메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 1 SUPPL., 2008, Pages 32-39

Autologous osteochondral grafting-Technique and long-term results

Author keywords

Autologous osteochondral graft; Defect; Full thickness chondral; Mosaicplasty; Osteochondral transfer

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTOGRAFT; AUTOLOGOUS OSTEOCHONDRAL MOSAICPLASTY; BLEEDING; BONE GRAFT; CARTILAGE GRAFT; CHONDROPATHY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DOG; FEMUR CONDYLE; FOLLOW UP; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HORSE; HUMAN; HYALINE CARTILAGE; LONG TERM CARE; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY; PATELLA; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TALUS; TIBIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 39749188395     PISSN: 00201383     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.01.041     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (370)

References (54)
  • 2
    • 0032935774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of unstable osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the knee using autogenous osteochondral grafts (mosaicplasty)
    • Berlet G.C., Mascia A., and Miniaci A. Treatment of unstable osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the knee using autogenous osteochondral grafts (mosaicplasty). Arthroscopy 15 (1999) 312-316
    • (1999) Arthroscopy , vol.15 , pp. 312-316
    • Berlet, G.C.1    Mascia, A.2    Miniaci, A.3
  • 3
    • 0029715351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic osteochondral autogenous graft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study
    • Bobic V. Arthroscopic osteochondral autogenous graft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 3 (1996) 262-264
    • (1996) Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc , vol.3 , pp. 262-264
    • Bobic, V.1
  • 4
    • 13744254040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous osteochondral grafting (mosaic arthroplasty) for the treatment of subchondral cystic lesions in the equine stifle and fetlock
    • Bodó G., Hangody L., Módis L., et al. Autologous osteochondral grafting (mosaic arthroplasty) for the treatment of subchondral cystic lesions in the equine stifle and fetlock. Veterinary Surgery 33 (2004) 588-596
    • (2004) Veterinary Surgery , vol.33 , pp. 588-596
    • Bodó, G.1    Hangody, L.2    Módis, L.3
  • 5
    • 0034574221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of subchondral cystic lesion in the medial femoral condyle in a horse
    • Bodó G., Hangody L., Szabó Zs, et al. Arthroscopic autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of subchondral cystic lesion in the medial femoral condyle in a horse. Acta Vet Hung 48 (2000) 343-354
    • (2000) Acta Vet Hung , vol.48 , pp. 343-354
    • Bodó, G.1    Hangody, L.2    Szabó Zs3
  • 6
    • 85047684586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The surgical technique and the age of the horse both influence the outcome of mosaicplasty in a cadaver equine stifle model
    • Bodó G., Kaposi A.D., Hangody L., et al. The surgical technique and the age of the horse both influence the outcome of mosaicplasty in a cadaver equine stifle model. Acta Vet Hung 49 (2001) 111-116
    • (2001) Acta Vet Hung , vol.49 , pp. 111-116
    • Bodó, G.1    Kaposi, A.D.2    Hangody, L.3
  • 7
    • 0028031550 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation
    • Brittberg M., Lindahl A., Nilsson A., et al. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med 331 (1994) 889-895
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 889-895
    • Brittberg, M.1    Lindahl, A.2    Nilsson, A.3
  • 8
    • 0026741589 scopus 로고
    • Autologous rib perichondrial grafts in experimentally induced osteochondral lesions in the sheep-knee joint: morphological results
    • Bruns J., Kersten P., Lierse W., et al. Autologous rib perichondrial grafts in experimentally induced osteochondral lesions in the sheep-knee joint: morphological results. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 421 (1992) 1-8
    • (1992) Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol , vol.421 , pp. 1-8
    • Bruns, J.1    Kersten, P.2    Lierse, W.3
  • 10
    • 0022413385 scopus 로고
    • Autogenous patella as replacement for a resected femoral or tibial condyle. A report of 19 cases
    • Campanacci M., Cervellati C., and Donati U. Autogenous patella as replacement for a resected femoral or tibial condyle. A report of 19 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 67 (1985) 557-563
    • (1985) J Bone Joint Surg Br , vol.67 , pp. 557-563
    • Campanacci, M.1    Cervellati, C.2    Donati, U.3
  • 11
