Pregnancy and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1015-1025

  Milan, Kristina E ^a   Branch, D Ware ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858735129     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374994-9.10054-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (64)

1. Branch D.W., Scott J.R., Kochenour N.K., Hershgold E. Obstetric complications associated with the lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:1322-1326.
2. Rai R.S., Clifford K., Cohen H., Regan L. High prospective fetal loss rate in untreated pregnancies of women with recurrent miscarriage and antiphospholipid antibodies. Hum Reprod 1995, 10:3301-3304.
3. Wilson W.A., Gharavi A.E., Koike T., Lockshin M.D., Branch D.W., Piette J.C., et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 1999, 42:1309-1311.
4. Miyakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi T., Branch D.W., Brey R.L., Cervera R., et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:295-306.
5. Salmon J.E., de Groot P.G. Pathogenic role of antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2008, 17:405-411.
6. Pierangeli S.S., Gharavi A.E., Harris E.N. Experimental thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies: New insights. J Autoimmun 2000, 15:241-247.
7. de Laat B., Derksen R.H., Urbanus R.T., de Groot P.G. IgG antibodies that recognize epitope Gly40-Arg43 in domain I of beta 2-glycoprotein I cause LAC, and their presence correlates strongly with thrombosis. Blood 2005, 105:1540-1545.
8. Opatrny L., David M., Kahn S.R., Shrier I., Rey E. Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent fetal loss in women without autoimmune disease: A meta-analysis. J Rheumatol 2006, 33:2214-2221.
9. Raschi E., Borghi M.O., Grossi C., Broggini V., Pierangeli S., Meroni P.L. Toll-like receptors: Another player in the pathogenesis of the anti-phospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2008, 17:937-942.
10. Pierangeli S.S., Chen P.P., Gonzalez E.B. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: An update on treatment and pathogenic mechanisms. Curr Opin Hematol 2006, 13:366-375.
11. Lopez-Pedrera C., Cuadrado M.J., Herandez V., Buendia P., Aguirre M.A., Barbarroja N., et al. Proteomic analysis in monocytes of antiphospholipid syndrome patients: Deregulation of proteins related to the development of thrombosis. Arthritis Rheum 2008, 58:2835-2844.
12. Holers V.M., Girardi G., Mo L., Guthridge J.M., Molina H., Pierangeli S.S., et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 2002, 195:211-220.
13. Ware Branch D., Eller A.G. Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006, 49:861-874.
14. Pierangeli S.S., Girardi G., Vega-Ostertag M., Liu X., Espinola R.G., Salmon J. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2120-2124.
15. Shamonki J.M., Salmon J.E., Hyjek E., Baergen R.N. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007, 196. 167.e1-167.e5.
16. Redecha P., Franzke C.W., Ruf W., Mackman N., Girardi G. Neutrophil activation by the tissue factor/factor VIIa/PAR2 axis mediates fetal death in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:3453-3461.
17. Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J.E. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med 2004, 10:1222-1226.
18. Pierangeli S.S., Chen P.P., Raschi E., Scurati S., Grossi C., Borghi M.O., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: Pathogenic mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008, 34:236-250.
19. Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review of the literature. Blood 2003, 101:1827-1832.
20. de Laat H.B., Derksen R.H., Urbanus R.T., Roest M., de Groot P.G. Beta2-glycoprotein I-dependent lupus anticoagulant highly correlates with thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2004, 104:3598-3602.
21. Pengo V., Biasiolo A., Pegoraro C., Cucchini U., Noventa F., Iliceto S. Antibody profiles for the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2005, 93:1147-1152.
22. Triplett D.A. Antiphospholipid antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002, 126:1424-1429.
23. Galli M., Luciani D., Bertolini G., Barbui T. Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2003, 102:2717-2723.
24. Levine J.S., Branch D.W., Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:752-763.
25. Branch D.W., Khamashta M.A. Antiphospholipid syndrome: Obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 101:1333-1344.
26. Aoki K., Dudkiewicz A.B., Matsuura E., Novotny M., Kaberlein G., Gleicher N. Clinical significance of beta 2-glycoprotein I-dependent anticardiolipin antibodies in the reproductive autoimmune failure syndrome: Correlation with conventional antiphospholipid antibody detection systems. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 172:926-931.
27. Branch D.W. Antiphospholipid antibodies and reproductive outcome: The current state of affairs. J Reprod Immunol 1998, 38:75-87.
28. Branch D.W., Silver R., Pierangeli S., van Leeuwen I., Harris E.N. Antiphospholipid antibodies other than lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, fertile controls, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1997, 89:549-555.
29. Yetman D.L., Kutteh W.H. Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: Prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fertil Steril 1996, 66:540-546.
30. Branch D.W. Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy: Maternal implications. Semin Perinatol 1990, 14:139-146.
31. Huong D.L., Wechsler B., Bletry O., Vauthier-Brouzes D., Lefebvre G., Piette J.C. A study of 75 pregnancies in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 2001, 28:2025-2030.
32. Lima F., Khamashta M.A., Buchanan N.M., Kerslake S., Hunt B.J., Hughes G.R. A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996, 14:131-136.
