Growth factors in olfaction

Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1417-1436

  Henkin, R I ^a  

^a Taste and Smell Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858705687     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_85     Document Type: Chapter

References (122)

1. Asan E, Langenhan T, Holtmann B, Bock H, Sendtner M, Carroll P. Ciliary neurotrophic factor in the olfactory bulb of rats and mice. Neuroscience. 2003;120:99-112.
2. Asbury CL, Fehr AN, Block SM. Kinesin moves by an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Science. 2003;302:2130-4.
3. Askari A, Long CL, Blakemore WS. Urinary zinc, copper, nitrogen, and potassium losses in response to trauma. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1979;3:151-6.
4. Atkin-Thor E, Goddard BW, O'Nion J, Stephen RL, Kolff WJ. Hypogeusia and zinc depletion in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:1948-51.
5. Barber RD, Ronnett GV. Reconstructuring smell. Mol Neurobiol. 2000;21:161-73.
6. Briggs MH, Duncan RB. Pigment and the olfactory mechanism. Nature. 1962;195:1313-4.
7. Brosvic GM, Slotnick RM, Henkin RI. Decreased gustatory sensitivity in zinc deprived rats. Physiol Behav. 1992;52:527-33.
8. Brown RE. Odor preference and urine-marking scales in male and female rats: effects of gonadectomy and sexual experience on responses to conspecific odors. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1977;91:1190-206.
9. Brown D, Garcia-Sequra LM, Orci L. Carbonic anhydrase is present in olfactory receptor cells. Histochemistry. 1984;80:307-9.
10. Cammer W, Bieler L, Fredman T, Norton WT. Quantitation of myelin carbonic anhydrase-development and subfractionation of rat brain myelin and comparison with myelin from other species. Brain Res. 1977;138:17-28.
11. Cammer W, Sacchi R, Sapirstein V. Immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the spinal cords of normal and mutant (shiverer) adult mice with comparisons among fixation methods. J Histochem Cytochem. 1985;33:45-54.
12. Casado B, Pannell LK, Iadarola P, Baraniuk JN. Identification of human nasal mucous proteins using proteomics. Proteomics. 2005;5:2949-59.
13. Christie KN, Thomson C, Xue L, Lucocq JM, Hopwood D. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, III, and IV are present in human esophageal epithelium. J Histochem Cytochem. 1997;45:35-40.
14. Coates EL, Wells CM, Smith RP. Identification of carbonic anhydrase activity in bullfrog olfactory receptor neurons:histochemical localization and role in CO2 chemoreception. J Comp Physiol A. 1998;182:163-74.
15. Dawson TM, Arriza JL, Jaworsky DE, Borisy FF, Attramadal H, Lefkowitz RJ, Ronnett GV. Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-2 and beta-arrestin-2 as mediators of odorant-induced desensitization. Science. 1993;259:825-9.
16. Derouet D, Rousseau F, Alfonsi F, Froger J, Hermann J, Barbier F, Perret D, Diveu C, Guillet C, Preisser L, Dumont A, BarbadoM, Morel A, deLapeyrière O, Gascan H, Chevalier S. Neuropoietin, a new IL-6-related cytokine signaling through the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:4827-32.
17. Diehl MR, Zhang K, Lee HJ, Tirrell DA. Engineering cooperativity in biomotor-protein assemblies. Science. 2006;311:1468-71.
18. Doherty AE, Martin BM, Dai WL, Henkin RI. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in nasal mucus appears to be a marker for loss of smell (hyposmia) in humans. J Invest Med. 1997;45:237A.
19. Donner K, Hemilä S, Kalamkarov G, Koskelainen A, Shevchenko T. Rod phototransduction modulated by bicarbonate in the frog retina: roles of carbonic anhydrase and bicarbonate exchange. J Physiol. 1990;426:297-316.
20. Duncan RB, Briggs M. Treatment of uncomplicated anosmia by vitamin A. Arch Otolaryngol. 1962;73:116-24.
21. Dutt SN, Kameswaran M. The aetiology and management of atrophic rhinitis. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119:843-52.
22. Eschbach JW, Egrie JC, Downing MR, Browne JK, Adamson JW. Correction of the anemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin. Results of a combined phase I and II clinical trial. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:73-8.
23. Eussen SJ, de Groot LC, Joosten LW, Bloo RJ, Clarke R, Ueland PM, Schneede J, Blom HJ, Hoefnagels WH, van Staveren WA. Effect of oral vitamin B-12 with or without folic acid on cognitive function in older people with mild vitamin B-12 deficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:361-70.
