Control of konzo in DRC using the wetting method on cassava flour

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 1517-1523

  Banea, J P ^a   Nahimana, G ^a   Mandombi, C ^b   Bradbury, J Howard ^c   Denton, Ian C ^c   Kuwa, N ^a  

^a Programme National de Nutrition (PRONANUT)   (Congo)

^b Hopital General de Reference   (Congo)

^c AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cassava flour; Cyanide; Konzo; S containing amino acids; Urinary thiocyanate; Wetting method

Indexed keywords

CYANIDE; THIOCYANATE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASSAVA; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; COOKING; DRY SEASON; FEMALE; FLOUR; FOOD INTAKE; FUFU; HUMAN; KONZO; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; ONSET AGE; PARALYSIS; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASON; SEASONAL VARIATION; SOUTH AFRICA; SPASTIC PARESIS; URINALYSIS; WETTING METHOD;

CHILD; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FLOUR; HUMANS; MALE; MANIHOT; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; THIOCYANATES; WETTABILITY;

MANIHOT ESCULENTA;

EID: 84858210655     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: 18736351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Achidi A.U., Ajayi O.A., Bokanga M., Maziya-Dixon B. The use of cassava leaves as food in Africa. Ecology Food Nutrition 2005, 44:423-435.
2. Allen T.J. Konzo in Angola. CCDN News 2010, 16:3-4.
3. Banea M., Poulter N.H., Rosling H. Shortcuts in cassava processing and risk of dietary cyanide exposure in Zaire. Food Nutrition Bulletin 1992, 14:137-143.
4. Banea Mayambu, J.P., 1993. Cassava Processing, Dietary Cyanide Exposure and Konzo in Zaire. Masters Thesis. Uppsala Univesity, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 55.
5. Banea Mayambu J.P., Tylleskar T., Tylleskar K., Gebre-Medhin M., Rosling H. Dietary cyanide from insufficiently processed cassava and growth retardation in children in the DRC. Ann. Trop. Paediatrics 2000, 20:34-40.
6. Bokanga M., Ekanayake I.J., Dixon A.G.O., Porto M.C.M. Genotype-environment interactions for cyanogenic potential in cassava. Acta Hort. 1994, 375:131-139.
7. Bonmarin I., Nunga M., Perea W.A. Konzo outbreak in the South West of the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996. J. Trop. Pediatrics 2002, 48:234-238.
8. Bradbury J.H. Simple wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour. J. Food Comp. Anal. 2006, 19:388-393.
9. Bradbury J.H., Denton I.C. Rapid wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour. Food Chem. 2010, 121:591-594.
10. Bradbury J.H., Denton I.C. Mild methods of processing cassava leaves to remove cyanogens and conserve key nutrients. Food Chem. 2011, 127:1755-1759.
11. Bradbury M.G., Egan S.V., Bradbury J.H. Determination of all forms of cyanogens in cassava roots and cassava products using picrate paper kits. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1999, 79:593-601.
12. Bradbury J.H., Cliff J., Denton I.C. Uptake of wetting method in Africa to reduce cyanide poisoning and konzo from cassava. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:539-542.
13. Cardoso A.P., Ernesto M., Cliff J., Egan S.V., Bradbury J.H. Cyanogenic potential of cassava flour: field trial in Mozambique of a simple kit. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 1998, 49:93-99.
14. Cardoso A.P., Ernesto M., Nicala D., Mirione E., Chavane L., Nzwalo H., Chikumba S., Cliff J., Mabota A.P., Haque M.R., Bradbury J.H. Combination of cassava flour cyanide and urinary thiocyanate measurements of school children in Mozambique. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004, 55:183-190.
15. Cardoso A.P., Mirione E., Ernesto M., Massaza F., Cliff J., Haque M.R., Bradbury J.H. Processing of cassava roots to remove cyanogens. J. Food Comp. Anal. 2005, 18:451-460.
16. Chabwine J.N., Masheka C., Balol'ebwami Z., Maheshe B., Balegamire S., Rutega B., Wa Lola M., Mutendela K., Bonnet M.J., Shangulame O., Balegamire J.M., Nemery B. Appearance of konzo in South-Kivu, a wartorn area in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:644-649.
