Discriminating glacier thermal and dynamic regimes in the sedimentary record

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 251-252, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-33

  Hambrey, Michael J ^a   Glasser, Neil F ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Clast shape; Cold glaciers; Glacial sediments; Polythermal glaciers; Temperate glaciers; Thermal regime

Indexed keywords

ANTARCTIC PENINSULA; ANTARCTICA; AVALANCHE PROCESS; CLAST SHAPE; CONTINENTAL SHELVES; DRY VALLEY; DYNAMIC REGIMES; EUROPEAN ALPS; GEOGRAPHICAL AREA; GLACIAL SEDIMENTS; HIMALAYAS; NEW ZEALAND; PALAEOCLIMATE; PATAGONIA; POLYTHERMAL GLACIERS; ROCKFALLS; SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT; SEDIMENTARY FACIES; SEDIMENTARY RECORDS; SEDIMENTOLOGICAL DATA; SOURCE MATERIAL; SVALBARD; TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS; THERMAL REGIMES; TIDEWATER GLACIERS;

ANOXIC SEDIMENTS; DEBRIS; GLACIAL GEOLOGY; GRAVEL; OPEN HEARTH FURNACES; ROCK BURSTS;

SEDIMENTOLOGY;

CLAST; FACIES; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; GLACIAL ENVIRONMENT; GLACIER; SEDIMENTOLOGY; TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT; VALLEY GLACIER;

ALPS; ANCASH; ANTARCTICA; ARCTIC; CORDILLERA BLANCA; CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL [PERU]; EAST ANTARCTICA; HIMALAYAS; KHUMBU HIMAL; MCMURDO DRY VALLEYS; NEPAL; NEW ZEALAND; PATAGONIA; PERU; SVALBARD; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN; SWEDEN;

EID: 84858284651     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.01.008     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Alley R.B., Cuffey K.M., Evensen E.B., Strasser J.C., Lawson D.E., Lawson G.J. How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediment: physical constraints. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:1017-1038.
2. Anderson J.B. Antarctic Marine Geology 1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Anderson J.B., Fretwell L.O. Geomorphology of the onset area of an ice stream, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2008, 33:503-512.
4. Anderson J.B., Kurtz D.D., Domack E.W., Balshaw K.M. Glacial and glacial marine sediments of the Antarctic continental shelf. Journal of Geology 1980, 88:399-414.
5. Ashley G.M., Shaw J., Smith N.D. Glacial Sedimentary Environments. Society of Paleontologists and Mineralogists 1985, (SEPM Short Course No. 16), (Tulsa. 246pp).
6. Atkins C.B., Barrett P.J., Hicock S.R. Cold glaciers erode and deposit: evidence from Allan Hills, Antarctica. Geology 2002, 30:659-662.
7. Barrett P.J. Cenozoic climate and sea level history from glaciomarine strata off the Victoria Land coast, Cape Roberts, Antarctica. Glacial Sedimentary Processes and Products. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 39 2007, 259-287. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. M.J. Hambrey, P. Christoffersen, N.F. Glasser, B. Hubbard (Eds.).
8. Barrett P.J., Pyne A.R., Ward B.L. Modern sedimentation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Antarctic Earth Science 1983, 550-554. Australian Academy of Sciences, Canberra. R.L. Oliver, P.R. James, J.B. Jago (Eds.).
9. Barron J., Larsen B., Baldauf J., Shipboard Scientific Party Leg 119, Kerguelen Plateau and Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Initial Results of the Ocean Drilling Program, Vol. 119 College Station, Texas 1989.
10. Barry R.G. Mountain Weather and Climate 1992, Routledge, London. 2nd ed.
11. Benn D.I. Fluted moraine formation and till genesis below a temperate valley glacier: Slettmarkbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Sedimentology 1994, 41:279-292.
12. Benn D.I., Ballantyne C.K. The description and representation of particle shape. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1993, 18:665-672.
13. Benn D.I., Ballantyne C.K. Reconstructing the transport history of glacigenic sediments: a new approach based on the covariance of clast shape indices. Sedimentary Geology 1994, 91:215-227.
14. Benn D.I., Evans D.J.A. The interpretation and classification of subglacially-deformed materials. Quaternary Science Reviews 1996, 15:23-52.
15. Benn D.I., Evans D.J.A. Glaciers and Glaciation 1998, Arnold, London.
16. Benn D.I., Evans D.J.A. Glaciers and Glaciation 2010, Hodder Education, London.
17. Benn D.I., Kirkbride M.P., Owen L.A., Brazier V. Glaciated valley landsystems. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 372-406. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
18. Bennett M.R., Glasser N.F. Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 2nd ed.
19. Bennett M.R., Hambrey M.J., Huddart D. Modification of clast shape in high-Arctic environments. Journal of Sedimentary Research 1997, 67:550-559.
20. Bennett M.R., Hambrey M.J., Huddart D., Glasser N.F. Glacial thrusting and moraine-mound formation in Svalbard and Britain: the example of Coire a' Cheud-chnoic (Valley of a Hundred Hills), Torridon, Scotland. Quaternary Proceedings 1998, 6:17-34.
21. Bennett M.R., Hambrey M.J., Huddart D., Glasser N.F., Crawford K.R. The landform and sediment assemblage produced by a tidewater glacier surge in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:1213-1246.
22. Bennett M.R., Huddart D., Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J. Resedimentation of debris on an ice-cored lateral moraine in the High Arctic (Kongsvegen, Svalbard). Geomorphology 2000, 35:21-40.