33. Cowchock F.S., Reece E.A., Balaban D., Branch D.W., Plouffe L. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 166:1318-1323.
34. Farquharson R.G., Quenby S., Greaves M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: A randomized, controlled trial of treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2002, 100:408-413.
35. Kutteh W.H. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: Treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:1584-1589.
36. Pattison N.S., Chamley L.W., Birdsall M., Zanderigo A.M., Liddell H.S., McDougall J. Does aspirin have a role in improving pregnancy outcome for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 183:1008-1012.
37. Rai R., Cohen H., Dave M., Regan L. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies). BMJ 1997, 314:253-257.
38. Dreyfus M., Hedelin G., Kutnahorsky R., Lehmann M., Viville B., Langer B., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and preeclampsia: A case-control study. Obstet Gynecol 2001, 97:29-34.
39. Branch D.W., Porter T.F., Rittenhouse L., Caritis S., Sibai B., Hogg B., et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies in women at risk for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 184:825-834.
40. Branch D.W., Andres R., Digre K.B., Rote N.S., Scott J.R. The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1989, 73:541-545.
41. Moodley J., Bhoola V., Duursma J., Pudifin D., Byrne S., Kenoyer D.G. The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe early-onset pre-eclampsia. S Afr Med J 1995, 85:105-107.
42. Polzin W.J., Kopelman J.N., Robinson R.D., Read J.A., Brady K. The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol 1991, 78:1108-1111.
43. Bramham K., Hunt B.J., Germain S., Calatayud I., Khamashta M., Bewley S., et al. Pregnancy outcome in different clinical phenotypes of antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2010, 19:58-64.
44. Warkentin T.E. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Yet another treatment paradox?. Thromb Haemost 2001, 85:947-949.
45. Warkentin T.E., Greinacher A., Koster A., Lincoff A.M. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition. Chest 2008, 133:340S-380S.
46. Branch D.W., Peaceman A.M., Druzin M., Silver R.K., El-Sayed Y., Silver R.M., et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Loss Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:122-127.
47. Triolo G., Ferrante A., Ciccia F., Accardo-Palumbo A., Perino A., Castelli A., et al. Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:728-731.
48. Vaquero E., Lazzarin N., Valensise H., Menghini S., Di Pierro G., Cesa F., et al. Pregnancy outcome in recurrent spontaneous abortion associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A comparative study of intravenous immunoglobulin versus prednisone plus low-dose aspirin. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001, 45:174-179.
49. Empson M., Lassere M., Craig J., Scott J. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002859 2005.
50. Granger K.A., Farquharson R.G. Obstetric outcome in antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1997, 6:509-513.
51. Silver R.K., MacGregor S.N., Sholl J.S., Hobart J.M., Neerhof M.G., Ragin A. Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169:1411-1417.
52. Munoz-Rodriguez F.J., Font J., Cervera R., Reverter J.C., Tassies D., Espinosa G., et al. Clinical study and follow-up of 100 patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999, 29:182-190.
53. Tulppala M., Marttunen M., Soderstrom-Anttila V., Foudila T., Ailus K., Palosuo T., et al. Low-dose aspirin in prevention of miscarriage in women with unexplained or autoimmune related recurrent miscarriage: Effect on prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 production. Hum Reprod 1997, 12:1567-1572.
54. Franklin R.D., Kutteh W.H. Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) and recurrent pregnancy loss: Treating a unique APA positive population. Hum Reprod 2002, 17:2981-2985.
55. Laskin C.A., Spitzer K.A., Clark C.A., Crowther M.R., Ginsberg J.S., Hawker G.A., et al. Low molecular weight heparin and aspirin for recurrent pregnancy loss: Results from the randomized, controlled HepASA trial. J Rheumatol 2009, 36:279-287.
56. Stephenson M.D., Ballem P.J., Tsang P., Purkiss S., Ensworth S., Houlihan E., et al. Treatment of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) in pregnancy: A randomized pilot trial comparing low molecular weight heparin to unfractionated heparin. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004, 26:729-734.
57. Noble L.S., Kutteh W.H., Lashey N., Franklin R.D., Herrada J. Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with recurrent pregnancy loss: Prospective, multicenter, controlled pilot study comparing treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin. Fertil Steril 2005, 83:684-690.
58. Bates S.M., Greer I.A., Pabinger I., Sofaer S., Hirsh J. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition. Chest 2008, 133:844S-886S.
59. Askie L.M., Duley L., Henderson-Smart D.J., Stewart L.A. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2007, 369:1791-1798.
60. Erkan D., Merrill J.T., Yazici Y., Sammaritano L., Buyon J.P., Lockshin M.D. High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: Effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum 2001, 44:1466-1467.
61. Chan W.S., Anand S., Ginsberg J.S. Anticoagulation of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: A systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:191-196.
62. Horlocker T.T., Wedel D.J., Benzon H., Brown D.L., Enneking F.K., Heit J.A., et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: Defining the risks (the second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003, 28:172-197.
63. Kinev A.V., Roubey R.A. Tissue factor in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 2008, 17:952-958.
64. Branch D.W., Khamashta M.A. Antiphospholipid syndrome. High-Risk Pregnancy 2007, 60-72. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC. J.T. Queenan (Ed.).