Risk factors and chemoprevention in Barrett's esophagus - An update

Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 397-406

  Winberg, Hanna ^a   Lindblad, Mats ^a   Lagergren, Jesper ^a   Dahlstrand, Hanna ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Barrett's esophagus; chemoprevention; NSAID; PPI; risk factors

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; CAROTENOID; CELECOXIB; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; FOLIC ACID; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SELENIUM;

ARTICLE; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER GROWTH; CAUCASIAN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS DYSPLASIA; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HEREDITY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEX RATIO; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNCERTAINTY;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CHEMOPREVENTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84858645630     PISSN: 00365521     EISSN: 15027708     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.667145     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Pohl H, Welch HG. The role of overdiagnosis and reclassification in the marked increase of esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:142-6. (Pubitemid 40277094)
2. Sikkema M, de Jonge PJ, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma and mortality in patients with Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:235-44; quiz e232.
3. Yousef F, Cardwell C,Cantwell MM,Galway K,Johnston BT, Murray L. The incidence of esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:237-49. (Pubitemid 352019777)
4. Hvid-Jensen F, Pedersen L, Drewes AM, Sorensen HT, Funch-Jensen P. Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1375-83.
5. de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Looman CW, Casparie MK, Meijer GA, Kuipers EJ. Risk of malignant progression in patients with Barrett's oesophagus: a Dutch nationwide cohort study. Gut 2010;59:1030-6.
6. Jankowski JA, Provenzale D, Moayyedi P. Esophageal adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's metaplasia has regional variations in the west. Gastroenterology 2002;122:588-90. (Pubitemid 34117010)
7. Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:788-97. (Pubitemid 351406009)
8. Westhoff B, Brotze S, Weston A, McElhinney C, Cherian R, Mayo MS, et al. The frequency of Barrett's esophagus in high-risk patients with chronic GERD. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;61:226-31. (Pubitemid 40261070)
9. Ford AC, Forman D, Reynolds PD, Cooper BT, Moayyedi P. Ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status as risk factors for esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:454-60. (Pubitemid 41191431)
10. Rex DK,Cummings OW,Shaw M,Cumings MD,Wong RK, Vasudeva RS, et al. Screening for Barrett's esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1670-7. (Pubitemid 37500431)
11. Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E, et al. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1825-31. (Pubitemid 41772961)
12. Spechler SJ, Zeroogian JM, Antonioli DA, Wang HH, Goyal RK. Prevalence of metaplasia at the gastrooesophageal junction. Lancet 1994;344:1533-6.
13. Abrams JA, Fields S, Lightdale CJ, Neugut AI. Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus among patients who undergo upper endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:30-4. (Pubitemid 50008419)
14. Zhang J, Chen XL, Wang KM, Guo XD, Zuo AL, Gong J. Barrett's esophagus and its correlation with gastroesophageal reflux in Chinese. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1065-8. (Pubitemid 38461396)
15. Rees JR, Lao-Sirieix P, Wong A, Fitzgerald RC. Treatment for Barrett's oesophagus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;CD004060.
16. Spechler SJ, Fitzgerald RC, Prasad GA, Wang KK. History, molecular mechanisms, and endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2010;138:854-69.
17. Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1900-1920-quiz 1943.
18. Woodland P, Sifrim D. The refluxate: the impact of its magnitude, composition and distribution. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010;24:861-71.
19. Eloubeidi MA, Provenzale D. Clinical and demographic predictors of Barrett's esophagus among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a multivariable analysis in veterans. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;33:306-9. (Pubitemid 32880970)
20. Johansson J, Hakansson HO, Mellblom L, Kempas A, Johansson KE, Granath F, et al. Risk factors for Barrett's oesophagus: a population-based approach. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:148-56.
21. Smith KJ, O'Brien SM, Smithers BM, Gotley DC, Webb PM, Green AC, et al. Interactions among smoking, obesity, and symptoms of acid reflux in Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:2481-6. (Pubitemid 41752705)
22. Winters C Jr, Spurling TJ, Chobanian SJ, Curtis DJ, Esposito RL, Hacker JF 3rd, et al. Barrett's esophagus. A prevalent, occult complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 1987;92:118-24. (Pubitemid 17207669)
23. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:825-31. (Pubitemid 29142625)
24. Malfertheiner P, Lind T, Willich S, Vieth M, Jaspersen D, Labenz J, et al. Prognostic influence of Barrett's oesophagus and Helicobacter pylori infection on healing of erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and symptom resolution in non-erosive GORD: report from the ProGORD study. Gut 2005;54:746-51. (Pubitemid 40732085)
25. Voutilainen M, Sipponen P, Mecklin JP, Juhola M, FarkkilaM. Gastroesophageal refluxdisease: prevalence, clinical, endoscopic and histopathological findings in 1,128 consecutive patients referred for endoscopy due to dyspeptic and reflux symptoms. Digestion 2000;61:6-13. (Pubitemid 30098953)
26. Campos GM, DeMeester SR, Peters JH, Oberg S, Crookes PF, Hagen JA, et al. Predictive factors of Barrett esophagus: multivariate analysis of 502 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Surg 2001;136:1267-73. (Pubitemid 33043514)
27. Theodorou D, Ayazi S, Demeester SR, Zehetner J, Peyre CG, Grant KS, et al. Intraluminal pH and goblet cell density in Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg 2011;16:469-74.
