Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs) of the gastrointestinal tract: An update

Cancers

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 11-30

  la Rosa, Stefano ^a   Marando, Alessandro ^b   Sessa, Fausto ^b   Capella, Carlo ^b  

^a OSPEDALE DI CIRCOLO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma; Gut; Mixed exocrine neuroendocrine carcinoma

Indexed keywords

CD56 ANTIGEN; CHROMOGRANIN A; MUCIN; STEM CELL FACTOR RECEPTOR; SYNAPTOPHYSIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR CDX2;

ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOPLASM; DISTANT METASTASIS; GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOMA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MIXED ADENONEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA; MIXED ADENONEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; MIXED TUMOR; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NEUROSECRETORY CELL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR DIFFERENTIATION; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 84859087024     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/cancers4010011     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Cordier, R. Les cellules argentaffines dans les tumeurs intestinales. Arch. Int. Med. Exp. 1924, 1, 5.
2. Lewin, K. Carcinoid tumors and the mixed (composite) glandular-endocrine cell carcinomas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1987, 11, S71-S86.
3. Solcia, E.; Klöppel, G.; Sobin, L.H. Histological Typing of Endocrine Tumours (WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours), 2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2000.
4. Rindi, G.; Arnold, R.; Bosman, F.T.; Capella, C.; Kilmstra, D.S.; Kloppel, G.; Komminoth, P.; Solcia, E. Nomenclature and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system. In WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, 4th ed.; Bosman, F.T., Carneiro, F., Hruban, R.H., Theise, N.D., Eds.; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2010; pp. 13-14.
5. Capella, C.; La Rosa, S.; Uccella, S.; Billo, P.; Cornaggia, M. Mixed endocrine-exocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 2000, 17, 91-103.
6. Volante, M.; Rindi, G.; Papotti, M. The grey zone between pure (neuro)endocrine and non-(neuro) endocrine tumours: A comment on concepts and classification of mixed exocrine-endocrine neoplasms. Virchows Arch. 2006, 449, 499-506.
7. Komminoth, P.; Arnold, R.; Capella, C.; Klimstra, D.S.; Klöppel, G.; Solcia, E., Rindi, G. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix. In WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, 4th ed.; Bosman, F.T., Carneiro, F., Hruban, R.H., Theise, N.D., Eds.; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2010; pp. 126-128.
8. Carr, N.J.; Sobin, L.H. Adenocarcinoma of the appendix. In WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System, 4th ed.; Bosman, F.T., Carneiro, F., Hruban, R.H., Theise, N.D., Eds.; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2010; pp. 122-125.
9. Moyana, T.N.; Qizilbash, A.H.; Murphy, F. Composite glandular-carcinoid tumors of the colon and rectum. Report of two cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1988, 12, 607-611.
10. Lyda, M.; Fenoglio-Preiser, C.M. Adenoma-carcinoid tumors of the colon. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1998, 122, 262-265.
11. Briggs, J.C.; Ibrahim, N.B.N. Oat cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: A clinic-pathological study of 23 cases. Histopathology 1983, 7, 261-277.
12. Tanabe, T.; Nishimaki, T.; Kanda, T.; Nakagawa, S.; Ohashi, M.; Hatakeyama, K. Esophageal composite carcinoma with tripartite differentiation: Clinic-opathological analysis of three cases. Esophagus 2005, 2, 91-96.
13. Yun, J.P.; Zhang, M.F.; Hou, J.H.; Tian, Q.H.; Fu, J.; Liang, X.M.; Wu, Q.L.; Rong, T.H. Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of 21 cases. BMC Cancer 2007, 7, 38-45.
14. Maru, D.M.; Khurana, H.; Rashid, A.; Correa, A.M.; Anandasabapathy, S.; Krishnan, S.; Komaki, R.; Ajani, J.A.; Swisher, S.G.; Hofstetter, W.L. Retrospective study of clinicopathologic features and prognosis of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the esophagus. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008, 32, 1404-1411.
15. Shia, J.; Tang, L.H.; Weiser, M.R.; Brenner, B.; Adsay, N.V.; Stelow, E.B.; Saltz, L.B.; Qin, J.; Landmann, R.; Leonard, G.D. et al. Is nonsmall cell type high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the tubular gastrointestinal tract a distinct disease entity? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008, 32, 719-731.
16. Matsui, K.; Jin, X.M.; Kitagawa, M.; Miwa, A. Clinicopathologic features of neuroendocrine carcinomas of the stomach: Appraisal of small cell and large cell variants. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1998, 122, 1010-1017.