23. Björnsson H., Gjessing Y., Hamran S.-E., Hagen J.O., Liestøl O., Pálsson F., Erlingsson B. The thermal regime of sub-polar glaciers mapped by multi-frequency radio-echo sounding. Journal of Glaciology 1996, 42:23-32.
24. Blatter H. On the thermal regime of an Arctic valley glacier: a study of White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, NWT, Canada. Journal of Glaciology 1987, 33:200-211.
25. Blatter H., Hutter K. Polythermal conditions in Arctic glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 1991, 37:261-269.
26. Bogen J. Erosion rates and sediment yields of glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:48-52.
27. Boulton G.S. On the origin and transport of englacial debris in Svalbard glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 1970, 9:213-229.
28. Boulton G.S. On the deposition of subglacial and melt-out tills at the margins of certain Svalbard glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 1970, 9:231-245.
29. Boulton G.S. Modern Arctic glaciers as depositional models for former ice sheets. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1972, 128:361-393.
30. Boulton G.S. The role of thermal regime in glacial sedimentation. Polar Geomorphology 1972, 4:1-19. Institute of British Geographers Special Publication. R.J. Price, D.E. Sugden (Eds.).
31. Boulton G.S. Boulder shapes and grain-size distributions of debris as indicators of transport paths through a glacier and till genesis. Sedimentology 1978, 25:773-799.
32. Boulton G.S. Push moraines and glacier contact fans in marine and terrestrial environments. Sedimentology 1986, 33:677-698.
33. Boulton G.S. Theory of glacial erosion, transport and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation. Journal of Glaciology 1996, 42:43-62.
34. Boulton G.S., Eyles N. Sedimentation by valley glaciers: a model and genetic classification. Moraines and Varves 1979, 11-23. Balkema, Rotterdam. C. Schlüchter (Ed.).
35. Boulton G.S., Hindmarsh R.C.A. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:9059-9082.
36. Boulton G.S., Paul M.A. The influence of genetic processes on some geotechnical properties of tills. Journal of Engineering Geology 1976, 9:159-194.
37. Boulton G.S., Van der Meer J.J.M., Hart J., Beets D., Ruegg G.H.J., Van der Wateren F.M., Jarvis J. Till and moraine emplacement in a deforming bed surge-an example from a marine environment. Quaternary Science Reviews 1996, 15:961-987.
38. Boulton G.S., Van der Meer J.J.M., Beets D.J., Hart J.K., Ruegg G.H.J. The sedimentary and structural evolution of a recent push moraine complex: Holmstömbreen, Spitsbergen. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:339-371.
39. Bristow C.S., Jol H.M., Augustinas P., Wallis I. Slipfaceless 'whaleback' dunes in a polar desert, Victoria Valley, Antarctica: insights from ground penetrating radar. Geomorphology 2010, 114:361-372.
40. Brodzikowski K., van Loon A.J. Glacigenic Sediments 1991, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
41. Calkin P.E., Rutford R.H. The sand dunes of Victoria Valley, Antarctica. Geographical Review 1974, 64:189-216.
42. Chinn T.J. Polar glacier margin and debris features. Mem. Società Geologica Italiana 1991, 46:25-44.
43. Christoffersen P., Piotrowski J.A., Larsen N.K. Basal processes beneath an Arctic glacier and their geomorphic impact after a surge, Elisebreen, Svalbard. Quaternary Research 2005, 64:125-137.
44. Clapperton C.M. The debris content of surging glaciers in Svalbard and Iceland. Journal of Glaciology 1975, 14:395-406.
45. Cook S.J., Knight P.G., Waller R.I., Robinson Z.P., Adam W.G. The geography of basal ice and its relationship to glaciohydraulic supercooling, Svínafellsjökull, southeast Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:2309-2315.
46. Cooper A.K., Barrett P.J., Hinz K., Traube V., Leitchenkov G., Stagg H.M.J. Cenozoic prograding sequences of the Antarctic continental margin: a record of glacio-eustatic and tectonic events. Marine Geology 1991, 102:175-213.
47. Cowan E.A., Powell R.D. Suspended sediment transport and deposition of cyclically interlaminated sediment in a temperate glacial fjord. Glaciomarine Environments: Processes and Sediments 1990, 53:75-89. Geological Society of London Special Publication, London. J.A. Dowdeswell, J.D. Scourse (Eds.).
48. Cowan E.A., Seramur K.C., Powell R.D., Willems B.A., Gulick S.P.S., Jaeger J.M. Fjords as temporary sediment traps: history of glacial erosion and deposition in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park, southeastern Alaska. GSA Bulletin 2010, 122:1067-1080.
49. Croot D.G. Glaciotectonics and surging glaciers, a correlation based on Vestspitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Glaciotectonics, Forms and Processes 1988, 49-61. Balkema, Rotterdam. D.G. Croot (Ed.).
50. Crowell J.C. Pre-Mesozoic ice ages: their bearing on understanding the climate system. Geological Society of America 1999, 192. Memoir.
51. Cuffey K.M., Conway H., Hallet B., Gades A.M., Raymond C.F. Interfacial water in polar glaciers, and sliding at -17°C. Geophysical Research Letters 1999, 26:751-754.
52. Denton G.H., Prentice M.L., Burckle L.H. Cainozoic history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The Geology of Antarctica 1991, 365-433. Oxford University Press, Oxford. R.J. Tingey (Ed.).
53. Earth's Glacial Record 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. M. Deynoux, J.M.G. Miller, E.W. Domack, N. Eyles, I.J. Fairchild, G.M. Young (Eds.).