    • 4444225849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral transplantation for treating knee cartilage defects: a 2 to 5 year follow-up study
    • Chow J.C.Y., Hantes M.E., Houle J.B., et al. Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral transplantation for treating knee cartilage defects: a 2 to 5 year follow-up study. Arthroscopy 20 (2004) 681-690
    • (2004) Arthroscopy , vol.20 , pp. 681-690
    • Chow, J.C.Y.1    Hantes, M.E.2    Houle, J.B.3
  • 12
    • 0015263120 scopus 로고
    • The repair of large osteochondral defects. An experimental study in horses
    • Convery F.R., Akeson W.H., and Keown G.H. The repair of large osteochondral defects. An experimental study in horses. Clin Orthop 82 (1972) 253-262
    • (1972) Clin Orthop , vol.82 , pp. 253-262
    • Convery, F.R.1    Akeson, W.H.2    Keown, G.H.3
  • 13
    • 0026810969 scopus 로고
    • Rib perichondrial autografts in full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits
    • Coutts R.D., Woo S.L., Amiel D., et al. Rib perichondrial autografts in full-thickness articular cartilage defects in rabbits. Clin Orthop 275 (1992) 263-273
    • (1992) Clin Orthop , vol.275 , pp. 263-273
    • Coutts, R.D.1    Woo, S.L.2    Amiel, D.3
  • 14
    • 0033971025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary stability of press fitimplanted osteochondral grafts: Influence of graft size, repeated insertion and harvesting technique
    • Duchow J., Hess T., and Kohn D. Primary stability of press fitimplanted osteochondral grafts: Influence of graft size, repeated insertion and harvesting technique. Am J Sports Med 28 (2000) 24-27
    • (2000) Am J Sports Med , vol.28 , pp. 24-27
    • Duchow, J.1    Hess, T.2    Kohn, D.3
  • 15
    • 39749147239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fabbricciani C, Schiavone Panni A, Delcogliano A, et al. Osteochondral autograft in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. In: American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida. 1994; 78-79.
    • Fabbricciani C, Schiavone Panni A, Delcogliano A, et al. Osteochondral autograft in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. In: American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida. 1994; 78-79.
  • 16
    • 0042190371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental results of donor site filling for autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty
    • Feczkó P., Hangody L., Varga J., et al. Experimental results of donor site filling for autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty. Arthroscopy 19 7 (2003) 755-761
    • (2003) Arthroscopy , vol.19 , Issue.7 , pp. 755-761
    • Feczkó, P.1    Hangody, L.2    Varga, J.3
  • 17
    • 0022887617 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of osteochondral defects of the distal femur with fresh osteochondral allografts: a preliminary report
    • Garrett J.C. Treatment of osteochondral defects of the distal femur with fresh osteochondral allografts: a preliminary report. Arthroscopy 2 (1986) 222-226
    • (1986) Arthroscopy , vol.2 , pp. 222-226
    • Garrett, J.C.1
  • 18
    • 0034584715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Healing of articular cartilage
    • Grana W. A Healing of articular cartilage. Am J Knee Surg 13 (2000) 29-32
    • (2000) Am J Knee Surg , vol.13 , pp. 29-32
    • Grana, W.1
  • 19
    • 24944455025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective randomized clinical study of mosaic osteochondral autologous transplantation versus microfracture for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the knee joint in young athletes
    • Gudas R., Kalesinskas R.J., Kimtys V., et al. A prospective randomized clinical study of mosaic osteochondral autologous transplantation versus microfracture for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the knee joint in young athletes. Arthroscopy 21 (2005) 1066-1075
    • (2005) Arthroscopy , vol.21 , pp. 1066-1075
    • Gudas, R.1    Kalesinskas, R.J.2    Kimtys, V.3
  • 22
    • 0141543837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mosaicplasty technique for osteochondral lesions of the talus
    • Hangody L. The mosaicplasty technique for osteochondral lesions of the talus. Foot Ankle Clin N Am 8 (2003) 259-273
    • (2003) Foot Ankle Clin N Am , vol.8 , pp. 259-273
    • Hangody, L.1
  • 24
    • 39749115104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hangody L, Duska Zs, Kárpáti Z.Osteochondral plug transplantation. Chapter in "Jackson, D.: Mastertechniques in Orthopaedics; The Knee" 2nd edition, Philadelphia-Baltimore-New York-London-Buenos Aires-Hong Kong-Sydney-Tokyo, Lippincott-Williams-Wilkins. 2003: 337-352.
