Antiphospholipid syndrome and thrombosis

Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 861-874

  Ware Branch, D ^a,b   Eller, Alexandra Grosvenor ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiphospholipid syndrome; Pregnancy; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; HEPARIN; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; WARFARIN;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ACTIVITY; FETUS DEATH; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PLACENTA INSUFFICIENCY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; REVIEW; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THROMBOSIS; THROMBOSIS PREVENTION; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; FEMALE; FETAL DEATH; HUMANS; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, HEMATOLOGIC; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 33750613817     PISSN: 00099201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.grf.0000211955.61121.3b     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Pangborn MC. A new serologically active phospholipid from beef heart. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1941;48:484-486.
2. Moore JE, Mohr CF. Biologically false positive serologic tests for syphilis. JAMA. 1952;150:467-473.
3. Conley CL, Hartmann RC. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulating anticoagulant in patients with disseminated lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 1952;31:621-622.
4. Feinstein DI, Rapaport SI. Acquired inhibitors of blood coagulation. Prog Hemostas Thromb. 1972;1:75-95.
5. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1983;ii:1211-1214.
6. Galli M, Comfurius P, Maassen C, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet. 1990;335:1544-1547.
7. McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, et al. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: b2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:4120-4124.
8. Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Fujimoto M, et al. Anticardiolipin cofactor(s) and differential diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Lancet. 1990;336:177-178.
9. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:295-306.
10. Reber G, Tincani A, Sanmarco M, et al. European Forum on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Standardization Group. Variability of anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies measurement by commercial assays. Thromb Haemost. 2005;94:665-672.
11. Loeliger A. Prothrombin as co-factor of the circulating anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus? Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1959;3:237-256.
12. Yin ET, Gaston LW. Purification and kinetic studies on a circulating anticoagulant in a suspected case of lupus erythematosus. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1965;14:89-115.
13. Galli M, Comfurius P, Barbui T, et al. Anticoagulant activity of b2-glycoprotien I is potentiated by a distinct subgroup of anticardiolipin antibodies. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:297-300.
14. Oosting JD, Derksen RHWM, Entjes HTI, et al. Lupus anticoagulant activity is frequently dependent on the presence of b2-glycoprotein I. Thromb Haemost. 1992;67:499-502.
15. Bowie EJW, Thompson JH Jr, Pascuzzi CA, et al. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med. 1963;62:416-430.
16. Lechner K. Acquired inhibitors in non-hemophilic patients. Haemostasis. 1974;3:65-93.
17. Nilsson IM, Åstedt B, Hedner U, et al. Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant ("antithromboplastin"). Acta Med Scand. 1975;197:153-159.
18. Soulier JP, Boffa MC. Avortements à répétition, thrombose et anticoagulant circulant anti-thromboplastine. Nouv Presse Med. 1980;9:859-864.
19. Firkin BG, Howard MA, Radford N. Possible relationship between lupus inhibitor and recurrent abortion in young women. Lancet. 1980;2:366.
20. Lubbe WF, Palmer SJ, Butler WS, et al. Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus anticoagulant. Lancet. 1983;i:1361.
21. Lockshin MD, Druzin ML, Goei S, et al. Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:152-156.
22. Branch DW, Scott JR, Kochenour NK, et al. Obstetric complications associated with the lupus anticoagulant. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:1322-1326.
23. Harris EN. Syndrome of the black swan. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:324-326.
24. Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Euro-Phospholipids Project Group. Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:1019-1027.
25. Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, et al. The "primary" antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features. Medicine (Baltimore). 1989;68:366-374.
26. Alarcón-Segovia D, Pérez-Vázquez ME, Villa AR, et al. Preliminary classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome within systemic lupus erythematosus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1992;21:275-286.
27. Vianna JL, Khamashta MA, Ordi-Ros J, et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome: a European multicenter study of 114 patients. Am J Med. 1994;96:3-9.
28. Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The Antiphospholipid Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:752-763.
29. Branch DW, Khamashta MA. Antiphospholipid syndrome: obstetric diagnosis, management, and controversies. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:1333-1344.
30. Yetman DL, Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody panels and recurrent pregnancy loss: prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies compared with other antiphospholipid antibodies. Fertil Steril. 1996;66: 540-546.
31. Branch DW, Silver R, Pierangeli S, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies other than lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, fertile controls, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:549-555.
32. Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D, et al. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1318-1323.
33. Silver RK, MacGregor SN, Sholl JS, et al. Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:1411-1417.
34. Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1584-1589.
35. Rai R, Cohen H, Dave M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies. Br Med J. 1997;314:253-257.
36. Pattison NS, Chamley LW, Birdsall M, et al. Does aspirin have a role in improving pregnancy outcome for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome? A randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:1008-1012.
37. Farquharson RG, Quenby S, Greaves M. Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial of treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:408-413.
38. Khamashta MA, Cervera R, Asherson RA, et al. Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 1990;335:1541-1544.
39. Asherson RA, Khamashta MA, Gil A, et al. Cerebrovascular disease and antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus-like disease, and the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Med. 1989;86:391-399.
40. McLaurin EY, Holliday SL, Williams P, et al. Predictors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2005;64:297-303.