17. Kim, K.M.; Kim, M.J.; Cho, B.K.; Choi, S.W.; Rhyu, M.G. Genetic evidence for the multi-step progression of mixed glandular-neuroendocrine gastric carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 2002, 440, 85-93.
18. Lee, E.J.; Park, S.M.; Maeng, L.; Lee, A.; Kim, K.M. Composite glandular-endocrine cell carcinomas of the stomach: Clinicopathologic and methylation study. APMIS 2005, 113, 569-576.
19. Rayhan, N.; Sano, T.; Qian, Z.R.; Obari, A.K.; Hirokawa, M. Histological immunohistochemical study of composite neuroendocrine-exocrine carcinomas of the stomach. J. Med. Invest. 2005, 52, 191-202.
20. Li, A.F.; Li, A.C.; Hsu, C.Y.; Li, W.Y.; Hsu, H.S.; Chen, J.Y. Small cell carcinomas in gastrointestinal tract: Immunohistochemical and clinicopathological features. J. Clin. Pathol. 2010, 63, 620-625.
21. La Rosa, S.; Inzani, F.; Vanoli, A.; Klersy, C.; Dainese, L.; Rindi, G.; Capella, C.; Bordi, C.; Solcia, E., Histologic characterization and improved prognostic evaluation of 209 gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms. Hum. Pathol. 2011, 42, 1373-1384.
22. Nassar, H.; Albores-Saavedra, J.; Klimstra, D.S. High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 14 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2005, 29, 588-594.
23. Mills, S.E.; Allen, M.S., Jr.; Cohen, A.R. Small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1983, 7, 643-651.
24. Gaffey, M.J.; Mills, S.E.; Lack, E.E. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the colon and rectum. A clinicopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of 24 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1990, 14, 1010-1023.
25. Sarsfield, P.; Anthony, P.P. Small cell undifferentiated ("neuroendocrine") carcinoma. Histopathology 1990, 16, 357-363.
26. Vortmeyer, A.O.; Lubensky, I.A.; Merino, J.A.; Wang, C.Y.; Pham, T.; Furth, E.E.; Zhuang, Z. Concordance of genetic alterations in poorly differentiated colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas and associated adenocarcinomas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 89, 1448-1453.
27. Makino, A.; Serra, S.; Chetty, R. Composite adenocarcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum. Virchows Arch. 2006, 448, 644-647.
28. Nair, M.S.; Fafemi, O.; Borgestein, R.; Rees, J. Composite carcinoma of the colon: A case report with literature review. Int. J. Oncol. 2008, 5, number 2.
29. Duffy, A.; Shia, J.; Klimstra, D.; Temple, L.; O'Reilly, E.M. Collision tumor of the large bowel in the context of advanced pregnancy and ulcerative colitis. Clin. Colorectal Cancer 2008, 7, 402-405.
30. Li, Y.; Yau, A.; Schaeffer, D.; Magliocco, A.; Gui, X.; Urbanski, S.; Waghray, R.; Owen, D.; Gao, Z.H. Colorectal glandular-neuroendocrine mixed tumors: Pathologic spectrum and clinical implications. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2011, 35, 413-425.
31. La Rosa, S.; Marando, A.; Furlan, D.; Sahnane, N.; Capella, C. Colorectal Poorly Differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas (MANECs): Insights into the diagnostic immunophenotype, assessment of methylation profile and search for prognostic markers. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2012, in press.
32. Sterling, R.K. Ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with anorectal carcinoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993, 38, 955-959.
33. Balachandra, B.; Marcus, V.; Jass, J.R. Poorly differentiated tumours of the anal canal: A diagnostic strategy for the surgical pathologist. Histopathology 2007, 50, 163-174.
34. Pantvaidya, G.; Pramesh, C.S.; Deshpande, M.S.; Jambhekar, N.A.; Sharma, S.; Deshpande, R.K. Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: The Tata Memorial Hospital experience. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002, 74, 1924-1927.
35. Matsui, K.; Kitagawa, M.; Miwa, A.; Kuroda, Y.; Tsuji, M. Small cell carcinoma of the stomach: A clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1991, 86, 1167-1175.
36. Rindi, G.; Bordi, C.; Rappel, S.; La Rosa, S.; Stolte, M.; Solcia, E. Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: Pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J. Surg. 1996, 20, 168-172.