    • Hangody L, Duska Zs, Kárpáti Z.Osteochondral plug transplantation. Chapter in "Jackson, D.: Mastertechniques in Orthopaedics; The Knee" 2nd edition, Philadelphia-Baltimore-New York-London-Buenos Aires-Hong Kong-Sydney-Tokyo, Lippincott-Williams-Wilkins. 2003: 337-352.
  • 25
    • 0034786965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular defects of the knee and ankle
    • Hangody L., Feczkó P., Bartha L., et al. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular defects of the knee and ankle. Clin Orthop 391 Suppl (2001) 328-336
    • (2001) Clin Orthop , vol.391 , Issue.SUPPL , pp. 328-336
    • Hangody, L.1    Feczkó, P.2    Bartha, L.3
  • 26
    • 0038415816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of full thickness defects of weight bearing joints - 10 years experimental and clinical experiences
    • Hangody L., and Füles P. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of full thickness defects of weight bearing joints - 10 years experimental and clinical experiences. J Bone Joint Surg 85-A Supplement 2 (2003) 25-32
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.85 -A , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 25-32
    • Hangody, L.1    Füles, P.2
  • 27
    • 0028250702 scopus 로고
    • New possibilites in the management of severe circumscribed cartilage damage in the knee
    • Hangody L., and Kárpáti Z. New possibilites in the management of severe circumscribed cartilage damage in the knee. Magy Traumatol Ortop 37 (1994) 237-243
    • (1994) Magy Traumatol Ortop , vol.37 , pp. 237-243
    • Hangody, L.1    Kárpáti, Z.2
  • 28
    • 0344005685 scopus 로고
    • Autogenous osteochondral grafting in the knees of German Shepherd dogs: radiographic and histological analysis
    • 177-123
    • Hangody L., Kárpáti Z., Tóth J., et al. Autogenous osteochondral grafting in the knees of German Shepherd dogs: radiographic and histological analysis. Hungarian Review of Sportsmedicine 35 (1994) 177-123
    • (1994) Hungarian Review of Sportsmedicine , vol.35
    • Hangody, L.1    Kárpáti, Z.2    Tóth, J.3
  • 29
    • 0003185479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty-a multicentric, comparative, prospective study
    • Hangody L., Kish G., and Kárpáti Z. Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty-a multicentric, comparative, prospective study. Index Traumat Sport 5 (1998) 3-9
    • (1998) Index Traumat Sport , vol.5 , pp. 3-9
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Kárpáti, Z.3
  • 30
    • 0000445566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autogenous osteochondral graft technique for replacing knee cartilage defects in dogs
    • Hangody L., Kish G., Kárpáti Z., et al. Autogenous osteochondral graft technique for replacing knee cartilage defects in dogs. Orthopedics 5 (1997) 175-181
    • (1997) Orthopedics , vol.5 , pp. 175-181
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Kárpáti, Z.3
  • 31
    • 0031307632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of femoral condylar articular defects
    • Hangody L., Kish G., Kárpáti Z., et al. Arthroscopic autogenous osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of femoral condylar articular defects. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 5 (1997) 262-267
    • (1997) Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy , vol.5 , pp. 262-267
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Kárpáti, Z.3
  • 32
    • 0030752016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of talus: the use of the mosaicplasty technique
    • Hangody L., Kish G., Kárpáti Z., et al. Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of talus: the use of the mosaicplasty technique. Foot Ankle Int 18 10 (1997) 628-634
    • (1997) Foot Ankle Int , vol.18 , Issue.10 , pp. 628-634
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Kárpáti, Z.3
  • 33
    • 0031829049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular cartilage defects: application in clinical practice
    • Hangody L., Kish G., Kárpáti Z., et al. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of articular cartilage defects: application in clinical practice. Orthopedics 21 (1998) 751-756
