Institutions, Latent Entrepreneurship, and Self-Employment: An International Comparison

Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 295-321

  Gohmann, Stephan F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858427046     PISSN: 10422587     EISSN: 15406520     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00406.x     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Acemoglu, D. & Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach. The Economic Journal, 108(450), 1381-1403.
2. Acs, Z., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 32(1), 15-30.
3. Acs, Z., Desai, S., & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219-234.
4. Aidt, T.S. (2003). Economic analysis of corruption: A survey. The Economic Journal, 113(491), 632-652.
5. Ardagna, S. & Lusardi, A. (2008). Explaining international differences in entrepreneurship: The role of individual characteristics and regulatory constraints. NBER Working Paper. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
6. Arenius, P. & Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233-247.
7. Baumol, W.J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 893.
8. Becker, G. (1975). Human capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
9. Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom: A survey. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211.
10. Beugelsdijk, S. (2007). Entrepreneurial culture, regional innovativeness and economic growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 187-210.
11. Birch, D.L. (1987). Job creation in America: How our smallest companies put the most people to work. New York: Free Press.
12. Blanchflower, D.G. & Oswald, A.J. (1998). What makes an entrepreneur? Journal of Labor Economics, 16(1), 26-60.
13. Blanchflower, D.G. & Oswald, A.J. (2007). What makes a young entrepreneur? IZA Discussion Paper No. 3139.
14. Blanchflower, D.G., Oswald, A., & Stutzer, A. (2001). Latent entrepreneurship across nations. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 680-691.
15. Blau, D.M. (1987). A time-series analysis of self-employment in the United States. The Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 445.
16. Bowen, D. & Hisrich, R. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective. Academy of Management Review, 11(2), 393-407.
17. Bruton, G.D. & Ahlstrom, D. (2003). An institutional view of China's venture capital industry explaining the differences between China and the West. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 233-259.
18. Buchanan, J.M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent: Logical foundations of constitutional democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
19. Carter, S., Anderson, S., & Shaw, E. (2003). Women's business ownership: A review of the academic, popular and internet literature. Glasgow: Small Business Service.
20. Carter, S. & Shaw, E. (2006). Women's business ownership: Recent research and policy developments. Small Business Service Research Report, November, London.
21. Coase, R.H. (1937). The nature of the firm. Economica, 4(16), 386-405.
22. Coyne, C.J. (2008). After war: The political economy of exporting democracy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
23. Cramer, J. (2003). Logit models from economics and other fields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Crant, J. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3).
25. Dawson, J.W. (2003). Causality in the freedom-growth relationship. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 479-495.
26. Dawson, J.W. (2007). The empirical institutions-growth literature: Is something amiss at the top? Econ Journal Watch, 4(2), 3-45.
27. de Soto, H. (1989). Other path: The invisible revolution in the third world. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
28. Dixit, A. & Rob, R. (1994). Switching costs and sectoral adjustments in general equilibrium with uninsured risk. Journal of Economic Theory, 62(1), 48-69.
29. Dreher, A. & Gassebner, M. (2007). Greasing the wheels of entrepreneurship? Impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Unpublished KOF Working Paper No. 166.
30. Dunn, T. & Holtz-Eakin, D. (2000). Financial capital, human capital, and the transition to self-employment: Evidence from intergenerational links. Journal of Labor Economics, 18(2), 282-305.
31. European Commission. (2001). Flash Eurobarometer 107 "Entrepreneurship.
32. European Commission. (2002). Flash Eurobarometer 134 "Entrepreneurship.
33. European Commission. (2003). Flash Eurobarometer 146 "Entrepreneurship.
34. European Commission. (2004). Flash Eurobarometer 160 "Entrepreneurship.
35. Evans, D. & Leighton, L. (1989). Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship. American Economic Review, 79(3), 519-535.
36. Fairlie, R. & Meyer, B. (2000). Trends in self-employment among white and black men during the twentieth century. Journal of Human Resources, 643-669.
37. Farr, W.K., Lord, R.A., & Wolfenbarger, J.L. (1998). Economic freedom, political freedom, and economic well-being: A causality analysis. Cato Journal, 18(2), 247-262.
38. Fölster, S. (2000). Do entrepreneurs create jobs? Small Business Economics, 14(2), 137-148.
39. Fonseca, R., Lopez-Garcia, P., & Pissarides, C. (2001). Entrepreneurship, start-up costs and employment. European Economic Review, 45(4-6), 692-705.
40. Freytag, A. & Thurik, R. (2007). Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 117-131.
41. Friedman, E., Johnson, S., Kaufmann, D., & Zoido-Lobaton, P. (2000). Dodging the grabbing hand: The determinants of unofficial activity in 69 countries. Journal of Public Economics, 76(3), 459-493.
42. Gimeno, J., Folta, R., Cooper, A., & Woo, C. (2000). Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Small Business, 42, 750-783.
43. Gohmann, S.F., Hobbs, B.K., & McCrickard, M.J. (2008). Economic freedom and service industry growth in the United States. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 855-874.
44. Greif, A. (2006). Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Grilo, I. & Irigoyen, J.M. (2006). Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and not to be. Small Business Economics, 26(4), 305-318.
46. Grilo, I. & Thurik, R. (2005). Latent and actual entrepreneurship in Europe and the US: Some recent developments. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(4), 441-459.