54. Domack E.W., Anderson J.B., Kurtz D. Clast shapes as an indicator of transport and depositional mechanisms in glacial marine sediments: George V continental shelf, Antarctica. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1980, 50:813-820.
55. Domack E.W., Jacobson E.A., Ship S., Anderson J.B. Late Pleistocene-Holocene retreat of the West Antarctic Ice-Sheet system in the Ross Sea: Part 2-Sedimentologic and stratigraphic signature. GSA Bulletin 1999, 111:1517-1536.
56. Dowdeswell J.A. The distribution and character of sediments in a tidewater glacier, southern Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research 1986, 18:45-56.
57. Dowdeswell J.A. Processes of glaciomarine sedimentation. Progress in Physical Geography 1987, 11:52-90.
58. Glacier-influenced Sedimentation on High-latitude Continental Margins. Special Publication of the Geological Society 2002, 203. J.A. Dowdeswell, C. O Cofaigh (Eds.).
59. Glaciomarine environments: processes and sediments. London: Geological Society of London Special Publication 1990, 53. J.A. Dowdeswell, J.D. Scourse (Eds.).
60. Dowdeswell J.A., Whittinton R.J., Marienfeld P. The origin of massive diamicton facies by iceberg rafting and scouring, Scoresby Sund, East Greenland. Sedimentology 1994, 41:21-35.
61. Dowdeswell J.A., Elverhøi A., Spielhagen R. Glacimarine sedimentary processes and facies on the polar North Atlantic margins. Quaternary Science Reviews 1998, 17:243-272.
62. Dowdeswell J.A., O Cofaigh C.J., Pudsey C. Thickness and extent of the subglacial till layer beneath an Antarctic paleo-ice stream. Geology 2004, 32:13-16.
63. Dowdeswell J.A., Ottesen D., Evans J., O Cofaigh C., Anderson J.B. Submarine glacial landforms and rates of ice-stream collapse. Geology 2008, 36:819-822.
64. Dreimanis A. Tills, their genetic terminology and classification. Genetic Classification of Glacienic Deposits 1989, 17-84. Balkema, Rotterdam. R.P. Goldthwait, C.L. Matsch (Eds.).
65. Drewry D.J. Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio 1983, Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge.
66. Echelmeyer K., Wang Z. Direct observation of basal sliding and deformation of basal drift at sub-freezing temperatures. Journal of Glaciology 1987, 33:83-98.
67. Elverhøi A. Evidence for a late Wisconsinan glaciation of the Weddell Sea. Nature 1981, 293:641-642.
68. Elverhøi A., Lønne O., Seland Glaciomarine sedimentation in a modern-fjord environment, Spitsbergen. Polar Research 1983, 1:127-149.
69. Etienne J.L., Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J. Proglacial sediment-landform associations of a polythermal glacier: Storglaciären, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 2003, 85A:149-164.
70. Etienne J.L., Allen P.A., Rieu R., Le Guerroué E. Neoproterozoic glaciated basins: a critical review of the Snowball Earth hypothesis by comparison with Phanerozoic glaciations. Glacial Sedimentary Processes and Products. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 39 2007, 343-399. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. M.J. Hambrey, P. Christoffersen, N.F. Glasser, B. Hubbard (Eds.).
71. Etzelmüller B., Hagen J.O. Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard. Geological Society of London 2005, 242:11-27. (Special Publication). C. Harris, J.B. Murton (Eds.).
72. Etzelmüller B., Hagen J.O., Vatne G., Odegard R.S., Sollid J.L. Glacier debris accumulation and sediment deformation influenced by permafrost: examples from Svalbard. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:53-62.
73. Evans D.J.A. The nature of glacitectonic structures and sediments at sub-polar glacier margins, northwest Ellesmere Island, Canada. Geografiska Annaler 1989, 71A:113-123.
74. Evans D.J.A. Apron entrainment at the margins of subpolar glaciers, northwest Ellesmere Island, Canadian high Arctic. Journal of Glaciology 1989, 35:317-324.
75. Glacial Landsystems 2003, Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
76. Evans D.J.A. Ice-marginal terrestrial landsystems: active temperate glacier margins. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 259-288. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
77. Evans D.J.A., Rea B.R. Surging glacier landsystem. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 12-43. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
78. Evans D.J.A., Twigg D.R. The active temperate glacial landsystem: a model based on Brei∂amerkurjökull and Fjallsjökull, Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 2002, 21:2143-2177.
79. Evans D.J.A., Archer S., Wilson D.J.H. A comparison of the lichenometric and Schmidt hammer dating techniques based on data from the proglacial areas of some Icelandic glaciers. Quaternary Science Reviews 1999, 18:13-41.
80. Evans J., Dowdeswell J.A., Grobe H., Niessen F., Stein R., Hubberten H.-W., Whittington R.J. Late Quaternary sedimentation in Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord and the continental margin of East Greenland. Special Publication of the Geological Society, London 2002, 203:149-179. J.A. Dowdeswell, C. O Cofaigh (Eds.).
81. Evans D.J.A., Philips E.R., Hiemstra J.F., Auton C.A. Subglacial till: formation, sedimentary characteristics and classification. Earth-Science Reviews 2006, 78:115-176.
82. Eybergen F.A. Glacier snout dynamics and contemporary push moraine formation at the Turtmannglacier, Wallis, Switzerland. Tills and Glaciotectonics 1986, 217-231. J.J. Van der Meer (Ed.).
83. Eyles N. Facies of supraglacial sedimentation on Icelandic and Alpine temperate glaciers. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1979, 16:1341-1361.
