Hate crimes hurt more

Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 131-137

  Iganski, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84859151370     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203446188     Document Type: Chapter

References (21)

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2. Anti-Defamation League (1998). 1999 hate crimes laws.New York: Author.
3. Barnes, A., & Ephross, P.H. (1994). The impact of hate violence on victims-Emotional and behavioral responses to attacks. Social Work, 39(3), 247-251.
4. Craig, K.M. (1999). Retaliation, fear, or rage. An investigation of African American and White reactions to racist hate crimes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(2), 138-151.
5. Garnets, L., Herek, G.M., & Levy, B. (1992). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. In G.M. Herek and K.T. Berrill (eds.), Hate Crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6. Gey, S.G. (1997). What if Wisconsin v. Mitchellhad involved Martin Luther King, Jr.? The constitutional flaws of hate crime enhancement statutes. George Washington Law Review, 65, 1014-1070.
7. Gross, K.A., & Kinder, D.R. (1998). A collision of principles? Free expression, racial equality, and the prohibition of racist speech. British Journal of Political Science, 28, 445-471.
8. Herek, G.M., Gillis, J.R., Cogan, J.C., & Glunt, E.K. (1997). Hate crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 12(2), 195-215.
9. Jacobs, J.B., & Potter, K.A. (1997). Hate crimes: A critical perspective. Crime and Justice, 22(1), 1-50.
10. Jacobs, J.B., & Potter, K.A. (1998). Hate crimes: Criminal law and identity politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. Jacoby, J. (1998a, July 20). Kennedy’s destructive hate crimes bill. Boston Globe. Jacoby, J. (1998b, October 15). The lessons of Laramie. Boston Globe.
12. Lawrence, F.M. (1999). Punishing hate. Cambridge MA: Harvard University press.
13. Levin, B. (1998). Motive matters. Klanwatch Intelligence Report [Online]. Available: http://www.splcenter.org/klanwatch/kw-4g6.html.
14. Levin, B. (1999). Hate crimes.Worse by definition. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 15(1), 6-21.
15. Levin, J., & McDevitt, J. (1993). Hate crimes: The rising tide of bigotry and bloodshed. New York: Plenum.
16. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G.B. (1999). Designing qualitative research(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance (1997). A policymaker’s guide to hate crimes. Washington DC: Author.
18. Virdee, V. (1997). Racial harassment. In T. Modood, R. Berthoud, J. Lakey, J. Nazroo, P. Smith, S. Virdee, & S. Beishon (eds.). Ethnic minorities in Britain. Diversity and disadvantage(pp. 259-289). London: Policy Studies Institute.
19. Weinstein, J. (1992). First Amendment challenges to hate crime legislation: Where’s the speech? Criminal Justice Ethics, 11(2), 6-20.
20. Wisconsin v.Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 (1993a).
21. Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 113 S. Ct. At 2201 (1993b)