Psychopathological symptoms in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism - Possible pathways

Hormone and Metabolic Research

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 202-207

  Kunzel H E ^a  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

aldosterone; anxiety; arterial hypertension; Conn's syndrome; depression; renin

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE; AMILORIDE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANGIOTENSIN; CORTICOTROPIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EPLERENONE; FLUDROCORTISONE; FLUOXETINE; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 1A AGONIST; SPIRONOLACTONE; VENLAFAXINE;

ADRENALECTOMY; ALDOSTERONE RELEASE; ANXIETY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFECT; EMOTION; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEALTH STATUS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; MEMORY DISORDER; MENTAL DISEASE; MOOD; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANIC; PARAVENTRICULAR THALAMIC NUCLEUS; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SLEEP; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ALDOSTERONE; ANIMALS; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; HUMANS; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY;

EID: 84858005837     PISSN: 00185043     EISSN: 14394286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1301921     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Sonino N, Fallo F, Fava G A. Psychosomatic aspects of Cushing's syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2010; 11: 95-104
2. Tiemensma J, Biermasz N R, van der Mast R C, Wassenaar M J, Middelkoop H A, Pereira A M, Romijn J A. Increased Psychopathology and Maladaptive Personality Traits, But Normal Cognitive Functioning, In Patients after Long-Term Cure of Acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: E392-E402
3. Barnett P S, Palazidou E, Miell J P, Coskeran P B, Butler J, Dawson J M, Maccabe J, McGregor A M. Endocrine function, psychiatric and clinical consequences in patients with macroprolactinomas after long-term treatment with the new non-ergot dopamine agonist CV205-502. Q J Med 1991; 81: 891-906
4. Bunevicius R, Prange A J Jr. Thyroid disease and mental disorders: cause and eff ect or only comorbidity? Curr Opin Psychiatry 2010; 23: 363-368
5. Avery T L. Primary hyperaldosteronism and depression. N Z Med J 1984; 97: 537
6. Khurshid K A, Weaver M E. Conn's syndrome presenting as depression. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 1226
7. Malinow K C, Lion J R. Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease) presenting as depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1979; 40: 358-359 (Pubitemid 9232899)
8. Tritos N A. Diagnosis of primary aldosteronism in a patient with an incidentally found adrenal mass. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 547-551 (Pubitemid 46975829)
9. Sonino N, Fallo F, Fava G A. Psychological aspects of primary aldosteronism. Psychother Psychosom 2006; 75: 327-330 (Pubitemid 44200481)
10. Sonino N, Tomba E, Genesia M L, Bertello C, Mulatero P, Veglio F, Fava G A, Fallo F. Psychological Assessment of Primary Aldosteronism: A Controlled Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: E878-E883
11. Apostolopoulou K, Künzel H, Gerum S, Merkle K, Schulz S, Fischer E, Pallauf A, Brand V, Bidlingmaier M, Endres S, Beuschlein F, Reincke M. Gender diff erences in anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism: a cross sectional study. World J Biol Psychiatry: accepted.
12. Sukor N, Kogovsek C, Gordon R D, Robson D, Stowasser M. Improved quality of life, blood pressure, and biochemical status following laparoscopic adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1360-1364
13. Ahmed A H, Gordon R D, Sukor N, Pimenta E, Stowasser M. Quality of life in patients with bilateral primary aldosteronism before and during treatment with spironolactone and/or amiloride, including a comparison with our previously published results in those with unilateral disease treated surgically. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 2904-2911
14. Lippi G, Montagnana M, Favaloro E J, Franchini M. Mental depression and cardiovascular disease: a multifaceted, bidirectional association. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009; 35: 325-336
15. Ruo B, Rumsfeld J S, Hlatky M A, Liu H, Browner W S, Whooley M A. Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life: the Heart and Soul Study. JAMA 2003; 290: 215-221 (Pubitemid 37430060)
16. Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23: 477-501