37. Bernick, P.E.; Klimstra, D.S.; Shia, J.; Minsky, B.; Saltz, L.; Shi, W.; Thaler, H.; Guillem, J.; Paty, P.; Cohen, A.M. et al. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Dis. Colon Rectum 2004, 47, 163-169.
38. Klimstra, D.S.; Modlin, I.R.; Adsay, N.V.; Chetty, R.; Deshpande, V.; Gönen, M.; Jensen, R.T.; Kidd, M.; Kulke, M.H.; Lloyd, R.V. et al. Pathology reporting of neuroendocrine tumors: Application of the Delphic consensus process to the development of a minimum pathology data set. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010, 34, 300-313.
39. Onishi, R.; Sano, T.; Nakamura, Y.; Namiuchi, S.; Sawada, S.; Ihara, C.; Shimatsu, A. Ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome associated with undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon showing multidirectional neuroendocrine, exocrine and squamous differentiation. Virchows Arch. 1996, 427, 537-541.
40. Tanoue, S.; Shimoda, T.; Suzuki, M.; Ikegami, M.; Ishikawa, E.; Sano, T. Anaplastic carcinoma of the esophagus. Acta Pathol. Jpn. 1983, 33, 831-841.
41. Watson, K.J.; Shulkes, A.; Smallwood, R.A.; Douglas, M.C.; Hurley, R.; Kalnins, R.; Moran, L. Watery diarrhea-hypokalemia-achlorydria syndrome and carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology 1988, 88, 798-803.
42. La Rosa, S.; Chiaravalli, A.M.; Placidi, C.; Papanikolaou, N.; Cerati, M.; Capella, C. TTF1 expression in normal lung neuroendocrine cells and related tumors. Immunohistochemical study comparing two different monoclonal antibodies. Virchows Arch. 2010, 457, 497-507.
43. Rapa, I.; Ceppi, P.; Bollito, E.; Rosas, R.; Cappia, S.; Bacillo, E.; Porpiglia, F.; Berutti, A.; Papotti, M.; Volante, M. Human ASH1 expression in prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Mod. Pathol. 2008, 21, 700-707.
44. Capella, C.; Hage, E.; Solcia, E.; Usellini, L. Ultrastructural similarity of endocrine-like cells of the human lung and some related cells of the gut. Cell Tissue Res. 1978, 186, 25-37.
45. Damjanov, I.; Amenta, P.S.; Bosman, F.T. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the colon containing exocrine, neuroendocrine and squamous cells. Virchows Arch. 1983, 401, 57-66.
46. Klöppel, G.; Rindi, G.; Anlauf, M.; Perren, A.; Komminoth, P. Site-specific biology and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Virchows Arch. 2007, 451, S9-S27.
47. Chong, F.K.; Graham, J.H.; Madoff, I.M. Mucin producing carcinoid ("composite tumors") of upper third of esophagus: A variant of carcinoid tumor. Cancer 1979, 44, 1853-1859.
48. Caruso, M.L.; Pilato, F.P.; D'Adda, T.; Baggi, M.T.; Fucci, L.; Valentini, A.M.; Lacatena, M.; Bordi, C. Composite carcinoid-adenocarcinoma of the stomach associated with multiple gastric carcinoids and nonantral gastric atrophy. Cancer 1989, 64, 1534-1539.
49. Shah, I.; Schlageter, M.O.; Bohem, N. Composite carcinoid-adenocarcinoma of ampulla of Vater. Hum. Pathol. 1990, 21, 1188-1190.
50. Bates, H.R., Jr.; Belter, L.F. Composite carcinoid tumor (argentaffinoma-adenocarcinoma) of the colon: Report of 2 cases. Dis. Colon Rectum 1967, 10, 467-470.
51. Auber, F.; Gambiez, L.; Desreumaux, P.; Mudry, J.; Lecomte-Houcke, M.; Cortot, A.; Quandalle, P.; Colombel, J.F., Mixed adenocarcinoid tumor and Crohn's disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1998, 26, 353-354.
52. Cary, N.R.; Barron, D.J.; McGoldrick, J.P.; Wells, F.C. Combined oesophageal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid in Barrett' oesophagitis: Potential role of enterochromaffin-like cells in oesophageal malignancy. Thorax 1993, 48, 404-405.
53. Tahara, E.; Ito, H.; Nakagami, K. Shimamoto, F.; Yamamoto, M.; Sumii, K. Scirrhous argyrophil cell carcinoma of the stomach with multiple production of polypeptide hormones, amine, CEA, lysozyme and HCG. Cancer 1982 49, 1904-1915.