24. Fabricant ND. The present role of vitamins in otolaryngology. Am J Med Sci. 1942;203:600-7.
25. Fauci AS, Wolff SM. Wegener's granulomatosis: studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1973;52:535-61.
26. Fernley RT, Wright RD, Coghlan JP. Radioimmunoassay of carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva and sheep tissues. Biochem. 1991;274:313-6.
27. Fukasawa T, Orii T, Tanaka M, Suzuki N, Kanzaki Y. Relation between drug-induced taste disorder and chelating behavior with zinc ion; statistical approach to the drug-induced taste disorder, part II. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2008;56:1177-80.
28. Gill SS, Patel NK, Hotton GR, O'Sullivan K, McCarter R, Bunnage M, Brooks DJ, Svendsen CN, Heywood P. Direct brain infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease. Nat Med. 2003;9:589-95.
29. Giroux EL, Henkin RI. Competition for zinc among serum albumin and amino acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972;273:64-72.
30. Golding-Wood DG, Holmstrom M, Darby Y, Scadding GK, Lund VJ. The treatment of hyposmia with intranasal steroids. J Laryngol Otol. 1996;110:132-5.
31. Gottschall-Pass KT, Grahn BH, Gorecki DK, Paterson PG. Oscillatory potentials and light microscopic changes demonstrate an interaction between zinc and taurine in the developing rat retina. J Nutr. 1997;127:1206-13.
32. Hambridge KM, Hambridge C, Jacobs M, Baum JK. Low levels of zinc in hair, anorexia, poor growth and hypogeusia in children. Pediatr Res. 1972;6:868-74.
33. Heilmann S, Just T, Göktas O, Hauswald B, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T. Effects of systemic or topical administration of corticosteroids and vitamin B in patients with olfactory loss. Laryngorhinootologie. 2004;83:729-34. [Article in German].
34. Hellerstein MK,Wu K, McGrath M, Faix D, George D, Shackleton CH, HornW, Hoh R, Neese RA. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation in men with weight loss associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome:relation to indices of cytokine production. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;11:258-70.
35. Henkin RI. The neuroendocrine control of perception. In: Hamburg DA, Pribram KH, Stunkard AJ, editors. Perception and its disorders. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1970. Vol 48, pp. 54-107.
36. Henkin RI. The role of adrenal corticosteroids in sensory processes. In: Blaschko H, Sayers G, Smith AD, editors. Handbook of physiology. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1975a. Sect 7, Vol VI, pp. 209-30.
37. Henkin RI. Effects of ACTH, adrenocorticosteroids and thyroid hormone on sensory function. In: Stumpf WE, Grant LD, editors. Anatomical neuroendocrinology. Basel: Karger; 1975b. pp. 298-316.
38. Henkin RI. Drug induced taste and smell disorders: incidence, mechanisms and management related primarily to treatment of sensory receptor dysfunction. Drug Saf. 1994;11:310-77.
39. Henkin RI. Intranasal insulin-from nose to brain. Nutrition. 2010;26:624-33.
40. Henkin RI, Bartter FC. Studies on olfactory thresholds in normal man and in patients with adrenal cortical insufficiency:the role of adrenal cortical steriods and of serum sodium concentration. J Clin Invest. 1966;45:1631-9.
41. Henkin RI, Bradley DF. Regulation of taste acuity by thiols and metal ions. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1969;62:30-7.
42. Henkin RI, Bradley DF. Hypogeusia corrected by Ni++ and Zn++. Life Sci. 1970;9:701-9.
43. Henkin RI, Laster LJ. Relationship between vitamin A metabolism and decreased olfactory detection sensitivity in patients with abetalipoproteinemia and other types of malabsorption. Clin Invest. 1967;46:1069.
44. Henkin RI, Nelson NR. Improvement in hyposmia after treatment with magnesium in patients with head injury. FASEB J. 1992;6:1769.
45. Henkin RI, Velicu I. Insulin receptors as well as insulin are present in saliva and nasal mucus. J Invest Med. 2006;54:S378.
46. Henkin RI, Velicu I. cAMP and cGMP in nasal mucus: relationships to taste and smell dysfunction, gender and age. Clin Invest Med. 2008a;31:E71-7.
47. Henkin RI, Velicu I. cAMP and cGMP in nasal mucus related to severity of smell loss in patients with smell dysfunction. Clin Invest Med. 2008b;31:E78-84.
48. Henkin RI, Keiser HR, Jaffe IA, Sternlieb I, Scheinberg IH. Decreased taste sensitivity after D-penicillamine reversed by copper administration Lancet. 1967;II:1268-71.
