Basic science and surgical treatment options for articular cartilage injuries of the knee

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 243-253

  Tetteh, Elizabeth S ^a   Bajaj, Sarvottam ^a   Ghodadra, Neil S ^a   Cole, Brian J ^a  

^a RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chondral lesion; Chondrocyte implantation; Osteochondral grafts; Surgical methods

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858646870     PISSN: 01906011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2012.3673     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Ahmad CS, Cohen ZA, Levine WN, Ateshian GA, Mow VC. Biomechanical and topographic considerations for autologous osteochondral grafting in the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:201-206. (Pubitemid 32231035)
2. Ahmed TA, Hincke MT. Strategies for articular cartilage lesion repair and functional restoration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010;16:305-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2009.0590
3. Alford JW, Cole BJ. Cartilage restoration, part 1: Basic science, historical perspective, patient evaluation, and treatment options. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:295-306.
4. Ansah P, Vogt S, Ueblacker P, Martinek V, Woertler K, Imhoff AB. Osteochondral transplantation to treat osteochondral lesions in the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:2188-2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.F.00299 (Pubitemid 47606165)
5. Ball ST, Amiel D, Williams SK, et al. The effects of storage on fresh human osteochondral allografts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;418:246-252. (Pubitemid 38140456)
6. Bedi A, Feeley BT, Williams RJ, 3rd. Management of articular cartilage defects of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:994-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00895
7. Bentley G, Biant LC, Carrington RW, et al. A prospective, randomised comparison of autologous chondrocyte implantation versus mosaicplasty for osteochondral defects in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:223-230. (Pubitemid 36410545)
8. Brittberg M, Winalski CS. Evaluation of cartilage injuries and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 2:58-69. (Pubitemid 36535046)
9. Buckwalter JA, Hunziker EB. Articular cartilage biology and morphology. In: Ratcliffe A, Mow VC, eds. Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993.
10. Buckwalter JA, Hunziker EB, Rosenberg LC, Coutts RD, Adams M, Eyre D. Articular cartilage: Composition and structure. In: Woo SL-Y, Buckwalter JA, eds. Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1988:405-425.
11. Buckwalter JA, Mankin HJ. Articular cartilage: Tissue design and chondrocyte-matrix interactions. Instr Course Lect. 1998;47:477-486.
12. Cicuttini FM, Forbes A, Yuanyuan W, Rush G, Stuckey SL. Rate of knee cartilage loss after partial meniscectomy. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1954-1956. (Pubitemid 34988706)
13. Cole BJ, Frederick RW, Levy AS, Zaslav KR. Management of a 37-year-old man with recurrent knee pain. Hosp Physician. 2000;36:42-65.
14. Cole BJ, Pascual-Garrido C, Grumet RC. Surgical management of articular cartilage defects in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:1778-1790.
15. Curl WW, Krome J, Gordon ES, Rushing J, Smith BP, Poehling GG. Cartilage injuries: A review of 31,516 knee arthroscopies. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:456-460. (Pubitemid 27344113)
16. Dearing J, Nutton RW. Evidence based factors influencing outcome of arthroscopy in osteoarthritis of the knee. Knee. 2008;15:159-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2008.02.004
17. Dervin GF, Stiell IG, Rody K, Grabowski J. Effect of arthroscopic debridement for osteoarthritis of the knee on health-related quality of life. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:10-19. (Pubitemid 36537967)
18. Duchow J, Hess T, Kohn D. Primary stability of press-fit-implanted osteochondral grafts. Influence of graft size, repeated insertion, and harvesting technique. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:24-27. (Pubitemid 30056325)
19. Evans CH, Mazzocchi RA, Nelson DD, Rubash HE. Experimental arthritis induced by intraarticular injection of allogenic cartilaginous particles into rabbit knees. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:200-207. (Pubitemid 14191026)
20. Flanigan DC, Harris JD, Trinh TQ, Siston RA, Brophy RH. Prevalence of chondral defects in athletes' knees: A systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1795-1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d9eea0
21. Freedman KB, Coleman SH, Olenac C, Cole BJ. The biology of articular cartilage injury and the microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions. Semin Arthroplasty. 2002;13:202-209.
22. Garretson RB, 3rd, Katolik LI, Verma N, Beck PR, Bach BR, Cole BJ. Contact pressure at osteochondral donor sites in the patellofemoral joint. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:967-974. (Pubitemid 38669393)
23. Goldberg VM, Caplan AI. Biologic restoration of articular surfaces. Instr Course Lect. 1999;48:623-627.
24. Gomoll AH, Kang RW, Chen AL, Cole BJ. Triad of cartilage restoration for unicompartmental arthritis treatment in young patients: Meniscus allograft transplantation, cartilage repair and osteotomy. J Knee Surg. 2009;22:137-141.