17. Ciglenecki I., Eyema R., Kabanda C., Taafo F., Mekaoui H., Urbaniak V. Konzo outbreaks among refugees from Central African Republic in Eastern region, Cameroon. Food Chem. Toxicol 2011, 49:579-582.
18. Cliff, J., 2010. Konzo count, CCDN News No. 15, p. 4.
19. Cliff J., Martensson J., Lundquist P., Rosling H., Sorbo B. Association of high cyanide and low sulphur intake in cassava induced spastic paraparesis. Lancet 1985, 11:1211-1213.
20. Cliff J., Muquingue H., Nhassico D., Nzwalo H., Bradbury J.H. Konzo and continuing cyanide intoxication from cassava in Mozambique. J. Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:631-635.
21. Cumbana A., Mirione E., Cliff J., Bradbury J.H. Reduction of cyanide content of cassava flour in Mozambique by the wetting method. Food Chem. 2007, 101:894-897.
22. Diasolua Ngudi, D., 2005. Konzo and cassava toxicity: a study of associated nutritional factors in the Popokabaka District, DRC. Ph D Thesis. Universiteit Gent, Belgium.
23. Diasolua Ngudi D., Kuo Y.H., Lambein F. Amino acid profiles and protein quality of cooked cassava leaves or saka-saka. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003, 83:529-534.
24. Diasolua Ngudi D., Banea Mayambu J.P., Lambein F., Kolsteren P. Konzo and dietary pattern in cassava consuming populations of Popokabaka, Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:613-619.
25. Egan S.V., Yeoh H.H., Bradbury J.H. Simple picrate paper kit for determination of the cyanogenic potential of cassava flour. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1998, 76:39-48.
26. Ernesto M., Cardoso P., Nicala D., Mirione E., Massaza F., Cliff J., Haque M.R., Bradbury J.H. Persistent konzo and cyanogen toxicity from cassava in northern Mozambique. Acta Trop. 2002, 82:357-362.
27. FAO/WHO, 1991. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission XII, Suppl. 4. FAO, Rome, Italy.
28. Haque M.R., Bradbury J.H. Simple method for determination of thiocyanate in urine. Clin. Chem. 1999, 45:1459-1464.
29. Howlett W.P. Konzo, a new human disease entity. Acta Hort. 1994, 372:323-329.
30. Howlett W.P., Brubaker G.R., Mlingi N., Rosling H. Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania. Brain 1990, 113:223-235.
31. Howlett W.P., Brubaker G., Mlingi N., Rosling H. A geographical cluster of konzo in Tanzania. J. Trop. Geogr. Neurol. 1992, 2:102-108.
32. Karumba, A.K., Denton, I.C., Bradbury, J.H., 2009. Cyanide poisoning and konzo from cassava in South Kivu Province, DRC. CCDN News No. 13, p. 2.
33. King N.L.R., Bradbury J.H. Bitterness of cassava: identification of a new apiosyl glucoside and other components that affect its bitter taste. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1995, 68:223-230.
34. Ministry of Health Mozambique, 1984. Mantakassa; an epidemic of spastic paraparesis associated with chronic cyanide intoxication in a cassava staple area in Mozambique. 1. Epidemiology and clinical laboratory findings in patients. Bull. WHO, 62, 477-484.
35. Mlingi N.L.V., Nkya S., Tatala S.R., Rashid S., Bradbury J.H. Recurrence of konzo in southern Tanzania: rehabilitation and prevention using the wetting method. J. Chem. Toxicol. 2011, 49:673-677.
36. Muquingue H., Nhassico D., Cliff J., Sitoe L., Tonela A., Bradbury J.H. Field trial in Mozambique of a new method for detoxifying cyanide in cassava products. CCDN News 2005, 6:3-4.
37. Nhassico D., Muquingue H., Cliff J., Cumbana A., Bradbury J.H. Rising African cassava production, diseases due to high cyanide intake and control measures. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2008, 88:2043-2049.
38. Tor-Agbidye J., Palmer V.S., Lasarev M.R., Craig A.M., Blythe L.L., Sabri M.I., Spencer P.S. Bioactivation of cyanide to cyanate in sulfur amino acid deficiency: relevance to neurological disease in humans subsisting on cassava. Toxicol. Sci. 1999, 50:228-235.
39. Trolli, G., 1938. Paraplegie spastique epidemique, " Konzo" des indigenes du Kwango. In: Trolli, G. (Ed.), Resume des observations reunies, au Kwango, au sujet de deux affections d'origine indeterminee. Fonds reine Elisabeth, Brussels, pp. 1-36.
40. World Health Organisation, 1996. Konzo: a distinct type of upper motor neuron disease. Weekly Epidemiol. Record 71, 225-232.