84. Eyles N. Modern Icelandic glaciers as depositional models for 'hummocky moraine' in the Scottish Highlands. Tills and Related Deposits 1983, 47-59. Balkema, Rotterdam. E.B. Evenson, C. Schlüchter, J. Rabassa (Eds.).
85. Eyles N. Glacial geology: a landsystems approach. Glacial Geology 1983, 1-18. Pergamon, Oxford. N. Eyles (Ed.).
86. Eyles N. Earth's glacial record and its tectonic setting. Earth-Science Reviews 1993, 35:1-248.
87. Eyles N., Januszczak N. "Zipper-rift": a tectonic model for Neoproterozoic glaciation during the breakup of Rodinia after 750Ma. Earth-Science Reviews 2004, 65:1-73.
88. Eyles N., Rogerson R.J. A framework for the investigation of medial moraine formation: Austerdalsbreen, Norway, and Berendon Glacier, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Glaciology 1978, 20:99-113.
89. Eyles N., Rogerson R.J. Sedimentology of medial moraines on Berendon Glacier, British Columbia, Canada: implications for debris transport in a glacierized basin. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1978, 89:1688-1693.
90. Eyles N., Eyles C.H., Miall A.D. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models: an alternative approach to the description and environmental interpretation of glacial diamict and diamictites sequences. Sedimentology 1983, 30:393-410.
91. Fairchild I.J., Kennedy M.J. Neoproterozoic glaciation in the Earth system. Journal of the Geological Society 2007, 164:895-921.
92. Fielding C.R., Naish T.R., Woolfe K.J., Lavelle M.A. Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of CRP-2/2A, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica. Terra Antartica 2000, 7:323-338.
93. Fielding C.R., Naish T.R., Woolfe K.J. Facies architecture of the CRP-3 drillhole, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica. Terra Antartica 2001, 8:217-224.
94. Fitzsimons S.J. Ice-marginal depositional processes in a polar maritime environment, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology 1990, 36:279-286.
95. Fitzsimons S.J. Formation of thrust-block moraines at the margins of dry-based glaciers, south Victoria Land, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:68-74.
96. Fitzsimons S.J. Depositional models for moraine formation in East Antarctic coastal oases. Journal of Glaciology 1997, 43:256-264.
97. Fitzsimons S.J. Entrainment of glaciomarine sediments and formation of thrust-block moraines at the margin of Sorsdale Glacier, East Antarctica. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1997, 22:175-187.
98. Fitzsimons S.J. Ice-marginal terrestrial landsystems: polar continental glacier margins. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 89-110. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
99. Fitzsimons S.J., McManus K.J., Sirota P., Lorrain R.D. Direct shear tests of materials from a cold glacier: implications for landform development. Quaternary International 2001, 86:129-137.
100. Flint R.F., Sanders J.E., Rodgers J. Diamictite: a substitute term for symmictite. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1960, 71:1809-1810.
101. Frappé-Sénéclauze T.-P., Clarke G.K.C. Slow surge of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112:F03S32. 10.1029/2006JF000607.
102. Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J. Tidewater glacier beds: insights from iceberg debris in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology 2001, 47:295-302.
103. Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J. Styles of sedimentation beneath Svalbard valley glaciers under changing dynamic and thermal regimes. Journal of the Geological Society 2001, 158:697-707.
104. Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J. Sedimentary facies and landform genesis at a temperate outlet glacier: Soler Glacier, North Patagonian Icefield. Sedimentology 2002, 49:43-64.
105. Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J., Crawford K., Bennett M.R., Huddart D. The structural glaciology of Kongsvegen, Svalbard and its role in landform genesis. Journal of Glaciology 1998, 44:136-148.
106. Glasser N.F., Bennett M.R., Huddart D. Distribution of glaciofluvial sediment within and on the surface of a high arctic valley glacier: Marthabreen, Svalbard. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 1999, 24:303-318.
107. Glasser N.F., Hambrey M.J., Etienne J.L., Jansson P., Pettersson R. The origin and significance of debris-charged ridges at the surface of Storglaciären, northern Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 2003, 85A:127-147.
108. Glasser N.F., Harrison S., Jansson K. Topographic controls on glacier sediment-landform associations around the temperate North Patagonian Icefield. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:2817-2832.
109. Gomez B., Small R.J. Genesis of englacial debris within the lower Glacier de Tsidjiore Nouve, Valais, Switzerland, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Geografiska Annaler 1983, 65A:45-51.
110. Goodsell B., Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F. Formation of band ogives and associated structures at Bas Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology 2002, 48:287-300.
111. Goodsell B., Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F., Nienow P., Mair D. The structural glaciology of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 2005, 37:218-232.
112. Goodsell B., Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F. Debris transport in a temperate valley glacier: Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology 2005, 51:139-146.
113. Graham, D.J., 2002. Moraine-mound formation during the Younger Dryas in Britain and the Neoglacial in Svalbard. PhD thesis, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K.
114. Hagen J.O. Glacier surge at Usherbreen, Svalbard. Polar Research 1987, 5:239-252.
115. Hagen J.O. Glacier surges in Svalbard with examples from Usherbreen. Norsk Geografisk Tiddskrift 1988, 42:202-213.
116. Hagen J.O., Saetrang A. Radio-echo soundings of sub-polar glaciers with low-frequency radar. Polar Research 1991, 26:15-57.
117. Hallet B., Hunter L.E., Bogen J. Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: a review of the evidence. Global and Planetary Change 1996, 12:213-235.