49. Henkin RI, Talal N, Larson AL, Mattern CFT. Abnormalities of taste and smell in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1972;76:375-83.
50. Henkin RI, Patten BM, Re P, Bronzert DA. A syndrome of acute zinc loss. Arch Neurol. 1975;32:745-51.
51. Henkin RI, Martin BM, Agarwal RP. Decreased parotid saliva gustin/carbonic anhydrase VI secretion: an enzyme disorder manifested by gustatory and olfactory dysfunction. Am J Med Sci. 1999a;318:380-91.
52. Henkin RI, Martin BM, Agarwal RP. Efficacy of exogenous zinc in treatment of patients with carbonic anhydrase VI deficiency. Am J Med Sci. 1999b;318:392-404.
53. Henkin RI, Doherty AE, Martin BM. Nasal seroproteins: a new frontier in the exploration of physiology and pathology of nasal and sinus disease. In: Veldman JE, Passàli D, Lim DJ, editors. New frontiers in immunobiology. The Hague: Kugler; 2000. pp. 127-52.
54. Henkin RI, Velicu I, Schmidt L. Anorexia, taste and smell dysfunction and cytokine changes in the elderly. FASEB J. 2008;22:877.1.
55. Henkin RI, Velicu I, Schmidt L. An open label controlled trial of theophylline for treatment of patients with hyposmia. Am J Med Sci. 2009a;337:396-406.
56. Henkin RI, Schmidt L, Velicu I. Is increased IL-6 the result or cause of smell loss in patients with hyposmia? FASEB J. 2009b;23:835.1.
57. Hildebrand JG, Shepherd GM. Mechanisms of olfactory discrimination: converging evidence for common principles across phyla. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1997;20:595-631.
58. Hoeve LJ,Wensink J, Mertens zur Borg IR. Hearing loss related to zinc deficiency in rats. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1990;247:267-70.
59. Hooper LV, Beranek MC, Manzella SM, Baenziger JU. Differential expression of GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase and GalNAc-transferase results in distinct glycoforms of carbonic anhydrase VI in parotid and submaxillary glands. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:5985-93.
60. Hsu CJ. Ultrastructural study of cytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the inner ear. Acta Otolaryngol. 1991;111:75-84.
61. Islam N, Trainer PJ. The hormonal assessment of the infertile male. Br J Urol. 1998;82:69-75.
62. Jackson DJ, Macis L, Reitner J, Degnan BM, Wörheide G. Sponge paleogenomics reveals an ancient role for carbonic anhydrase in skeletogenesis. Science. 2007;316:1893-5.
63. Jiang W, Gupta D. Structure of the carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6) gene: evidence for two distinct groups within the α-CA gene family. Biochem J. 1999;344:385-90.
64. Johnson JE, Barde YA, Schwab M, Thoenen H. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor supports the survival of cultured rat retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci. 1986;6:3031-8.
65. Jorgensen MB, Buch NH. Studies on the sense of smell and taste in diabetics. Acta Otolaryngol. 1961;53:539-45.
66. Kazimierczak J, Sommer EW, Philippe E, Droz B. Carbonic anhydrase activity in primary sensory neurons. I. Requirements for the cytochemical localization in the dorsal root ganglion of chicken and mouse by light and electron microscopy. Cell Tissue Res. 1986;245:487-95.
67. Keiser HR, Henkin RI, Bartter FC, Sjoerdsma A. Loss of taste during therapy with penicillamine. J Am Med Assoc. 1968;203:381-3.
68. Kimelberg HK, Biddelcome S, Narumi S, Bourke RS. ATPase and carbonic anhydrase activities of bulk-isolated neuron, glia and synaptosome fractions from rat brain. Brain Res. 1978;141:305-23.
69. Kimoto M, Iwai S, Maeda T, Yura Y, Fernley RT, Ogawa Y. Carbonic anhydrase VI in the mouse nasal gland. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004;52:1057-62.
70. Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Metteri J, Parkkila AK, Toivanen A, Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI concentration and its relation to basic characteristics of saliva in young men. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997a;161:221-5.
71. Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Waheed A, Parkkila AK, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H. Secretory carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA VI) in human serum. Clin Chem. 1997b;43:2318-22.
72. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Brain plasticity and behavior. Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49:43-64.
73. Langman MJS, Bell GD. Alcohol and the gastrointestinal tract. Br Med J. 1982;38:71-5.
74. Law JS, Henkin RI. Bovine taste bud cyclic adenosine 3_, 5_ monophosphate phosphodiesterase is inhibited by divalent metal ions. Res Comm Chem Path Pharm. 1983;41:455-72.