25. Gregory T, Landreau P. [Meniscus and cartilaginous lesions. Influence of the delay between ACL injury and ligament reconstruction in 40-year-old patients]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2008;94:566-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rco.2007.07.005
26. Gudas R, Kalesinskas RJ, Kimtys V, et al. A prospective randomized clinical study of mosaic osteochondral autologous transplantation versus microfracture for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the knee joint in young athletes. Arthroscopy. 2005;21:1066-1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. arthro.2005.06.018 (Pubitemid 41323870)
27. Hangody L, Vasarhelyi G, Hangody LR, et al. Autologous osteochondral grafting-technique and long-term results. Injury. 2008;39 Suppl 1:S32-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.041
28. Harwin SF. Arthroscopic debridement for osteoarthritis of the knee: Predictors of patient satisfaction. Arthroscopy. 1999;15:142-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ar.1999.v15.015014 (Pubitemid 29240709)
29. Hennig A, Abate J. Osteochondral allografts in the treatment of articular cartilage injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2007;15:126-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0b013e31812e5373 (Pubitemid 47263058)
30. Hjelle K, Solheim E, Strand T, Muri R, Brittberg M. Articular cartilage defects in 1,000 knee arthroscopies. Arthroscopy. 2002;18:730-734. (Pubitemid 36114627)
31. Howell SM. The role of arthroscopy in treating osteoarthritis of the knee in the older patient. Orthopedics. 2010;33:652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/ 01477447-20100722-34
32. Ike RW, Arnold WJ, Rothschild EW, Shaw HL. Tidal irrigation versus conservative medical management in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: A prospective randomized study. Tidal Irrigation Cooperating Group. J Rheumatol. 1992;19:772-779.
33. Jackson RW, Dieterichs C. The results of arthroscopic lavage and debridement of osteoarthritic knees based on the severity of degeneration: A 4- to 6-year symptomatic follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:13-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jars.2003.50022 (Pubitemid 36330137)
34. Kreuz PC, Steinwachs M, Erggelet C, et al. Importance of sports in cartilage regeneration after autologous chondrocyte implantation: A prospective study with a 3-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1261-1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507300693 (Pubitemid 47084201)
35. Lee SJ, Aadalen KJ, Malaviya P, et al. Tibiofemoral contact mechanics after serial medial meniscectomies in the human cadaveric knee. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1334-1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546506286786 (Pubitemid 44050221)
36. Lohmander LS, Dahlberg L, Ryd L, Heinegard D. Increased levels of proteoglycan fragments in knee joint fluid after injury. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32:1434-1442. (Pubitemid 20003911)
37. Mandelbaum BR, Browne JE, Fu F, et al. Articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:853-861. (Pubitemid 28555164)
38. Mankin H, Mow V, Buckwalter J, Iannotti J, Ratcliffe A. Form and function of articular cartilage. In: Simon SR, ed. Orthopaedic Basic Science. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1994:1-44.
39. Mankin HJ. The response of articular cartilage to mechanical injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:460-466. (Pubitemid 12153547)
40. McCormick F, Yanke A, Provencher MT, Cole BJ. Minced articular cartilage-basic science, surgical technique, and clinical application. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2008;16:217-220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSA.0b013e31818e0e4a
41. McNickle AG, L'Heureux DR, Yanke AB, Cole BJ. Outcomes of autologous chondrocyte implantation in a diverse patient population. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:1344-1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509332258
42. Merchan EC, Galindo E. Arthroscope-guided surgery versus nonoperative treatment for limited degenerative osteoarthritis of the femorotibial joint in patients over 50 years of age: A prospective comparative study. Arthroscopy. 1993;9:663-667. (Pubitemid 24004160)
43. Mills PM, Wang Y, Cicuttini FM, et al. Tibiofemoral cartilage defects 3-5 years following arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16:1526-1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.014
44. Mithoefer K, Gill TJ, Cole BJ, Williams RJ, Mandelbaum BR. Clinical outcome and return to competition after microfracture in the athlete's knee: An evidence-based systematic review. Cartilage. 2010;1:113-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603510366576
45. Mithoefer K, Williams RJ, 3rd, Warren RF, et al. The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee. A prospective cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:1911-1920. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.D.02846 (Pubitemid 41279120)
46. Mow VC, Rosenwasser MP. Articular cartilage: Biomechanics. In: Woo SL-Y, Buckwalter J, eds. Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues. Park Ridge, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1988:427-463.