118. Hambrey M.J. Glacial Environments 1994, UCL Press, London.
119. Hambrey M.J., Ehrmann W.U. Modification of sediment characteristics during glacial transport in high-alpine catchments: Mount Cook area, New Zealand. Boreas 2004, 33:300-318.
120. Hambrey M.J., Fitzsimons S.J. Development of sediment-landform associations at cold glacier margins, Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Sedimentology 2010, 57:857-882.
121. Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F. Glacial sediments: processes, environments and facies. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 2003, 316-331. Kluwer, Dordrecht. G.V. Middleton (Ed.).
122. Hambrey M.J., Glasser N.F. The role of folding and foliation development in the genesis of medial moraines: examples from Svalbard glaciers. Journal of Geology 2003, 111:471-486.
123. Hambrey M.J., Harland W.B. Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record 1981, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
124. Hambrey M.J., Huddart D. Englacial and proglacial glaciotectonic processes at the snout of a thermally complex glacier in Svalbard. Journal of Quaternary Science 1995, 10:313-326.
125. Hambrey M.J., McKelvey B.C. Neogene fjordal sedimentation in the Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Sedimentology 2000, 47:577-607.
126. Hambrey M.J., Müller F. Ice deformation and structures in the White Glacier, Axel Heiberg Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Glaciology 1978, 20:41-66.
127. Hambrey M.J., Orombelli G. The record of Earth's glacial history during the last 3000Ma. Terra Antartica Reports 1999, 3:73-107. P.J. Barrett (Ed.).
128. Hambrey M.J., Ehrmann E.H.R., Larsen B. The Cenozoic glacial record of the Prydz Bay continental shelf, East Antarctica. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Results 1991, Vol. 119:77-132. College Station, Texas. J. Barron, B. Larsen (Eds.).
129. Hambrey M.J., Huddart D., Bennett M.R., Glasser N.F. Genesis of "hummocky moraines" by thrusting in glacier ice: evidence from Svalbard and Britain. Journal of the Geological Society of London 1997, 154:623-632.
130. Hambrey M.J., Bennett M.R., Dowdeswell J.A., Glasser N.F., Huddart D. Debris entrainment and transfer in polythermal glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 1999, 45:69-86.
131. Hambrey M.J., Barrett P.J., Powell R.D. Late Oligocene and early Miocene glacimarine sedimentation in the SW Ross Sea, Antarctica: the record from offshore drilling. Geological Society of London 2002, 203:105-128. (Special Publication). J.A. Dowdeswell, C. O'Cofaigh (Eds.).
132. Hambrey M.J., Murray T., Glasser N.F., Hubbard A., Hubbard B., Stuart G., Hansen S., Kohler J. Structure and changing dynamics of a polythermal valley glacier on a centennial time-scale: midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth Surface 2005, F010006. 10.1029/2004JF000128.
133. Hambrey M.J., Quincey D.J., Glasser N.F., Reynolds J.M., Richardson S.J., Clemmens S. Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:2361-2389. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.04.009.
134. Hamilton G.S., Dowdeswell J.A. Controls on glacier surging in Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology 1996, 42:157-168.
135. Harris C., Bothamley K. Englacial deltaic sediments as evidence for basal freezing and marginal shearing, Leirbreen, southern Norway. Journal of Glaciology 1984, 30:30-34.
136. Hart J.K. Subglacial erosion, deposition and deformation associated with deformable beds. Progress in Physical Geography 1995, 19:173-191.
137. Hart J.K. Proglacial glaciotectonic deformation associated with glaciolacustrine sedimentation, Lake Pukaki, New Zealand. Journal of Quaternary Science 1996, 11:149-160.
138. Hindmarsh R.C.A. Sliding of till over bedrock: scratching, polishing, comminution and kinematic-wave theory. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:41-47.
139. Hodgkins R. Glacier hydrology in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:957-973.
140. Hoffman P.F., Schrag D.P. The snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. Terra Nova 2002, 14:129-155.
141. Hoffman P.F., Kaufman A.J., Halverson G.P., Schrag D.P. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 1998, 281:1342-1346.
142. Hoffmann K., Piotrowski J.A. Till mélange at Amsdorf, Central Germany: sediment erosion, transport and deposition in a complex, soft-bedded subglacial system. Sedimentary Geology 2001, 140:215-234.
143. Holdsworth G., Bull C. The flow of cold ice: investigations on Meserve Glacier, Antarctica. International Association of Hydrological Sciences 1970, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
144. Holmlund P., Eriksson M. The cold surface layer on Storglaciären. Geografiska Annaler 1989, 71A:241-244.
145. Holmlund P., Näslund J.-O., Richardson C. Radar surveys on Scandinavian glaciers, in search of useful climate archives. Geografiska Annaler 1996, 78A:147-154.
146. Hooke R.L. Flow near the margin of the Barnes Ice Cap, and the development of ice-cored moraines. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1973, 84:3929-3952.
147. Hubbard B., Glasser N.F. Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology 2005, Wiley, Chichester.
148. Hubbard B., Heald A., Reynolds J.M., Quincey D., Richardson S.D., Zapata Luyo M., Portilla N.S., Hambrey M.J. Impact of a rock avalanche on a moraine-dammed proglacial lake: Laguna Safuna Alta, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2005, 30:1251-1264.
149. Hubbard B., Cook S., Coulson H. Basal ice facies: a review and unifying approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:1956-1969.
150. Huddart D., Hambrey M.J. Sedimentary and tectonic development of a high-Arctic, thrust-moraine complex: Comfortlessbreen, Svalbard. Boreas 1996, 25:227-243.
