coutinho ES, Huf G, Adams CE, Cunha GM, Allen MH (2008) Factors associated with the use of physical restraint for agitated patients in psychiatric emergency rooms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 30:263-268.
48. Monahan J (1981) The Clinical Prediction of Violent Behaviour. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office.
49. Morosini PL, Magliano L, Brambilla L, Ugolini S, Pioli R (2000) Development, reliability and acceptability of a new version of the DSM-IV Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) to assess routine social functioning. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 101:323-329.
50. Needham I, Abderhalden C, Meer R, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Halfens RJ, Fischer JE (2004) The effectiveness of two interventions in the management of patient violence in acute mental inpatient settings: Report on a pilot study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 11:595-601.
51. Nijman HLI, Palmstierna T, Almvik R, Stolker JJ (2005) Fifteen years of research with the Staff Observation Aggression Scale: A review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 111:12-21.
52. Owen C, Tarantello C, Jones M, Tennant C (1998) Violence and aggression in psychiatric units. Psychiatr Serv. 49:1452-1457.
53. Palmstierna T, Huitfeldt B, Wistedt B (1991) The relationship of crowding and aggressive behaviour among inpatients with changes ward organization. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 42:1237-1240.
54. Palmstierna T, Wistedt B (1995) Change in the pattern of aggressive behaviour among inpatients with changed ward organization: Acta Psychiatr Scand. 91:32-35.
55. Pearson M, Wilmot E, Padi M (1986) A study of violent behaviour among inpatients in a psychiatric hospital. Br J Psychiatry. 149:232-235.
56. Preti A, Cascio MT (2006) Prison suicides and self-harming behaviours in Italy, 1990-2002. Med Sci Law. 46:127-134.
57. Rabinowitz J, Mark M (1999) Risk factors for violence among long stay psychiatric patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 99:341-347.
58. Raja M, Azzoni A (2005) Hostility and violence of acute psychiatric inpatients. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 29:1-11.
59. Raja M, Azzoni A, Lubich L (1997) Aggressive and violent behaviour in a population of psychiatric in-patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 32:428-434.
60. Sailas and Wahlbeck K (2005) Restraint and seclusion in psychiatric inpatient wards. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 18:555-559.
61. Santone G, De Girolamo G, Falloon I, Fioritti A, Micciolo R, Picardi A, Zanalda E, for the PROGRES Group (2005) The process of care in residential facilities: a national survey in Italy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 40:540-550.
62. Serper MR, Goldberg BR, Herman KG, Richarme D, Chou J, Dill CA, Cancro R (2005) Predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service. Compr Psychiatry. 46:121-127.
63. Soliman AE, Reza H (2001) Risk factors and correlates of violence among acutely ill adult psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr Serv. 52:75-80.
64. Steinert T, Wiebe C, Gebhardt RP (1999) Aggressive behaviour against self and others among first-admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 50:85-90.
65. Swanson JW, Holzer CE, Ganju VK, Jono RT (1990) Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 41:761-770.
66. Swanson JW, Swartz MS, Van Dorn RA, Volavka J, Monahan J, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Wagner R, Elbogen EB, Lieberman J, on behalf of the CATIE investigators (2008) Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 193:37-43.
67. Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Hiday VA, Borum R, Wagner HR, Burns BJ (1998) Aggression and severe mental illness: The effect of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication. Am J Psychiatry. 155:226-231.
68. Tardiff K, Marzuc PM, Leon AC, Portera L, Weiner C (1997) Violence by patients admitted to private psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 154:88-93.
69. Teplin LA (1984) Criminalizing mental disorder. The comparative arrest rate of the menatally ill. Am Psychol. 39:794-803.
70. Teplin LA (1990) The prevalence of severe mental disorder among male urban jail detainees: Comparison with the Epidemiological Catchment Area program. Am J Public Health. 80:663-669.
71. Thompson P (1986) The use of seclusion in psychiatric hospitals in the Newcastle area. Br J Psychiatry. 149:471-474.
72. Volavka J, Czobor P, Nolan K, Sheitman B, Lindenmayer JP, Citrome L, McEvoy JP, Cooper TB, Lieberman JA (2004) Overt aggression and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 24:225-228.
73. Waldheter EJ, Jones NT, Johnson ER, Penn DL (2005) Utility of social cognition and insight in the prediction of inpatient violence among individuals with a severe mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis. 193:609-618.
74. Werner PD, Yesavage JA, Becker JM, Brunsting DW, Isaacs JS (1983) Hostile words and assaultive behaviour on an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. J Nerv Ment Dis. 171:385-387.
75. Woods P, Ashley C (2007) Violence and aggression: A literature review. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 14:652-1650