17. Strohle A, Holsboer F. Stress responsive neurohormones in depression and anxiety. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36: S207-S214 (Pubitemid 38085139)
18. Kem D C, Weinberger M H, Gomez-Sanchez C, Kramer N J, Lerman R, Furuyama S, Nugent C A. Circadian rhythm of plasma aldosterone concentration in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2272-2277
19. de Kloet E R, Joels M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 463-475
20. De Kloet E R, Derijk R. Signaling pathways in brain involved in predisposition and pathogenesis of stress-related disease: genetic and kinetic factors aff ecting the MR/GR balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1032: 14-34 (Pubitemid 40298458)
21. Pariante C M, Miller A H. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 391-404 (Pubitemid 32234301)
22. Yau J L, Hibberd C, Noble J, Seckl J R. The eff ect of chronic fluoxetine treatment on brain corticosteroid receptor mRNA expression and spatial memory in young and aged rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2002; 106: 117-123 (Pubitemid 35223284)
23. Seckl J R, Fink G. Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 55: 621-626
24. Yau J L, Noble J, Hibberd C, Seckl J R. Short-term administration of fluoxetine and venlafaxine decreases corticosteroid receptor mRNA expression in the rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 161-164 (Pubitemid 32530824)
25. Hlavacova N, Jezova D. Chronic treatment with the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone results in increased anxiety-like behavior. Horm Behav 2008; 54: 90-97
26. Hlavacova N, Bakos J, Jezova D. Eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, exerts anxiolytic eff ects accompanied by changes in stress hormone release. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24: 779-786
27. Zhou M, Bakker E H, Velzing E H, Berger S, Oitzl M, Joels M, Krugers H J. Both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors regulate emotional memory in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94: 530-537
28. Ferguson D, Sapolsky R. Overexpression of mineralocorticoid and transdominant glucocorticoid receptor blocks the impairing eff ects of glucocorticoids on memory. Hippocampus 2008; 18: 1103-1111
29. Schulz K, Korz V. Emotional and cognitive information processing: relations to behavioral performance and hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo during a spatial water maze training in rats. Learn Mem 2010; 17: 552-560
30. Lopez J F, Chalmers D T, Little K Y, Watson S J. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Regulation of serotonin1A, glucocorticoid, and mineralocorticoid receptor in rat and human hippocampus: implications for the neurobiology of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43: 547-573 (Pubitemid 28198224)
31. Xing G Q, Russell S, Webster M J, Post R M. Decreased expression of mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 7: 143-153 (Pubitemid 38823281)
32. Wang S S, Kamphuis W, Huitinga I, Zhou J N, Swaab D F. Gene expression analysis in the human hypothalamus in depression by laser microdissection and real-time PCR: the presence of multiple receptor imbalances. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13: 786-799
33. Klok M D, Alt S R, Irurzun Lafitte A J, Turner J D, Lakke E A, Huitinga I, Muller C P, Zitman F G, Ronald de Kloet E, Derijk R H. Decreased expression of mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA and its splice variants in postmortem brain regions of patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45: 871-878
34. Yu Y, Wei S G, Zhang Z H, Gomez-Sanchez E, Weiss R M, Felder R B. Does aldosterone upregulate the brain renin-angiotensin system in rats with heart failure? Hypertension 2008; 51: 727-733 (Pubitemid 351301527)
35. Hlavacova N, Wes P D, Ondrejcakova M, Flynn M E, Poundstone P K, Babic S, Murck H, Jezova D. Subchronic treatment with aldosterone induces depression-like behaviours and gene expression changes relevant to major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 1-19
36. Johnson A K, Grippo A J. Sadness and broken hearts: neurohumoral mechanisms and co-morbidity of ischemic heart disease and psychological depression. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 (Suppl 11) : 5-29 (Pubitemid 46569831)
37. Holsboer F, Gerken A, Stalla G K, Muller O A. Blunted aldosterone and ACTH release after human CRH administration in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144: 229-231 (Pubitemid 17011403)