151. Hudleston P.J. Recumbent folding in the base of the Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, NWT, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1976, 87:1684-1692.
152. Humphreys K.A., Fitzsimons S.J. Landform and sediment associations of dry-based glaciers in arid polar environments. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 1996, 105:21-33.
153. Jansson P. Dynamics and hydrology of a small polythermal valley glacier. Geografiska Annaler 1996, 78A:171-180.
154. Jansson P., Näslund J.-O., Pettersson R., Richardson-Näslund C., Holmlund P. Debris entrainment and polythermal structure in the terminus of Storglaciären. Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, September 2000 2000, 264:143-151. IAHS Publ. M. Nakawo, C.F. Raymond, A. Fountain (Eds.).
155. Jiskoot H., Boyle P., Murray T. The incidence of glacier surging in Svalbard: evidence from multivariate statistics. Computers and Geosciences 1998, 24:387-399.
156. Kirkbride M., Spedding N. The influence of englacial drainage on sediment-transport pathways and till texture of temperate valley glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:160-166.
157. Kirschvink J.L. Late Proterozoic low-latitude global glaciation: the Snowball Earth. The Proterozoic Biosphere 1992, 51-52. Cambridge University Press, New York. J.W. Schoff (Ed.).
158. Kjær K.H. Mode of subglacial transport deduced from till properties, Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland. Sedimentary Geology 1999, 128:271-292.
159. Kleman J., Glasser N.F. The subglacial thermal organization (STO) of ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:585-597.
160. Knight P.G. The basal ice layer of glaciers and ice sheets. Quaternary Science Reviews 1997, 16:975-993.
161. Krüger J. Moraine-ridge formation along a stationary ice front in Iceland. Boreas 1993, 22:101-109.
162. Krüger J. Glacial processes, sediments, landforms and stratigraphy in the terminus region of Mýrdalsjökull, Iceland. Folia Geographica Danica 1994, XXI. (Tom).
163. Krüger J., Kjaer K.H. A data chart for field description and genetic interpretation of glacial diamicts and associated sediments-with examples from Greenland, Iceland and Denmark. Boreas 1999, 28:386-402.
164. Kuhn G., Melles M., Ehrmann W.U., Hambrey M.J., Schmiedel G. Character of clasts in glaciomarine sediments as an indicator of transport and depositional processes, Weddell and Lazarev Seas, Antarctica. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1993, 63:477-487.
165. Lefauconnier B., Hagen J.O. Surging and calving glaciers in eastern Svalbard. Norsk Polarinstitutt 1991, 116. Medelelser, Oslo, (130 pp).
166. Lian O.B., Hicock S.R. Thermal conditions beneath parts of the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet near its center as inferred from subglacial till, associated sediments, and bedrock. Quaternary International 2000, 68-71:147-162.
167. Liu J., Powell R.D. Relation of ice face melting structures to oceanic characters using remotely operated vehicle observations, Mackay Glacier Tongue, Granite Harbor. Antarctic Journal of the United States 1996, http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/ajus/nsf9828/9828html/toc-b.htm.
168. Lloyd Davies M.T., Atkins C.B., van der Meer J.J.M., Barrett P.J., Hicock S.R. Evidence for cold-based glacial activity in the Allan Hills, Antarctica. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:3124-3137.
169. Lønne I. Sedimentary facies and depositional architecture of ice-contact glaciomarine systems. Sedimentary Geology 1995, 98:13-43.
170. Lønne I. Dynamics of marine glacier termini read from moraine architecture. Geology 2005, 29:199-202.
171. Mager S., Fitzsimons S.J. Formation of glaciolacustrine Late Pleistocene end moraines in the Tasman Valley, New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:743-758.
172. Deformation of Glacial Materials. Geological Society of London 2000, 176. (Special Publication). A.J. Maltman, B. Hubbard, M.J. Hambrey (Eds.).
173. Marshall S.J., Clarke G.K.C., Dyke A.S., Fisher D.A. Geologic and topographic controls on fast flow in the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:17827-17839.
174. Modern Glacial Environments: Processes, Dynamics and Sediments 1995, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. J. Menzies (Ed.).
175. Past Glacial Environments: Sediments, Forms and Techniques 1996, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. J. Menzies (Ed.).
176. Miall A.D. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists 1978, 5:597-604. Memoir. A.D. Miall (Ed.).
177. Miall A.D. Alluvial deposits. Facies Models: Response to Sea-level Change 1992, 119-142. Geological Association of Canada, Toronto. R.G. Walker, N.P. James (Eds.).
178. Midgley, N.G., 2001 Moraine-Mound Development in Britain and Svalbard-The Development of "Hummocky Moraine". PhD thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, U.K.
179. Miller J.M.G. Glacial sediments. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy 1996, Ch.11:454-484. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 3rd ed. H.G. Reading (Ed.).
180. Moncrieff A.C.M. Classification of poorly sorted sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary Geology 1989, 65:191-194.
181. Moore P.L., Iverson N.R., Cohen D. Ice flow across a warm-based/cold-based transition at a glacier margin. Annals of Glaciology 2009, 50:1-8.
182. Naish T.R., Barrett P.J., Dunbar G.B., Woolfe K.J., Dunn A.G., Henrys S.A., Claps M., Powell R.D., Fielding C.R. Sedimentary cyclicity in CRP drillcore, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica. Terra Antartica 2001, 8:225-244.