47. Mow VC, Setton LA, Ratcliffe A, Howell DS, Buckwalter JA. Structure-function relationships of articular cartilage and the effects of joint instability and trauma on cartilage function. In: Brandt KD, ed. Cartilage Changes in Osteoarthritis. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University School of Medicine/Ciba-Geigy; 1990:22-42.
48. Nutton RW. Is arthroscopic surgery a beneficial treatment for knee osteoarthritis? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2009;5:122-123. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/ncprheum1020
49. Pearle AD, Warren RF, Rodeo SA. Basic science of articular cartilage and osteoarthritis. Clin Sports Med. 2005;24:1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csm. 2004.08.007 (Pubitemid 43073031)
50. Phipatanakul WP, VandeVord PJ, Teitge RA, Wooley PH. Immune response in patients receiving fresh osteochondral allografts. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2004;33:345-348.
51. Pridie KH. A method of resurfacing osteoarthritic knee joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1959;41-B:618-619.
52. Rodrigo JJ, Steadman JR, Silliman JF, Fulstone HA. Improvement of full-thickness chondral defect healing in the human knee after debridement and microfracture using continuous passive motion. Am J Knee Surg. 1994;7:109-116.
53. Rosenberger RE, Gomoll AH, Bryant T, Minas T. Repair of large chondral defects of the knee with autologous chondrocyte implantation in patients 45 years or older. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:2336-2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0363546508322888
54. Shirazi R, Shirazi-Adl A. Analysis of partial meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction in knee joint biomechanics under a combined loading. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009;24:755-761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009. 07.005
55. Simon TM, Jackson DW. Articular cartilage: Injury pathways and treatment options. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2006;14:146-154.
56. Spahn G, Muckley T, Kahl E, Hofmann GO. Factors affecting the outcome of arthroscopy in medial-compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2006;22:1233-1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2006.07.003 (Pubitemid 44648673)
57. Steadman JR, Briggs KK, Rodrigo JJ, Kocher MS, Gill TJ, Rodkey WG. Outcomes of microfracture for traumatic chondral defects of the knee: Average 11-year follow-up. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:477-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jars. 2003.50112 (Pubitemid 36560399)
58. Steadman JR, Rodkey WG, Rodrigo JJ. Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;391 Suppl:S362-369. (Pubitemid 32954039)
59. Steinwachs MR, Guggi T, Kreuz PC. Marrow stimulation techniques. Injury. 2008;39 Suppl 1:S26-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.042
60. Strobel MJ, Weiler A, Schulz MS, Russe K, Eichhorn HJ. Arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage lesions in posterior-cruciate- ligamentdeficient knees. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:262-268. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1053/jars.2003.50037 (Pubitemid 36298138)
61. Strong DM, Friedlaender GE, Tomford WW, et al. Immunologic responses in human recipients of osseous and osteochondral allografts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;326:107-114. (Pubitemid 26147755)
62. Swan A, Chapman B, Heap P, Seward H, Dieppe P. Submicroscopic crystals in osteoarthritic synovial fluids. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53:467-470. (Pubitemid 24252495)
63. Widuchowski W, Widuchowski J, Trzaska T. Articular cartilage defects: study of 25,124 knee arthroscopies. Knee. 2007;14:177-182. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.knee.2007.02.001 (Pubitemid 46695821)
64. Willey M, Wolf BR, Kocaglu B, Amendola A. Complications associated with realignment osteotomy of the knee performed simultaneously with additional reconstructive procedures. Iowa Orthop J. 2010;30:55-60.
65. Williams SK, Amiel D, Ball ST, et al. Prolonged storage effects on the articular cartilage of fresh human osteochondral allografts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:2111-2120. (Pubitemid 37385908)
66. Wingenfeld C, Egli RJ, Hempfing A, Ganz R, Leunig M. Cryopreservation of osteochondral allografts: dimethyl sulfoxide promotes angiogenesis and immune tolerance in mice. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A:1420-1429. (Pubitemid 35407588)
67. Zaslav K, Cole B, Brewster R, et al. A prospective study of autologous chondrocyte implantation in patients with failed prior treatment for articular cartilage defect of the knee: Results of the Study of the Treatment of Articular Repair (STAR) clinical trial. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37:42-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546508322897