38. Murck H, Held K, Ziegenbein M, Kunzel H, Koch K, Steiger A. The reninangiotensin- aldosterone system in patients with depression compared to controls-a sleep endocrine study. BMC Psychiatry 2003; 3: 15
39. Emanuele E, Geroldi D, Minoretti P, Coen E, Politi P. Increased plasma aldosterone in patients with clinical depression. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 544-548 (Pubitemid 41140063)
40. Hallberg L, Westrin A, Isaksson A, Janelid S, Träskman-Bendz L, Brundin L. Decreased aldosterone in the plasma of suicide attempters with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187: 135-139
41. Holsboer F. Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. J Aff ect Disord 2001; 62: 77-91 (Pubitemid 32126613)
42. Venning E H, Dyrenfurth I, Beck J C. Eff ect of anxiety upon aldosterone excretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1957; 17: 1005-1008
43. Hullin R P, Jerram T C, Lee M R, Levell M J, Tyrer S P. Renin and aldosterone relationships in manic depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1977; 131: 575-581 (Pubitemid 8211080)
44. Altamura A C, Gomeni R, Sacchetti E, Smeraldi E. Plasma and intracellular kinetics of lithium after oral administration of various lithium salts. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 12: 59-63 (Pubitemid 8158560)
45. Altamura A C, Morganti A. Plasma renin activity in depressed patients treated with increasing doses of lithium carbonate. Psychopharmacologia 1975; 45: 171-175
46. Murck H, Uhr M, Ziegenbein M, Kunzel H, Held K, Antonijevic I A, Schussler P, Steiger A. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, HPA-axis and sleep-EEG changes in unmedicated patients with depression after total sleep deprivation. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39: 23-29 (Pubitemid 43235447)
47. Saavedra J M, Ando H, Armando I, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C, Juorio A, Macova M. Anti-stress and anti-anxiety eff ects of centrally acting angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Regul Pept 2005; 128: 227-238 (Pubitemid 40544838)
48. Armando I, Volpi S, Aguilera G, Saavedra J M. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade prevents the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor response to isolation stress. Brain Res 2007; 1142: 92-99 (Pubitemid 46420692)
49. Saavedra J M, Armando I, Bregonzio C, Juorio A, Macova M, Pavel J, Sanchez-Lemus E. A centrally acting, anxiolytic angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist prevents the isolation stress-induced decrease in cortical CRF1 receptor and benzodiazepine binding. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 1123-1134 (Pubitemid 43971830)
50. Gard P R, Mandy A, Sutcliff e M A. Evidence of a possible role of altered angiotensin function in the treatment, but not etiology, of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 1030-1034 (Pubitemid 29219624)
51. Muldoon M F, Waldstein S R, Ryan C M, Jennings J R, Polefrone J M, Shapiro A P, Manuck S B. Eff ects of six anti-hypertensive medications on cognitive performance. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1643-1652 (Pubitemid 34921189)
52. Hishimoto A, Shirakawa O, Nishiguchi N, Hashimoto T, Yanagi M, Nushida H, Ueno Y, Maeda K. Association between a functional polymorphism in the renin-angiotensin system and completed suicide. J Neural Transm 2006; 113: 1915-1920 (Pubitemid 44749633)
53. Baghai T C, Binder E B, Schule C, Salyakina D, Eser D, Lucae S, Zwanzger P, Haberger C, Zill P, Ising M, Deiml T, Uhr M, Illig T, Wichmann H E, Modell S, Nothdurfter C, Holsboer F, Muller-Myhsok B, Moller H J, Rupprecht R, Bondy B. Polymorphisms in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene are associated with unipolar depression, ACE activity and hypercortisolism. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11: 1003-1015 (Pubitemid 44631643)
54. Saab Y B, Gard P R, Yeoman M S, Mfarrej B, El-Moalem H, Ingram M J. Renin-angiotensin-system gene polymorphisms and depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31: 1113-1118 (Pubitemid 46810107)
55. Alexopoulos G S, Meyers B S, Young R C, Campbell S, Silbersweig D, Charlson M. 'Vascular depression' hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54: 915-922 (Pubitemid 128719702)
56. Sneed J R, Culang-Reinlieb M E. The vascular depression hypothesis: an update. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19: 99-103
57. Hwang J P, Lee T W, Tsai S J, Chen T J, Yang C H, Lirng J F, Tsai C F. Cortical and subcortical abnormalities in late-onset depression with history of suicide attempts investigated with MRI and voxel-based morphometry. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 23: 171-184