183. Naish T., Powell R., Levy R., Wilson G., Scherer R., Talarico F., Krissek L., Niessen F., Pompilio M., Wilson T., Carter L., DeConto R., Huybers P., McKay R., Pollard D., Ross J., Winter D., Barrett P., Browne G., Cody R., Cowan E., Crampton J., Dunbar G., Dunbar N., Florindo F., Gebhardt C., Graham I., Hannah M., Hansaraj D., Harwood D., Helling D., Henrys S., Hinnov L., Kuhn G., Kyle P., Läufer A., Maffioli P., Magens D., Mandernack K., McIntosh W., Millan C., Morin R., Ohneiser C., Paulsen T., Persico D., Raine I., Reed J., Riesselman C., Sagnotti L., Schmitt D., Sjunneskog C., Strong P., Taviani M., Vogel S., Wilch T., Williams T. Obliquity-paced Pliocene West Antarctic Ice Sheet oscillations. Nature 2009, 458:322-328.
184. O Cofaigh C., Lemmen D.S., Evans D.J.A., Bednarski J. Glacial landform/sediment assemblages in the Canadian High Arctic and their implications for late Quaternary glaciation. Annals of Glaciology 1999, 28:195-201.
185. O Cofaigh C., Pudsey C.J., Dowdeswell J.A., Morris P. Evolution of subglacial bedforms along a paleo-ice stream, Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29. 10:1029/2001GL014488.
186. O Cofaigh C., Evans D.J.A., England J. Ice-marginal terrestrial landsystems: sub-polar glacier margins of the Canadian and Greenland High Arctic. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 44-64. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
187. Ødegard R.S., Hamran S.E., Bø P.H., Etzelmüller B., Vatne G., Sollid J.L. Thermal regime of a valley glacier, Erikbreen, northern Spitsbergen. Polar Research 1992, 11:69-79.
188. Owen L.A., Derbyshire E., Scott C.H. Contemporary sediment production and transfer in high-altitude glaciers. Sedimentary Geology 2003, 155:13-36.
189. Parker B.C., Simmons G.M., Love F.G., Wharton R.A. Modern stromatolites in Antarctic Dry Valley lakes. BioScience 1982, 31:656-661.
190. Pattyn F. Antarctic subglacial conditions inferred from a hybrid ice sheet/ice stream model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2010, 295:451-461.
191. Powell R.D. A model for sedimentation by tidewater glaciers. Annals of Glaciology 1981, 2:129-134.
192. Powell R.D. Glacimarine processes at grounding-line fans and their growth to ice-contact deltas. Geological Society of London 1990, 53:53-75. (Special Publication). J.A. Dowdeswell, J.D. Scourse (Eds.).
193. Powell R.D. Subaquatic landsystems: fjords. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 313-347. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
194. Powell R.D., Cooper J.M. A glacial sequence stratigraphic model for temperate, glaciated continental shelves. Geological Society of London 2002, 203:215-244. (Special Publication). J.A. Dowdeswell, C. O'Cofaigh, C. O'Cofaigh (Eds.).
195. Powell R.D., Molnia B.F. Glacimarine sedimentary processes, facies and morphology of the south-southeast Alaska shelf and fjords. Marine Geology 1989, 85:359-390.
196. Powell R.D., Dawber M., McInnes J.N., Pyne A.R. Observations of the grounding line area at a floating glacier terminus. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:217-223.
197. Powell R.D., Krissek L.A., Van der Meer J.J.M. Preliminary depositional environmental analysis of Cape Roberts 2/2A, Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica: palaeoglaciological and Palaeoclimatic inferences. Terra Antartica 2000, 7:313-322.
198. Powell R.D., Laird M.G., Naish T.R., Fielding C.R., Krissek L.A., Van der Meer J.J.M. Depositional environmental for the strata cored in CRP-3 (Cape Roberts Project), Victoria Land Basin, Antarctica: palaeoglaciological and palaeoclimatic inferences. Terra Antactica 2001, 7:207-216.
199. Sedimentary Environments and Facies 1996, Blackwell, Oxford. 3rd ed. H.G. Reading (Ed.).
200. Reynolds J.M. The identification and mitigation of glacier-related hazards: examples from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Geohazards 1992, 143-157. Chapman & Hall, London. G.J.H. McCall, D.C.J. Laming, S. Scott (Eds.).
201. Reynolds J.M. Photographic feature: glacial hazard assessment of Tsho Rolpa, Rolwaling, Central Nepal. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology 1999, 32:209-214.
202. Richardson R.D., Reynolds J.M. An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas. Quaternary International 2000, 65(66):31-47.
203. Rippin D., Willis I., Arnold N., Hodson A., Moore J., Kohler J., Björnsson H. Changes in geometry and subglacial drainage of Midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard, determined from digital elevation models. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2003, 28:273-298.
204. Robinson P.H. Ice dynamics and thermal regime of Taylor Glacier, South Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology 1984, 3:153-160.
205. Rogerson R.J., Olson M.E., Branson D. Medial moraines and surface melt on glaciers of the Torngat Mountains, Northern Labrador, Canada. Journal of Glaciology 1986, 32:350-354.
206. Schermerhorn L.J.G. Late Precambrian mixtites: glacial and/or non-glacial?. American Journal of Science 1974, 274:673-824.
207. Schlüchter C., Wohlfarth-Meyer B. Till facies varieties of the Western Swiss Alpine Foreland. Tills and Glaciotectonics 1986, 67-72. J.J. Van der Meer (Ed.).
208. Sharp M.J. Surging glaciers: geomorphic effects. Progress in Physical Geography 1988, 12:533-559.
209. Shaw J. Tills deposited in arid polar environments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1977, 14:1239-1245.