    • (1998) Orthopedics , vol.21 , pp. 751-756
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Kárpáti, Z.3
  • 34
    • 0034909084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaicplasty for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: two to seven year results in 36 patients
    • Hangody L., Kish G., Módis L., et al. Mosaicplasty for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: two to seven year results in 36 patients. Foot Ankle Int 22 (2001) 552-558
    • (2001) Foot Ankle Int , vol.22 , pp. 552-558
    • Hangody, L.1    Kish, G.2    Módis, L.3
  • 36
    • 1442331524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty - Surgical technique
    • Hangody L., Ráthonyi G., Duska Zs, et al. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty - Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg 86-A Suppl. I (2004) 65-72
    • (2004) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.86 -A , Issue.SUPPL. I , pp. 65-72
    • Hangody, L.1    Ráthonyi, G.2    Duska Zs3
  • 37
    • 33749840879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaikplastik - Eine neue Alternative in der Behandlung der Osteochondritis dissecans des Capitulum humeri
    • Hidas P., Hangody L., Csépai D., et al. Mosaikplastik - Eine neue Alternative in der Behandlung der Osteochondritis dissecans des Capitulum humeri. Arthroskopie 15 (2002) 59-63
    • (2002) Arthroskopie , vol.15 , pp. 59-63
    • Hidas, P.1    Hangody, L.2    Csépai, D.3
  • 39
    • 0037315539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral cylinder transplantation in cartilage repair of the knee joint
    • Horas U., Pelinkovic D., Herr G., et al. Autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral cylinder transplantation in cartilage repair of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg 85-A (2003) 185-192
    • (2003) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.85 -A , pp. 185-192
    • Horas, U.1    Pelinkovic, D.2    Herr, G.3
  • 40
    • 0000727161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic and open techniques for transplantation of osteochondral autografts and allografts in various joints
    • Imhoff A.B., and Ottl G.M. Arthroscopic and open techniques for transplantation of osteochondral autografts and allografts in various joints. Surg Technol Int 8 (1999) 249-252
    • (1999) Surg Technol Int , vol.8 , pp. 249-252
    • Imhoff, A.B.1    Ottl, G.M.2
  • 41
    • 0032930383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee and talus in the athlete
    • Kish G., Módis L., and Hangody L. Osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee and talus in the athlete. Clin Sports Med 18 (1999) 45-61
    • (1999) Clin Sports Med , vol.18 , pp. 45-61
    • Kish, G.1    Módis, L.2    Hangody, L.3
  • 42
    • 18644375252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of drill-hole length on the primary stability of osteochondral grafts in mosaicplasty
    • Kordás G., Szabó J.S., and Hangody L. The effect of drill-hole length on the primary stability of osteochondral grafts in mosaicplasty. Orthopedics 28 (2005) 401-404
    • (2005) Orthopedics , vol.28 , pp. 401-404
    • Kordás, G.1    Szabó, J.S.2    Hangody, L.3
  • 43
    • 33645859029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary stability of osteochondral grafts used inmosaicplasty
    • Kordás G., Szabó J.S., and Hangody L. Primary stability of osteochondral grafts used inmosaicplasty. Arthroscopy 22 4 (2006) 414-422
    • (2006) Arthroscopy , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 414-422
    • Kordás, G.1    Szabó, J.S.2    Hangody, L.3
  • 44
    • 0027208203 scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic multiple osteochondral transplantation to the chondral defect in the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament disruptioncase report
    • Matsusue Y., Yamamuro T., and Hama H. Arthroscopic multiple osteochondral transplantation to the chondral defect in the knee associated with anterior cruciate ligament disruptioncase report. Arthroscopy 9 (1993) 318-322
    • (1993) Arthroscopy , vol.9 , pp. 318-322
    • Matsusue, Y.1    Yamamuro, T.2    Hama, H.3
  • 45
