Michigan Clostridium difficile hospital discharges: Frequency, mortality, and charges, 2002-2008

Public Health Reports

Volumn 127, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 62-71

  Verlee, Kerrie E ^a,b,c   Finks, Jennie L ^b   Wilkins, Melinda J ^b   Wells, Eden V ^b,d  

^a Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH   (United States)

^c SPECTRUM HEALTH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHILD; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; HOSPITAL COST; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITALIZATION; HOSPITALIZATION COST; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; INTESTINE INFECTION; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAID; MORTALITY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84858253052     PISSN: 00333549     EISSN: 14682877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/003335491212700107     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Siemann M, Koch-Dörfler M, Rabenhorst G. Clostridium difficile-associated diseases. The clinical courses of 18 fatal cases. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:416-21.
2. Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18:247-63
3. Fekety R, Kim KH, Brown D, Batts DH, Cudmore M, Sliva J Jr. Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Med 1981;70:906-8
4. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, Stamm WE. Nocoso-mial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:204-10.
5. Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 2000;342:390-7.
6. Kelly CP, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile colitis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:257-62.
7. Ricciardi R, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD, Baxter NN. Increasing prevalence and severity of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients in the United States. Arch Surg 2007;142:624-31.
8. Högenauer C, Hammer HF, Krejs GJ, Reisinger EC. Mechanisms and management of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:702-10.
9. McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from U.S. short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:409-15.
10. O'Brien JA, Lahue BJ, Caro JJ, Davidson DM. The emerging infec-tious challenge of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:1219-27.
11. Bignardi GE. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 1998;40:1-15.
12. Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Olsen MA, McMullen KM, Mayfield JL, McDonald LC, et al. Evaluation of Clostridium difficile-associated disease pressure as a risk factor for C. difficile-associated disease. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1092-7.
13. McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, Owens RC Jr, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2433-41.
14. McEllistrem MC, Carman RJ, Gerdin DN, Genheimer CW, Zheng L. A hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile disease associated with isolates carrying binary toxin genes. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:265-72.
15. Muto CA, Pokrywka M, Shutt K, Mendelsohn AB, Nouri K, Posey K, et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:273-80.
16. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, Brazier J, et al. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 2005;366:1079-84.
17. Simor AE, Bradley SF, Strausbaugh LJ, Crossley K, Nicolle LE; SHEA Long-Term Care Committee. Clostridium difficile in longterm care facilities for the elderly. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:696-703.
18. Kyne L, Merry C, O'Connell B, Keane C, O'Neill D. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. J Infect 1998;36:287-8.
19. Hirschhorn LR, Trnka Y, Onderdonk A, Lee ML, Platt R. Epidemiol-ogy of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis 1994;169:127-33.
20. Alfa MJ, Du T, Beda G. Survey of incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in Canadian hospitals and diagnostic approaches. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2076-80.
21. Barbut F, Richard A, Hamadi K, Chomette V, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:2386-8.
22. Kyne L, Hamel MB, Polavaram R, Kelly CP. Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:346-53.
23. Lawrence SJ, Puzniak LA, Shadel BN, Gillespie KN, Kollef MH, Mundy LM. Clostridium difficile in the intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:123-30.
24. Ghantoji SS, Sail K, Lairson DR, DuPont HL, Garey KW. Economic healthcare costs of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2010;74:309-18.
25. Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Olsen MA, McDonald LC, Fraser VJ. Short-and long-term attributable costs of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical inpatients. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:497-504.
26. Frost F, Craun GF, Calderon RL. Increasing hospitalization and death possibly due to Clostridium difficile diarrheal disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:619-25.
27. Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, Forget K, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 2004;171:466-72.
28. Redelings MD, Sorvillo F, Mascola L. Increase in Clostridium difficilerelated mortality rates, United States, 1999-2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:1417-9.
29. Zilberberg MD, Shorr AF, Kollef MH. Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality in the U.S., 2000-2005. Emerg Infec Dis 2008;14:929-31.
30. Charlson ME, Ponpei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987;40:373-83.
31. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:613-9.
32. SAS Institute, Inc. SAS®: Version 9.1. Cary (NC): SAS Institute, Inc.; 2006
33. Elixhauser A, Jhung M. Clostridium difficile-associated disease in U.S. hospitals, 1993-2005. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project statistical brief #50. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008. Also available from: URL: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb50.pdf [cited 2010 Jan 4].
34. Fowler S, Webber A, Cooper BS, Phimister A, Price K, Carter Y, et al. Successful use of feedback to improve antibiotic prescribing and reduce Clostridium difficile infection: a controlled interrupted time series. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:990-5.
35. Hsu J, Abad C, Dihn M, Safdar N. Prevention of endemic healthcareassociated Clostridium difficile infection: reviewing the evidence. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:2327-39.
36. Oughton MT, Loo VG, Dendukuri N, Fenn S, Libman M. Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and anti-septic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009;30:939-44.
37. Mayfield JL, Leet T, Miller J, Mundy LM. Environmental control to reduce transmission of Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:995-1000.
38. Venuto C, Butler M, Ashley ED, Brown J. Alternative therapies for Clostridium difficile infections. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30:1266-78.
39. Yoon SS, Brandt LJ. Treatment of refractory/recurrent C. difficileassociated disease by donated stool transplanted via colonoscopy: a case series of 12 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:562-6.
40. Scheurer DB, Hicks LS, Cook EF, Schnipper JL. Accuracy of ICD-9 coding for Clostridium difficile infections: a retrospective cohort. Epidemiol Infect 2007;135:1010-3.
41. Dubberke ER, Reske KA, McDonald LC, Fraser VJ. ICD-9 codes and surveillance for Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1576-9.