47. Grilo, I. & Thurik, R. (2008). Determinants of entrepreneurial engagement levels in Europe and the US. Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(6), 1113-1145.
48. Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., & Holcombe, R.G. (1999). Economic freedom and the environment for economic growth. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 155(4), 643-663.
49. Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Sobel, R.S., & Leeson, P.T. (2007). Economic freedom of the world. Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute.
50. Hamilton, B.H. (2000). Does entrepreneurship pay? An empirical analysis of the returns to self-employment. Journal of Political Economy, 108(3), 604-631.
51. Hox, J.J. (2002). Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
52. Hundley, G. (2000). Male/female earnings differences in self-employment: The effects of marriage, children, and the household division of labor. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54, 95-114.
53. Husted, B.W. (1999). Wealth, culture, and corruption. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 339-341.
54. Kihlstrom, R. & Laffont, J. (1979). A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. The Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 719.
55. Kirchhoff, B.A., Newbert, S.L., Hasan, I., & Armington, C. (2007). The influence of university R&D expenditures on new business formations and employment growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 543-559.
56. Kirzner, I.M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Kirzner, I.M. (1979). Perception, opportunities and profit: Studies in the theory of entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Kreft, I.G.G. & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. London: Sage Publications.
59. Lentz, B. & Laband, D. (1990). Entrepreneurial success and occupational inheritance among proprietors. Canadian Journal of Economics, 23(3), 563-579.
60. Lévesque, M. & Minniti, M. (2006). The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.
61. Lucas, R. (1978). On the size distribution of business firms. Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), 508-523.
62. Matthews, C. & Moser, S. (1996). A longitudinal investigation of the impact of family background and gender on interest in small firm ownership. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(2), 29-43.
63. Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 681-712.
64. McMullen, J., Bagby, D., & Palich, L. (2008). Economic freedom and the motivation to engage in entrepreneurial action. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(5), 875-895.
65. Montanye, J.A. (2006). Entrepreneurship. Independent Review, 10(4), 547.
66. North, D.C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. London: Norton.
67. North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. North, D.C. (1994). Economic performance through time. The American Economic Review, 84(3), 359-368.
69. North, D.C. (2005). Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Oi, W. (1962). Labor as a quasi-fixed factor. The Journal of Political Economy, 70(6), 538.
71. Parker, S. (1997). The effects of risk on self-employment. Small Business Economics, 9(6), 515-522.
72. Parker, S. & Robson, M. (2004). Explaining international variations in self-employment: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Southern Economic Journal, 71(2), 287-301.
73. Parker, S.C. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Pejovich, S. (2003). Understanding the transaction costs of transition: It's the culture, stupid. The Review of Austrian Economics, 16(4), 347-361.
75. Rabe-Hesketh, S. & Skrondal, A. (2008). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
76. Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I., etal. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 205-231.
77. Scherer, R., Adams, J., Carley, S., & Wiebe, F. (1989). Role model performance effects on development of entrepreneurial career preference. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(3), 53-71.
78. Scott, M. & Twomey, D. (1988). The long-term supply of entrepreneurs: Students' career aspirations in relation to entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 26(4), 5-13.
79. Scott, W.R. (2001). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
80. Shane, S. (2009). Why encouraging more people to become entrepreneurs is bad public policy. Small Business Economics, 33, 141-149.
81. Sobel, R. (2008). Testing Baumol: Institutional quality and the productivity of entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 641-655.
82. Sobel, R.S., Clark, J.R., & Lee, D.R. (2007). Freedom, barriers to entry, entrepreneurship, and economic progress. The Review of Austrian Economics, 20(4), 221-236.
83. Stata. (2007). Intercooled STATA 10.0 for Windows. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
84. Thurik, A., Carree, M., van Stel, A., & Audretsch, D. (2008). Does self-employment reduce unemployment? Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 673-686.
85. Torrini, R. (2005). Cross-country differences in self-employment rates: The role of institutions. Labour Economics, 12(5), 661-683.
86. Transparency International. (2007). Corruption perceptions index. Available at, accessed 29 April 2008.
87. Uhlaner, L. & Thurik, R. (2007). Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 161-185.
88. Van der Horst, R., Nijsen, A., & Gulham, S. (2000). Regulatory policies and their impact on SMEs in Europe: The case of administrative burdens. In D. Sexton & H. Landstrom (eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship (pp. 129-149). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
89. Van Praag, C. (2003). Business survival and success of young small business owners. Small Business Economics, 21(1), 1-17.
90. Van Praag, C. & Versloot, P. (2007). What is the value of entrepreneurship? A review of recent research. Small Business Economics, 29(4), 351-382.
91. van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2005). The effect of entrepreneurial activity on national economic growth. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 311-321.
92. van Stel, A., Storey, D., & Thurik, A. (2007). The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2), 171-186.
93. Wagner, J. (2007). What a difference a Y makes-female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 1-21.
94. Washburn, S. & Kirschner, D. (2006). Rural freeway level of service based on traveler perception. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1988(1), 31-37.
95. Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-56.
96. Wennekers, S., Thurik, R., van Stel, A., & Noorderhaven, N. (2007). Uncertainty avoidance and the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries, 1976-2004. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17(2), 133-160.
97. Williamson, O. (1981). The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87(3), 548.
98. Williamson, O.E. (1985). The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.