41. Brey RL, Gharavi AE, Lockshin MD. Neurologic complications of antiphospholipid antibodies. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993;19:833-850.
42. Branch DW, Dudley DJ, Mitchell MD. IgG fractions from patients with antiphospholipid antibodies cause fetal death in BALB/c mice: a model for autoimmune fetal loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163:210-216.
43. Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L, et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med. 2002;195:211-220.
44. Pierangeli SS, Barker JH, Stikovac D, et al. Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice. Thromb Haemost. 1994;71:670-674.
45. Gennari L, Blanco A, Alberto MF, et al. The concomitant presence of lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies could be associated with acquired activated protein C resistance in non-systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:527-529.
46. Safa O, Esmon CT, Esmon NL. Inhibition of APC anticoagulant activity on oxidized phospholipid by anti-beta2-glycoprotein I monoclonal antibodies. Blood. 2005;106:1629-1635.
47. 2- glycoprotein I and prothrombin as a strong risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Clin Chem. 2005;51:545-552.
48. Roubey RAS, Eisenberg RA, Harper MF, et al. "Anticardiolipin" autoantibodies recognize b2-glycoprotein I in the absence of phospholipid. Importance of antigen density and bivalent binding. J Immunol. 1995;154:954-960.
49. 2-glycoprotein I complexes to lipid membranes. Biochemistry. 1996;35:13833-13842.
50. 2- glycoprotein I to anionic phospholipids facilitates processing and presentation of a cryptic epitope that activates pathogenic autoreactive T cells. Blood. 2005;105:1552-1557.
51. Jankowski M, Vreys I, Wittevrongel C, et al. Thrombogenicity of beta 2-glycoprotein i-dependent antiphospholipid antibodies in a photochemically induced thrombosis model in the hamster. Blood. 2003;101:157-162.
52. de Groot PG, Derksen RH. Pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1854-1860.
53. Raschi E, Testoni C, Bosisio D, et al. Role of the MyD88 transduction signaling pathway in endothelial activation by antiphospholipid antibodies. Blood. 2003;101:3495-3500.
54. Zhang J, McCrae KR. Annexin A2 mediates endothelial cell activation by antiphospholipid/anti-beta2 glycoprotein I antibodies. Blood. 2005;105:1964-1969.
55. Pierangeli SS, Liu X, Espinola R, et al. Functional analyses of patient-derived IgG monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies using in vivo thrombosis and in vivo microcirculation models. Thromb Haemost. 2000;84:388-395.
56. Girardi G, Berman J, Redecha P, et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1644-1654.
57. Pierangeli SS, Girardi G, Vega-Ostertag M, et al. Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2120-2124.
58. Girardi G, Redecha P, Salmon JE. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat Med. 2004;10:1222-1226.
59. Girardi G. Heparin treatment in pregnancy loss: potential therapeutic benefits beyond anticoagulation. J Reprod Immunol. 2005;66:45-51.
60. Berman J, Girardi G, Salmon JE. TNF-alpha is a critical effector and a target for therapy in antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. J Immunol. 2005;174:485-490.
61. Quenby S, Farquharson RG, Dawood F, et al. Recurrent miscarriage and long-term thrombosis risk: a case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2005;20:1729-1732.
62. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, et al. Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2003;102:2717-2723.
63. Shi W, Krilis SA, Chong BH, et al. Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a healthy population. Aust N Z J Med. 1990;20:231-236.
64. Vila P, Hernandez MC, Lopez-Fernandez MF, et al. Prevalence, follow-up and clinical significance of the anticardiolipin antibodies in normal subjects. Thromb Haemost. 1994;72:209-213.
65. Galli M, Luciani D, Bertolini G, et al. Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors of thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature. Blood. 2003;101:1827-1832.
66. de Groot PG, Lutters B, Derksen RHWM, et al. Lupus anticoagulants and the risk of a first episode of deep venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1993-1997.
67. Runchey SS, Folson AR, Tsai MY, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism in a population-based prospective study. Br J Haematol. 2002;119:1005-1010.
68. Naess IA, Christiansen SC, Cannegieter SC, et al. A prospective study of anticardiolipin antibodies as a risk factor for venous thrombosis in a general population (the HUNT study). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:44-49.
69. Janardhan V, Wolf PA, Case CS, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham cohort and off-spring study. Stroke. 2004;35:736-741.
70. Petri M. Thrombosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: the Hopkins Lupus Cohort perspective. Scand J Rheumatol. 1996;25:191-193.
71. Erkan D, Yazici Y, Peterson MG, et al. A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology. 2002;41:924-929.
72. Erkan D, Merrill JT, Yazici Y, et al. High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1466-1467.
73. Erkan D, Lockshin MD. New treatments for antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006;32:129-148.
74. Buller HR, Agnelli G, Hull RD, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(suppl 3):401S-428S.
75. Rosove MH, Brewer PM. Antiphospholipid thrombosis: clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:303-308.
76. Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, et al. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:993-997.
77. Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med. 1998;104:332-338.
78. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JS, Julian J, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1133-1138.
79. Finazzi G, Marchioli R, Brancaccio V, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS). J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:848-853.
80. Lim W, Crowther MA, Eikelboom JW. Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;295:1050-1057.