54. Yang, G.C.; Rotterdam, H. Mixed (composite) glandular-endocrine cell carcinoma of the stomach. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1991, 15, 592-598.
55. Fujiyoshi, Y.; Kuhara, H.; Eimoto, T. Composite glandular-endocrine cell carcinoma of the stomach. Report of two cases with goblet cell carcinoid component. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2005, 200, 823-829.
56. Musialik, J.A.; Kohut, M.J.; Marek, T.; Wodołazski, A.; Hartleb, M., Composite neuroendocrine and adenomatous carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. World J. Gastroenterol. 2009, 15, 4199-4200.
57. Klappenbach, R.S.; Kurman, R.J.; Sinclair, C.F.; James, L.P. Composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A morphologic, histochemical and immunocytochemical study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985, 84, 137-143.
58. Hernandez, F.J.; Fernandez, B.B. Mucus-secreting colonic carcinoid tumors. Light and electron-microscopic study of three cases. Dis. Colon Rectum 1974, 17, 387-396.
59. Peonim, V.; Thakerngpol, K.; Pacharee, P.; Stitnimankarn, T. Adenosquamous carcinoma and carcinoidal differentiation of the colon. Report of a case. Cancer 1983, 52, 1122-1125.
60. Hock, Y.L.; Scott, K.W.; Grace, R.H. Mixed adenocarcinoma/carcinoid tumour of large bowel in a patient with Crohn's disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 1993, 46, 183-185.
61. Lew, A.; Lewin, K.J.; Zarchy, T.; Pisegna, J.R. Adenocarcinoma of the colon with neuroendocrine features and secretory diarrhea. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94, 1690-1694.
62. Soga, J.; Tazawa, K.; Aizawa, O.; Wada, K.; Tuto, T. Argentaffin cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach: An atypical carcinoid? Cancer 1971, 28, 991-1003.
63. Yamashina, M.; Flinner, R.A. Concurrent occurrence of adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor in the stomach: A composite tumor or collision tumors? Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1985, 83, 233-236.
64. Murayama, H.; Imai, T.; Kikuchi, M. Solid carcinomas of the stomach. A combined histochemical, light and electron microscopic study. Cancer 1983, 51, 1673-1681.
65. Pasquinelli, G.; Santini, D.; Preda, P.; Cariani, G.; Bonora, G.; Martinelli, G.N. Composite gastric carcinoma and precursor lesions with amphicrine features in chronic gastritis. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 1993, 17, 9-24.
66. Jiao, Y.F.; Nakamura, S.; Arai, T.; Sugai, T.; Uesugi, N.; Habano, W.; Suzuki, M.; Tazawa, H.; Goukon, Y. Adenoma, adenocarcinoma and mixed carcinoid-adenocarcinoma arising in a small lesion of the colon. Pathol. Int. 2003, 53, 457-462.
67. Ulich, T.R.; Kollin, M.; Lewin, K.J. Composite gastric carcinoma. Report of a tumor of the carcinoma-carcinoid spectrum. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 1988, 112, 91-93.
68. Adhikari, D.; Conte, C.; Eskreis, D.; Urmacher, C.; Ellen, K. Combined adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor in atrophic gastritis. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2002, 32, 422-427.
69. Ronellenfitsch, U.; Ströbel, P.; Schwarzbach, M.H.; Staiger, W.I.; Gragert, D.; Kähler, G. A composite adenoendocrine carcinoma of the stomach arising from a neuroendocrine tumor. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2007, 11, 1573-1575.
70. Nugent, S.L.; Cunningham, S.C.; Alexiev, B.A.; Bellavance, E.; Papadimitriou, J.C.; Hanna, N. Composite signet-ring cell/neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma component: A better prognosis entity. Diagn. Pathol. 2007, 2, 43-50.
71. Jain, D.; Eslami-Varzaneh, F.; Takano, A.M.; Ayer, U.; Umashankar, R.; Muller, R.; Klimstra, D.S. Composite glandular and endocrine tumors of the stomach with pancreatic acinar differentiation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2005, 29, 1524-1529.
72. Fukunaga, M. Gastric carcinoma resembling pancreatic mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 2002, 33, 569-573.
73. Sun, Y.; Wasserman, P.G. Acinar cell carcinoma in the stomach: A case report with literature review. Hum. Pathol. 2004, 35, 263-265.
74. Ambrosini-Spaltro, A.; Poti, O.; de Palma, M.; Filotico, M. Pancreatic-type acinar cell carcinoma of the stomach beneath a focus of pancreatic metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Hum. Pathol. 2009, 40, 746-749.
75. Kusafuka, K.; Bando, E.; Muramatsu, K.; Ito, H.; Tanizawa, Y.; Kawamura, T.; Mochizuki, T.; Terashima, M.; Nakajima, T. Pancreatic-type mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma with alpha-fetoprotein production arising from the stomach: A report of an extremely rare case. Med. Mol. Morphol. 2009, 42, 167-174.
76. Capella, C.; La Rosa, S.; Chiaravalli, A.M. Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Varese, Italy. Unpublished work 2012.
77. Moncur, J.T.; Lacy, B.E.; Longnecker, D.S. Mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma arising in the ampulla of Vater. Hum. Pathol. 2002, 33, 449-451.
78. Knight, B.K.; Hayes, M.M. Mixed adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumour of the colon. A report of 4 cases with postulates on histogenesis. S. Afr. Med. J. 1987, 72, 708-710.
79. Tahara, E.; Ito, H.; Nakagami, K.; Shimamoto, F.; Yamamoto, M.; Sumii, K. Scirrhous argyrophil cell carcinoma of the stomach with multiple production of polypeptide hormones, amine, CEA, lysozyme and HCG. Cancer 1982, 49, 1904-1915.
80. Papotti, M.; Galliano, D.; Monga, G. Signet-ring cell carcinoid of the gallbladder. Histopathology 1990, 17, 255-259.
81. Tang, L.H.; Shia, J.; Soslow, R.A.; Dhall, D.; Wong, W.D.; O'Reilly, E.; Paty, P.; Weiser, M.R.; Guillem, J.; Temple, L. et al. Pathologic classification and clinical behavior of the spectrum of goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2008, 32, 1429-1443.
82. Burke, A.; Lee, Y.K. Adenocarcinoid (goblet cell carcinoid) of the duodenum presenting as gastric outlet obstruction. Hum. Pathol. 1990, 21, 238-239.
83. Jones, M.A.; Griffith, L.M.; West, A.B. Adenocarcinoid tumor of the periampullary region: A novel duodenal neoplasm presenting as biliary tract obstruction. Hum. Pathol. 1989, 20, 198-200.
84. Burke, A.P.; Sobin, L.H.; Federspiel, B.H.; Shekitka, K.M.; Helwig, E.B. Goblet cell carcinoids and related tumors of the vermiform appendix. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990, 94, 27-35.
85. Lyss, A.P.; Thompson, J.J.; Gluck, J.H. Adenocarcinoid tumor of the colon arising in preexisting ulcerative colitis. Cancer 1981, 48, 833-839.
86. Feyrter, F. Uber Diffuse Endokrine Epitheliale Organe (in German); Johann Ambrosius Barth: Leipzig, Germany, 1938.
87. Ratzenhofer, M.; Leb, D. Uber die feinstruktur der argentaffinen und der anderen escheinungsformen der "Hellen Zellen" Feyrter's im kaninchen magen. Z. Zellforsch 1965, 67, 113-150.
88. Ratzenhofer, M.; Aubock, I.; Becker, H. Elektronen und fluoreszenzmikroskopische untersuchungen der appendicite neurogene. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 1969, 53, 218-224.
89. Chejfec, G.; Capella, C.; Solcia, E.; Jao, W.; Gould, V.E. Amphicrine cells, dysplasias, and neoplasias. Cancer 1985, 56, 2683-2690.
90. Reis-Filho, J.S.; Schmitt, F.C. Amphicrine gastric carcinoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2001, 125, 1513-1514.
91. Varghese, N.M.; Zaitoun, A.M.; Thomas, S.M.; Senapati, A.; Theodossi, A. Composite glandular-carcinoid tumour of the terminal ileum. J. Clin. Pathol. 1994, 47, 427-429.
92. Cheng, H.; Leblond, C.P. Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. Unitarian theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am. J. Anat. 1974, 141, 537-561.
93. Furlan, D.; Cerutti, R.; Uccella, S.; La Rosa, S.; Rigoli, E.; Genasetti, A.; Capella, C. Different molecular profiles characterize well-differentiated endocrine tumors and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004, 10, 947-57.
94. Hervieu, V.; Scoazec, J.Y. Mixed endocrine tumors. Ann. Pathol. 2005, 25, 511-528.