    • 0035413050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation for chondral lesion of the tibial plateau of the knee
    • Matsusue Y., Kotake T., Nakagawa Y., et al. Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation for chondral lesion of the tibial plateau of the knee. Arthroscopy 17 6 (2001) 653-659
    • (2001) Arthroscopy , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 653-659
    • Matsusue, Y.1    Kotake, T.2    Nakagawa, Y.3
  • 46
    • 0034583997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteochondral Tissue Transfer
    • Miller R.H. Osteochondral Tissue Transfer. Am J Knee Surg 13 1 (2000) 51-62
    • (2000) Am J Knee Surg , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-62
    • Miller, R.H.1
  • 47
    • 0025139109 scopus 로고
    • Biological response to woven carbon fibre pads in the knee. A clinical and experimental study
    • Muckle D.S., and Minns R.J. Biological response to woven carbon fibre pads in the knee. A clinical and experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 72 (1990) 60-62
    • (1990) J Bone Joint Surg Br , vol.72 , pp. 60-62
    • Muckle, D.S.1    Minns, R.J.2
  • 48
    • 0031920494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Articular cartilage repair
    • Newman A.P. Articular cartilage repair. Am J Sport Med 26 (1998) 309-324
    • (1998) Am J Sport Med , vol.26 , pp. 309-324
    • Newman, A.P.1
  • 49
    • 0023934058 scopus 로고
    • Durability of regenerted a articular cartilage produced by free autogenous periosteal grafts in major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passivemotion. A follow-up report at one year
    • O'Driscoll S.W., Keeley F.W., and Salter R.B. Durability of regenerted a articular cartilage produced by free autogenous periosteal grafts in major full-thickness defects in joint surfaces under the influence of continuous passivemotion. A follow-up report at one year. J Bone Joint Surg Am 70 (1988) 595-606
    • (1988) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.70 , pp. 595-606
    • O'Driscoll, S.W.1    Keeley, F.W.2    Salter, R.B.3
  • 50
    • 0028854908 scopus 로고
    • The use of a lateral patellar autologous graft for the repair of a large osteochondral defect in the knee
    • Outerbridge H.K., Outerbridge A.R., and Outerbridge R.E. The use of a lateral patellar autologous graft for the repair of a large osteochondral defect in the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 (1995) 65-72
    • (1995) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.77 , pp. 65-72
    • Outerbridge, H.K.1    Outerbridge, A.R.2    Outerbridge, R.E.3
  • 51
    • 0000811476 scopus 로고
    • Arthroplasty of the knee - Experimental and clinical experiences
    • Pap K., and Krompecher I. Arthroplasty of the knee - Experimental and clinical experiences. J Bone Joint Surg 43-A (1961) 523-537
    • (1961) J Bone Joint Surg , vol.43 -A , pp. 523-537
    • Pap, K.1    Krompecher, I.2
  • 52
    • 33744536229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo arthroscopic cartilage stiffness measurement in the knee
    • Szerb I., Kárpáti Z., and Hangody L. In vivo arthroscopic cartilage stiffness measurement in the knee. Arthroscopy 22 (2006) 682-683
    • (2006) Arthroscopy , vol.22 , pp. 682-683
    • Szerb, I.1    Kárpáti, Z.2    Hangody, L.3
  • 53
    • 0033544043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mosaicplasty in articular cartilage injuries of the knee
    • Solheim E. Mosaicplasty in articular cartilage injuries of the knee. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 119 (1999) 4022-4025
    • (1999) Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen , vol.119 , pp. 4022-4025
    • Solheim, E.1
  • 54
    • 0022294844 scopus 로고
    • The transplantation of an auto-generic osteochondral fragment for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee
    • Yamashita F., Sakakida K., Suzu F., et al. The transplantation of an auto-generic osteochondral fragment for osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Clin Orthop 201 (1985) 43-50
    • (1985) Clin Orthop , vol.201 , pp. 43-50
    • Yamashita, F.1    Sakakida, K.2    Suzu, F.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.