210. Shaw J. Till body morphology and structure related to glacier flow. Boreas 1977, 6:189-201.
211. Shreve R.L. Glacier sliding at subfreezing temperatures. Journal of Glaciology 1984, 30:341-347.
212. Siegert M.J., Carter S., Tobacco I., Popov S., Blankenship D. A revised inventory of Antarctic subglacial lakes. Antarctic Science 2005, 17:453-460.
213. Small R.J. Englacial and supraglacial sediment: transport and deposition. Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer 1987, 111-145. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. A.M. Gurnell, M.J. Clark (Eds.).
214. Small R.J., Clark M.J. The medial moraines of the Lower Glacier de Tsidjiore Nouve, Valais, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology 1974, 13:255-263.
215. Small R.J., Clark M.J., Cawse T.J.P. The formation of medial moraines on alpine glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 1979, 22:43-52.
216. Small R.J., Beecroft I.R., Stirling D.M. Rates of deposition on lateral moraine embankments, Glacier de Tsidjiore Nouve, Valais, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology 1984, 30:275-281.
217. Smiraglia C. The medial moraines of Ghiacciaio dei Forni, Valtellina, Italy: morphology and sedimentology. Journal of Glaciology 1989, 35:81-84.
218. Smith A.M., Murray T., Nicholls K.W., Makinson K., Adalgeirsdóttir G., Behar A.E., Vaughan D.G. Rapid erosion, drumlin formation, and changing hydrology beneath an Antarctic ice stream. Geology 2007, 35:127-130.
219. Smith B.E., Fricker H.A., Joughin I.R., Tulaczyk S. An inventory of active subglacial lakes in Antarctica detected by ICESat (2003-2008). Journal of Glaciology 2009, 55:573-595.
220. Spedding N., Evans D.J.A. Sediments and landforms at Kvíárjökull, southeast Iceland: a reappraisal of the glaciated valley landsystem. Sedimentary Geology 2002, 149:21-42.
221. Stearns L.A., Smith B.E., Hamilton G.S. Increased flow speed on a large East Antarctic outlet glacier caused by subglacial floods. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:827-831.
222. Stewart T.G. Glacial marine sedimentation from tidewater glaciers in the Canadian High Arctic. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 1991, 261:95-105. J.B. Anderson, G.M. Ashley (Eds.).
223. Sugden D.E., Marchant D.R., Potter N., Souchez R.A., Denton G.H., Swisher C.C., Tison J.L. Preservation of Miocene glacier ice in East Antarctica. Nature 1995, 376:412-414.
224. Sund M., Eiken T., Hagen J.O., Kääb A. Svalbard surge dynamics derived from geometric changes. Annals of Glaciology 2009, 50(52):50-60.
225. Swift D.A., Evans D.J.A., Fallick A.E. Transverse englacial debris-rich ice bands at Kvíárjökull, southeast Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 2006, 25:1708-1718.
226. Swinzow G.K. Investigation of shear zones in the ice sheet margin. Thule area, Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 1962, 4:215-229.
227. Tison J.-L., Petit J.-R., Barnola J.-M., Mahaney W.C. Debris entrainment at the ice-bedrock interface in sub-freezing temperature conditions (Terre Adélie, Antarctica). Journal of Glaciology 1993, 39:303-315.
228. Van der Meer J.J.M., Menzies J., Rose J. Subglacial till: the deforming glacier bed. Quaternary Science Reviews 2003, 22:1659-1685.
229. Van der Wateren F.M. Structural geology and sedimentology of push moraines. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst Nr. 54 1995, (168pp).
230. Vatne G., Etzelmüller B., Ødegard R.S., Sollid J.L. Meltwater routing in a high Aarctic glacier, Hannabreen, northern Spitsbergen. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift 1996, 50:67-74.
231. Vorren T.O. Subaquatic landsystems: continental margins. Glacial Landsystems 2003, 289-312. Arnold, London. D.J.A. Evans (Ed.).
232. Waller R.I. The influence of basal processes on the dynamic behaviour of cold-based glaciers. Quaternary International 2001, 86:117-128.
233. Webb P.N., Ronan T.E., Lipps J.H., DeLaca T.E. Miocene glaciomarine sediments from beneath the southern Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Science 1979, 203:435-437.
234. Weertman J. Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps and ice sheets. Journal of Glaciology 1961, 3:965-978.
235. Wellner J.S., Lowe A.L., Shipp S.S., Anderson J.B. Distribution of glacial geomorphic features on the Antarctic continental shelf and correlation with substrate: implications for ice behavior. Journal of Glaciology 2001, 47:397-411.
236. Whalley W.B., Palmer C.F., Hamilton S.J., Kitchen D. Supraglacial debris-transport variability over time: examples from Switzerland and Iceland. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:181-186.
237. Wise S.W., Breza J.R., Harwood D.M., Wei W. Paleogene glacial history of Antarctica. Controversies in Modern Geology 1991, 133-171. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J.A. McKenzie, D.W. Muller, H. Weissert (Eds.).
238. Zdanowicz C.M., Michel F.A., Shilts W.W. Basal debris entrainment and transport in glaciers of southwesterm Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic. Annals of Glaciology 1996, 22:107-113.
239. Zielinski T., van Loon A.J. Present-day sandurs are not representative of the geological record. Sedimentary Geology 2002, 152:1-5.
240. Zotikov I.A., Zagarodnov V.S., Raikovsky J.V. Core drilling through the Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica) confirmed basal freezing. Science 1980, 207:1463-1465.