28. Conio M, Filiberti R, Blanchi S, Ferraris R, Marchi S, Ravelli P, et al. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2002;97:225-9. (Pubitemid 34019959)
29. Eisen GM, Sandler RS, Murray S, Gottfried M. The relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and itscomplications with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:27-31. (Pubitemid 27027023)
30. Lieberman DA, Oehlke M, Helfand M. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in community-based practice. GORGE consortium. Gastroenterology outcomes research group in endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:1293-7.
31. Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, Sontag SJ. Hiatal hernia and acid reflux frequency predict presence and length of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:256-64. (Pubitemid 34123982)
32. Banki F, Demeester SR, Mason RJ, Campos G, Hagen JA, Peters JH, et al. Barrett's esophagus in females: a comparative analysis of risk factors in females and males. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:560-7. (Pubitemid 40487553)
33. Cameron AJ. Barrett's esophagus: prevalence and size of hiatal hernia. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2054-9. (Pubitemid 29374531)
34. Zagari RM, Fuccio L, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Fiocca R, Casanova S, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus in the general population: the Loiano-Monghidoro study. Gut 2008;57:1354-9.
35. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, RumoreG, et al. Race, ethnicity, sex and temporal differences in Barrett's oesophagus diagnosis: a large community-based study, 1994-2006. Gut 2009;58:182-8.
36. Edelstein ZR, Bronner MP, Rosen SN, Vaughan TL. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus among patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a community clinic-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:834-42.
37. Lofdahl HE, Lu Y, Lagergren J. Sex-specific risk factor profile in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2008;99:1506-10.
38. Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, Hveem K, Lagergren J. Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms and the influence of age and sex. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004;39:1040-5. (Pubitemid 39536390)
39. Cook MB, Wild CP, Forman D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sex ratio for Barrett's esophagus, erosive reflux disease, and nonerosive reflux disease. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1050-61. (Pubitemid 41746617)
40. Falk J, Carstens H, Lundell L, Albertsson M. Incidence of carcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. Changes over time and geographical differences. Acta Oncol 2007;46:1070-4. (Pubitemid 350058893)
41. Adeniyi KO. Gastric acid secretion and parietal cell mass: effect of sex hormones. Gastroenterology 1991;101:66-9.
42. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Zhao W, et al. Abdominal obesity and body mass index as risk factors for Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2007;133:34-41; quiz 311.
43. El-Serag HB, Kvapil P, Hacken-Bitar J, Kramer JR. Abdominal obesity and the risk of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2151-6.
44. Jacobson BC, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS. Body mass index and Barrett's oesophagus in women. Gut 2009;58:1460-6.
45. Bu X, Ma Y, Der R, Demeester T, Bernstein L, Chandrasoma PT. Body mass index is associated with Barrett esophagus and cardiac mucosal metaplasia. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:1589-94. (Pubitemid 44379301)
46. Kamat P, Wen S, Morris J, Anandasabapathy S. Exploring the association between elevated body mass index and Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:655-62.
47. Edelstein ZR, Farrow DC, Bronner MP, Rosen SN, Vaughan TL. Central adiposity and risk of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2007;133:403-11. (Pubitemid 47187351)
48. Cook MB, Greenwood DC, Hardie LJ, Wild CP, Forman D. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of increasing adiposity on Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:292-300. (Pubitemid 351248722)
49. Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, Hveem K, Lagergren J. Obesity and estrogen as risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. JAMA 2003;290:66-72. (Pubitemid 37432867)
50. Kendall BJ, Macdonald GA, Hayward NK, Prins JB, Brown I, Walker N, et al. Leptin and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2008;57:448-54. (Pubitemid 351442525)
51. Thompson OM, Beresford SA, Kirk EA, Bronner MP, Vaughan TL. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels and risk of Barrett's esophagus and intestinal metaplasia of the gastroesophageal junction. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:2204-11.
52. Cameron AJ, Lomboy CT. Barrett's esophagus: age, prevalence, and extent of columnar epithelium. Gastroenterology 1992;103:1241-5.