75. Law JS, Henkin RI. Thyroid hormone inhibits purified taste bud membrane adenosine 3_, 5_-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity. Res Comm Chem Path Pharm. 1984;43:449-62.
76. Law JS, Nelson NR, Watanabe K, Henkin RI. Human salivary gustin is a potent activator of calmodulin-dependent brain phosphodiesterase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:1674-8.
77. Leinonen J, Parkkila S, Kaunisto K, Koivunen P, Rajaniemi H. Secretion of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) from human and rat lingual serous von Ebner's glands. J Histochem Cytochem. 2001;49:657-62.
78. Leinonen JS, Saari KA, Seppänen JM, Myllylä HM, Rajaniemi HJ. Immunohistochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) expression in rat lower airways and lung. J Histochem Cytochem. 2004;52:1107-12.
79. Lim DJ, Karabinas C, Trune DR. Histochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase in the inner ear. Am J Otolaryngol. 1983;4:33-42.
80. Linser P, Moscona AA. Carbonic anhydrase C in the neural retina: transition from generalized to glia-specific cell localization during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1981;78:7190-4.
81. Liu X, Fawcett JR, Thorne RG, DeFor TA, Frey WH 2nd. Intranasal administration of insulin-like growth factor-I bypasses the blood-brain-barrier and protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage. J Neurol Sci. 2001;187:91-7.
82. Mahajan SK, Prasad AS, Lambujon J, Abbassi AA, Briggs WA, McDonald FD. Improvement of uremic hypogeusia by zinc: a double blind study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:1517-21.
83. McConnell SD, Henkin RI. Altered preference for sodium chloride, anorexia and changes in plasma and urinary zinc in rats fed a zinc-deficient diet. J Nutr. 1974;104:1108-14.
84. McConnell RJ, Menedez CW, Smith FR, Henkin RI, Rivlin RS. Defects of taste and smell in patients with hypothyroidism. Am J Med. 1975;59:354-64.
85. Morrison SA, Russell RM, Carney EA, Oaks EV. Defects of taste and smell in patients with hypothyroidism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:276-81.
86. Musser GL, Rosen S. Localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in the vertebrate retina. Exp Eye Res. 1973;15:105-19.
87. Nandrot EF, Kim Y, Brodie SE, Huang X, Sheppard D, Finnemann SC. Loss of synchronized retinal phagocytosis and age-related blindness in mice lacking alphavbeta5 integrin. J Exp Med. 2004;200:1539-45.
88. Ogawa Y, Toyosawa S, Inagaki T, Hong SS, Ijuhin N. Carbonic anhydrase isozyme VI in rat lacrimal gland. Histochem Cell Biol. 1995;103:387-94.
89. Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Ikeoka H, Koshimo H, Esaki Y, Nakata J, Onoyama Y. Functional and morphological pathology of the nasal mucosa after x-ray irradiation. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1988;13:435-46.
90. Okamura H, Sugai N, Ohtani I. Identification of nasal epithelial cells with carbonic anhydrase activity. Brain Res. 1996;728:263-6.
91. Okamura H, Sugai N, Suzuki K. Localization of carbonic anhydrase in guinea pig Bowman's glands. J Histochem Cytochem. 1999;47:1525-32.
92. O'Nion J, Atkin-Thor E, Rothert SW. Effect of zinc supplementation on red blood cell zinc, serum zinc, taste acuity and dietary intake of zinc deficient dialysis patients. Dial Transplant. 1978;7:1208-13.
93. Palatroni P, Gabrielli MG, Taborro R. Carbonic anhydrase activity in mammalian retina. Developmental aspects in altricial and precocial species. Acta Histochem. 1990;88:187-98.
94. Pallauf J. Zinkgehhalte in Knochen and Ganzkorper wachsender bei unterschiedliche Zinversorgung zum Stoffwechsel des Zinks in tierschen Organismus. Z Tierphysiol. 1972;30:193-202.
95. Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Juvonen T, Rajaniemi H. Distribution of the carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, and VI in the human alimentary tract. Gut. 1994;35:646-50.
96. Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Lehtola J, Reinilä A, Södervik HJ, Rannisto M, Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase protects gastroesophageal mucosa from acid injury. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:1013-9.
97. Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Waheed A, Sly WS. Expression of membraneassociated carbonic anhydrase XIV on neurons and axons in mouse and human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:1918-23.
98. Peterson RE, Fadool JM, McClintock J, Linser PJ. Müller cell differentiation in the zebrafish neural retina: evidence of distinct early and late stages in cell maturation. J Comp Neurol. 2001;429:530-40.