58. Reincke M, Meisinger C, Holle R, Quinkler M, Hahner S, Beuschlein F, Bidlingmaier M, Seissler J, Endres S. Is primary aldosteronism associated with diabetes mellitus? Results of the German Conn's Registry. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 435-439
59. Quinkler M, Born-Frontsberg E, Fourkiotis V G. Comorbidities in primary aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 429-434
60. Gonzaga C C, Gaddam K K, Ahmed M I, Pimenta E, Thomas S J, Harding S M, Oparil S, Cofield S S, Calhoun D A. Severity of obstructive sleep apnea is related to aldosterone status in subjects with resistant hypertension. J Clin Sleep Med 2010; 6: 363-368
61. Douma B R, Korte S M, Buwalda B, la Fleur S E, Bohus B, Luiten P G. Repeated blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors, but not of glucocorticoid receptors impairs food rewarded spatial learning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 33-44 (Pubitemid 28252965)
62. Otte C, Moritz S, Yassouridis A, Koop M, Madrischewski A M, Wiedemann K, Kellner M. Blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor in healthy men: eff ects on experimentally induced panic symptoms, stress hormones, and cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 232-238 (Pubitemid 44967802)
63. Braszko J J. AT(2) but not AT(1) receptor antagonism abolishes angiotensin II increase of the acquisition of conditioned avoidance responses in rats. Behav Brain Res 2002; 131: 79-86 (Pubitemid 34143158)
64. Arregui A, Perry E K, Rossor M, Tomlinson B E. Angiotensin converting enzyme in Alzheimer's disease increased activity in caudate nucleus and cortical areas. J Neurochem 1982; 38: 1490-1492 (Pubitemid 12039305)
65. Elkins J S, Douglas V C, Johnston S C. Alzheimer disease risk and genetic variation in ACE: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2004; 62: 363-368 (Pubitemid 38200844)
66. Kolsch H, Jessen F, Freymann N, Kreis M, Hentschel F, Maier W, Heun R. ACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease but not of vascular dementia. Neurosci Lett 2005; 377: 37-39 (Pubitemid 40255635)
67. Born J, DeKloet E R, Wenz H, Kern W, Fehm H L. Gluco- and antimineralocorticoid eff ects on human sleep: a role of central corticosteroid receptors. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: E183-E188
68. Born J, Steinbach D, Dodt C, Fehm H L. Blocking of central nervous mineralocorticoid receptors counteracts inhibition of pituitary-adrenal activity in human sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1106-1110 (Pubitemid 27166650)
69. Steiger A, Rupprecht R, Spengler D, Guldner J, Hemmeter U, Rothe B, Damm K, Holsboer F. Functional properties of deoxycorticosterone and spironolactone: molecular characterization and eff ects on sleependocrine activity. J Psychiatr Res 1993; 27: 275-284 (Pubitemid 23344948)
70. Di Murro A, Petramala L, Cotesta D, Zinnamosca L, Crescenzi E, Marinelli C, Saponara M, Letizia C. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with sleep apnoea: prevalence of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2010; 11: 165-172
71. Gaddam K, Pimenta E, Thomas S J, Cofield S S, Oparil S, Harding S M, Calhoun D A. Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with resistant hypertension: a preliminary report. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24: 532-537
72. Brandenberger G, CharifiC, Muzet A, Saini J, Simon C, Follenius M. Renin as a biological marker of the NREM-REM sleep cycle: eff ect of REM sleep suppression. J Sleep Res 1994; 3: 30-35 (Pubitemid 24182500)
73. Zhang Z H, Francis J, Weiss R M, Felder R B. The renin- angiotensinaldosterone system excites hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons in heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H423-H433 (Pubitemid 34705366)
74. Hlavacova N, Jezova D. Eff ect of single treatment with the antihypertensive drug eplerenone on hormone levels and anxiety-like behaviour in rats. Endocr Regul 2008; 42: 147-153
75. Hendler N H. Spironolactone prophylaxis in manic-depressive disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 1978; 166: 517-520 (Pubitemid 8376224)
76. Juruena M F, Gama C S, Berk M, Belmonte-de-Abreu P S. Improved stress response in bipolar aff ective disorder with adjunctive spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist): case series. J Psychopharmacol 2009; 23: 985-987
77. Holsboer F. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 181-214 (Pubitemid 29178663)
78. