Elevated blood pressure is associated with rarefaction of the retinal vasculature in children

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 470-474

  Kurniawan, Emil D ^a   Cheung, Ning ^a   Cheung, Carol Y ^b   Tay, Wan Ting ^b   Saw, Seang Mei ^b,c   Wong, Tien Yin ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; EYE FUNDUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE; NORMAL HUMAN; OPTIC DISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RETINA BLOOD VESSEL; RETINAL VASCULAR FRACTAL DIMENSION; SCHOOL CHILD; SINGAPORE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; VISUAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FOLLOW UP; HISTOLOGY; MICROCIRCULATION; MYOPIA; PHYSIOLOGY; REFERENCE VALUE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; BLOOD PRESSURE; CHILD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MICROCIRCULATION; MYOPIA; REFERENCE VALUES; RETINAL VESSELS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84858832649     PISSN: 01460404     EISSN: 15525783     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8835     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Mainster MA. The fractal properties of retinal vessels: embryological and clinical implications. Eye. 1990;4:235-241.
2. Masters BR. Fractal analysis of the vascular tree in the human retina. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6:427-452.
3. Misson GP, Landini G, Murray PI. Fractals and ophthalmology. Lancet. 1992;339:872.
4. Goldberger AL. Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: chaos theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside. Lancet. 1996;347:1312-1314.
5. Murray CD. The physiological principle of minimum work: I. the vascular system and the cost of blood volume. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1926;12:207-214.
6. Liew G, Wang JJ, Cheung N, et al. The retinal vasculature as a fractal: methodology, reliability, and relationship to blood pressure. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:1951-1956.
7. Cheung N, Donaghue KC, Liew G, et al. Quantitative assessment of early diabetic retinopathy using fractal analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:106-110.
8. Cheung N, Liew G, Lindley RI, et al. Retinal fractals and acute lacunar stroke. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:107-111.
9. Grauslund J, Green A, Kawasaki R, Hodgson L, Sjolie AK, Wong TY. Retinal vascular fractals and microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2010;117: 1400-1405.
10. Yau JWY, Kawasaki R, Islam FMA, et al. Retinal fractal dimension is increased in persons with diabetes but not impaired glucose metabolism: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (Aus- Diab) study. Diabetologia. 2010;53:2042-2045.
11. Sng CCA, Sabanayagam C, Lamoureux EL, et al. Fractal analysis of the retinal vasculature and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25:2252-2258.
12. Gopinath B, Baur LA, Teber E, Liew G, Wong TY, Mitchell P. Effect of obesity on retinal vascular structure in pre-adolescent children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:e353-e359.
13. Liew G, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, et al. Fractal analysis of retinal microvasculature and coronary heart disease mortality. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:422-429.
14. Kawasaki R, Che Azemin MZ, Kumar DK, et al. Fractal dimension of the retinal vasculature and risk of stroke: a nested case-control study. Neurology. 2011;76:1766-1767.
15. Saw SM, Chua WH, Hong CY, et al. Nearwork in early-onset myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:332-339.
16. Stosic T, Stosic BD. Multifractal analysis of human retinal vessels. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2006;25:1101-1107.
17. Hubbard LD, Brothers RJ, King WN, et al. Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/ sclerosis in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2269-2280.
18. Wong TY, Knudtson MD, Klein R, Klein BEK, Meuer SM, Hubbard LD. Computer-assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study: methodology, correlation between eyes, and effect of refractive errors. Ophthalmology. 2004;111: 1183-1190.
19. Leung H, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, et al. Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:2900-2904.
20. Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BEK, Tielsch JM, Hubbard L, Nieto FJ. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and their relationship with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001;46:59-80.
21. Mitchell P, Cheung N, de Haseth K, et al. Blood pressure and retinal arteriolar narrowing in children. Hypertension. 2007;49: 1156-1162.
22. Feihl F, Liaudet L, Levy BI, Waeber B. Hypertension and microvascular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78:274-285.
23. Feihl F, Liaudet L, Waeber B, Levy BI. Hypertension: a disease of the microcirculation? Hypertension. 2006;48:1012-1017.
24. Noon JP, Walker BR, Webb DJ, et al. Impaired microvascular dilatation and capillary rarefaction in young adults with a predisposition to high blood pressure. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1873-1879.
25. Agabiti-Rosei E, Heagerty AM, Rizzoni D. Effects of antihypertensive treatment on small artery remodelling. J Hypertens. 2009;27: 1107-1114.
26. Ijzerman RG, van Weissenbruch MM, Voordouw JJ, et al. The association between birth weight and capillary recruitment is independent of blood pressure and insulin sensitivity: a study in prepubertal children. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1957-1963.
27. Serne EH, Stehouwer CD, ter Maaten JC, ter Wee PM, Donker AJ, Gans RO. Birth weight relates to blood pressure and microvascular function in normal subjects. J Hypertens. 2000;18:1421-1427.
28. Rossitti S, Lofgren J. Optimality principles and flow orderliness at the branching points of cerebral arteries. Stroke. 1993;24:1029-1032.
29. Rossitti S, Lofgren J. Vascular dimensions of the cerebral arteries follow the principle of minimum work. Stroke. 1993;24:371-377.
30. Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:657-665.
31. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation. 2008;117:3171-3180.
32. Lauer RM, Clarke WR. Childhood risk factors for high adult blood pressure: the Muscatine Study. Pediatrics. 1989;84:633-641.