99. Rebello G, Ramesar R, Vorster A, Roberts L, Ehrenreich L, Oppon E, Gama D, Bardien S, Greenberg J, Bonapace G, Waheed A, Shah GN, Sly WS. Apoptosis-inducing signal sequence mutation in carbonic anhydrase IV identified in patients with the RP17 form of retinitis pigmentosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:6617-22.
100. Riley DA, Ellis S, Bain JL. Ultrastructural cytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in rat peripheral sensory and motor nerves, dorsal root ganglia and dorsal column nuclei. Neuroscience. 1984;13:189-206.
101. Rivlin RS, Osnos M, Rosenthal S, Henkin RI. Abnormalities in taste preferences in hypothyroid rats. Am J Physiol. 1977;1:E80-4.
102. Schwarcz M, Swerdloff R,Wang C. Approaches to testosterone supplementation in the young adult male. Curr Sexual Health Rep. 2007;4:169-74.
103. Snyder DS, Zimmerman TR Jr, Farooq M, Norton WT, Cammer W. Carbonic anhydrase, 5_-nucleotidase, and 2_, 3_-cyclic nucleotide-3_-phosphodiesterase activities in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons isolated from the brains of developing rats. J Neurochem. 1983;40:120-7.
104. Solomons NW, Rosenberg TH, Sandstead HH, Vo-Khactu KP. Zinc deficiency in Crohn's disease. Digestion. 1977;16:87-95.
105. Soussi-Yanicostas N, Faivre-Sarrailh C, Hardelin JP, Levilliers J, Rougon G, Petit C. Anosmin-1 underlying the X chromosome-linked Kallmann syndrome is an adhesion molecule that can modulate neurite growth in a cell-type specific manner. J Cell Sci. 1998;111:2953-65.
106. Strandbygard E. Treatment of ozena and rhinopharyngitis chronica sicca with vitamin A. AMA Arch Otolaryngol. 1954;59:485-91.
107. Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y. To smell the immune system: olfaction, autoimmunity and brain involvement. Autoimmun Rev. 2006;6:54-60.
108. Taniuchi K, Nishimori I, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Onishi S. cDNA cloning and developmental expression of murine carbonic anhydrase-related proteins VIII, X, and XI. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2002;109:207-15.
109. Thatcher BJ, Doherty AE, Orvisky E,Martin BM, Henkin RI. Gustin from human parotid saliva is carbonic anhydrase VI. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;250:635-41.
110. Tucker BR. Am J Med Sci. 1912;143:332-8.
111. Vaidehi N, Floriano WB, Trabanino R, Hall SE, Freddolino P, Choi EJ, Zamanakos G, Goddard WA 3rd. Prediction of structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:12622-7.
112. Velicu I, Henkin RI. Insulin is present in human saliva and nasal mucus. J Invest Med. 2006;54:S385.
113. Vreman HJ, Venter C, Leegwater J, Oliver C, Weiner MW. Taste, smell and zinc metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron. 1980;26:163-70.
114. Wesson DW, Keller M, Douhard Q, Baum MJ, Bakker J. Enhanced urinary odor discrimination in female aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice. Horm Behav. 2006;49:580-6.
115. Wistrand PJ. The use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in ophthalmology and clinical medicine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1984;424:609-19.
116. Wistrand PJ, Garg LC. Evidence of a high-activity C type of carbonic anhydrase in human ciliary processes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1979;18:802-6.
117. Wolfensberger TJ. The role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the management of macular edema. Doc Ophthalmol. 1999;97:387-97.
118. Wolfensberger TJ, Mahieu I, Jarvis-Evans J, Boulton M, Carter ND, Nogradi A, Hollande E, Bird AC. Membranebound carbonic anhydrase in human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35:3401-7.
119. Yamashita H, Sekitani T, Bagger-Sjöback D. Expression of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme-like immunoreactivity in the limbus spiralis of the human fetal cochlea. Hear Res. 1992;64:118-22.
120. Yang Z, Alvarez BV, Chakarova C, Jiang L, Karan G, Fredeick JM, Zhao Y, Sauvé Y, Li X, Zrenner E, Wissinger B, Hollander AI, Katz B, Baehr W, Cremers FP, Casey JR, Bhattacharya SS, Zhang K. Mutant carbonic anhydrase 4 impairs pH regulation and causes retinal photoreceptor degeneration. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:255-65.
121. Yoshida S, Endo S, Tomita H. A double blind study of therapeutic efficacy of zinc gluconate on taste disorder. Auris Nasus Larynx. 1991;18:153-61.
122. Yue WL. Nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Laryngol Otol. 1989;103:853-5.