53. Caygill CP, Reed PI, Johnston BJ, Hill MJ, Ali MH, Levi S. A single centre's 20 years' experience of columnar-lined (Barrett's) oesophagus diagnosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999;11:1355-8. (Pubitemid 30009339)
54. Tseng PH, Lee YC, Chiu HM, Huang SP, Liao WC, Chen CC, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Barrett's esophagus in a Chinese general population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:1074-9.
55. Park JJ, Kim JW, Kim HJ, Chung MG, Park SM, Baik GH, et al. The prevalence of and risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in a Korean population: A nationwide multicenter prospective study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43:907-14.
56. Yeh C, Hsu CT, Ho AS, Sampliner RE, Fass R. Erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus in Taiwan: a higher frequency than expected. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:702-6. (Pubitemid 27196016)
57. Lofdahl HE, Lane A, Lu Y, Lagergren P, Harvey RF, Blazeby JM, et al. Increased population prevalence of reflux and obesity in the United Kingdom compared with Sweden: a potential explanation for the difference in incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;23:128-32.
58. Chak A, Lee T, Kinnard MF, Brock W, Faulx A, Willis J, et al. Familial aggregation of Barrett's oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma in Caucasian adults. Gut 2002;51:323-8.
59. Gelfand MD. Barrett esophagus in sexagenarian identical twins. J Clin Gastroenterol 1983;5:251-3. (Pubitemid 13097030)
60. Jochem VJ, Fuerst PA, Fromkes JJ. Familial Barrett's esophagus associated with adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1400-2.
61. Cameron AJ, Lagergren J, Henriksson C, Nyren O, Locke GR 3rd, Pedersen NL. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Gastroenterology 2002;122:55-9. (Pubitemid 34049194)
62. Romero Y, Cameron AJ, Schaid DJ, McDonnell SK, Burgart LJ, Hardtke CL, et al. Barrett's esophagus: prevalence in symptomatic relatives. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1127-32. (Pubitemid 34478109)
63. Trudgill NJ, Kapur KC, Riley SA. Familial clustering of reflux symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1172-8. (Pubitemid 29214623)
64. Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Rumore G, Quesenberry CP Jr, Buffler P, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of Barrett's esophagus. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20:303-11.
65. Smith KJ,O'BrienSM,GreenAC,WebbPM,WhitemanDC. Current and past smoking significantly increase risk forBarrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:840-8.
66. Veugelers PJ, Porter GA, Guernsey DL, Casson AG. Obesity and lifestyle risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2006;19:321-8. (Pubitemid 44390435)
67. Anderson LA, Cantwell MM, Watson RG, Johnston BT, Murphy SJ, Ferguson HR, et al. The association between alcohol and reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, andesophageal adenocarcinoma.Gastroenterology 2009;136:799-805.
68. Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Rumore GJ, Quesenberry CP Jr, Buffler P, et al. Alcohol types and sociodemographic characteristics as risk factors for Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2009;136:806-15.
69. Huang JQ, Zheng GF, Sumanac K, Irvine EJ, Hunt RH. Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1636-44. (Pubitemid 37500427)
70. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Rumore G, et al. Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a case-control study. Helicobacter 2008;13:352-60.
71. Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Zhao W, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus: a community-based study. Gut 2008;57:727-33. (Pubitemid 351716961)
72. Sonnenberg A, Lash RH, Genta RM. A national study of Helicobactor pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1894-901; e1892; quiz e1812.
73. Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, Robotis I, Margantinis G. Relationship between Helicobacter pylor infection and esophageal neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1413-17; 1417 e1411-1412.
74. Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Rumore GJ, Quesenberry CP Jr, Buffler P, et al.Dietary antioxidants, fruits, and vegetables and the risk of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1614-23; quiz 1624.
75. Ibiebele TI, Hughes MC, Pandeya N, Zhao Z, Montgomery G, Hayward N, et al. High intake of folate from food sources is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer in an Australian population. J Nutr 2011;141:274-83.
76. Thompson OM, Beresford SA, Kirk EA, Vaughan TL. Vegetable and fruit intakes and risk of Barrett's esophagus in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:890-6.
77. Murphy SJ, Anderson LA, Ferguson HR, Johnston BT, Watson PR, McGuigan J, et al. Dietary antioxidant and mineral intake in humans is associated with reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma but not reflux esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus. J Nutr 2010;140:1757-63.
78. Liao LM, Vaughan TL, Corley DA, Cook MB, Casson AG, Kamangar F, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use reduces risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in a pooled analysis. Gastroenterology 2012; in press.
79. Sadeghi S, Bain CJ, Pandeya N, Webb PM, Green AC, Whiteman DC. Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the risks of cancers of the esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:1169-78.
80. Anderson LA, Johnston BT, Watson RG, Murphy SJ, Ferguson HR, Comber H, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the esophageal inflammation-metaplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Cancer Res 2006;66:4975-82.
81. Thrift AP, Pandeya N, Smith KJ, Green AC, Webb PM, Whiteman DC. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:1235-44.
82. Ouatu-Lascar R, Fitzgerald RC, Triadafilopoulos G. Differentiation and proliferation in Barrett's esophagus and the effects of acid suppression. Gastroenterology 1999;117:327-35. (Pubitemid 29352940)
83. Tselepis C, Morris CD, Wakelin D, Hardy R, Perry I, Luong QT, et al. Upregulation of the oncogene c-myc in Barrett's adenocarcinoma: induction of c-myc by acidified bile acid in vitro. Gut 2003;52:174-80. (Pubitemid 36115055)
84. Cooper BT, Chapman W, Neumann CS, Gearty JC. Continuous treatment of Barrett's oesophagus patients with proton pump inhibitors up to 13 years: observations on regression and cancer incidence. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:727-33. (Pubitemid 43344591)
85. El-Serag HB, Aguirre TV, Davis S, Kuebeler M, Bhattacharyya A, Sampliner RE. Proton pump inhibitors are associated with reduced incidence of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1877-83. (Pubitemid 39421227)
86. Hillman LC, Chiragakis L, Shadbolt B, Kaye GL, Clarke AC. Proton-pump inhibitor therapy and the development of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. Med J Aust 2004;180:387-91. (Pubitemid 38528957)
87. El-Serag HB, Petersen NJ, Carter J, Graham DY, Richardson P, Genta RM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux among different racial groups in the United States. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1692-9. (Pubitemid 38736334)
88. Nguyen DM, El-Serag HB, Henderson L, Stein D, Bhattacharyya A, Sampliner RE. Medication usage and the risk of neoplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1299-304.
89. Islami F, Kamangar F, Boffetta P. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of progression of Barrett's esophagus to neoplastic lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:2646-8.
90. Leedham S, Jankowski J. The evidence base of proton pump inhibitor chemopreventative agents in Barrett's esophagus-the good, the bad, and the flawed! The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102:21-3. (Pubitemid 46072038)
91. Soma T, Shimada Y, Kawabe A, Kaganoi J, Kondo K, Imamura M, et al. Induction of prostaglandin E synthase by gastroesophageal reflux contents in normal esophageal epithelial cells and esophageal cancer cells. Dis Esophagus 2007;20:123-9. (Pubitemid 46562850)
92. Cheng L, Harnett KM, Cao W, Liu F, Behar J, Fiocchi C, et al. Hydrogen peroxide reduces lower esophageal sphincter tone in human esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1675-85. (Pubitemid 41597406)
93. Shirvani VN, Ouatu-Lascar R, Kaur BS, Omary MB, Triadafilopoulos G. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression in Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma: Ex vivo induction by bile salts and acid exposure. Gastroenterology 2000;118:487-96. (Pubitemid 30140846)
94. Buttar NS, Wang KK, Anderson MA, Dierkhising RA, Pacifico RJ, Krishnadath KK, et al. The effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in Barrett's esophagus epithelium: an in vitro study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:422-9. (Pubitemid 34285091)
95. Vaughan TL, Dong LM, Blount PL, Ayub K, Odze RD, Sanchez CA, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of neoplastic progression in Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective study. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:945-52. (Pubitemid 41685227)
96. Kastelein F, Spaander MC, Biermann K, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ, Bruno MJ. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins have chemopreventative effects in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2011;141:2000-8.
97. Nguyen DM, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Medications (NSAID, Statins, PPI) and the risk of esophagealadenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2010;138:2260-6.
98. Heath EI, Canto MI, Piantadosi S, Montgomery E, Weinstein WM, Herman JG, et al. Secondary chemoprevention of Barrett's esophagus with celecoxib: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:545-57. (Pubitemid 47073557)
99. Gatenby PA, Ramus JR, Caygill CP, Winslet MC, Watson A. Aspirin is not chemoprotective for Barrett's adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus in multicentre cohort. Eur J Cancer Prev 2009;18:381-4.
100. Das D, Chilton AP, Jankowski JA. Chemoprevention of oesophageal cancer and the AspECT trial. Recent Results Cancer Res 2009;181:161-9.
101. Konturek PC, Burnat G, Hahn EG. Inhibition of Barret's adenocarcinoma cell growth by simvastatin: involvement of COX-2 and apoptosis-related proteins. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;58(Suppl 3):141-8. (Pubitemid 47523111)
102. Ogunwobi OO, Beales IL. Statins inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:825-37. (Pubitemid 351501115)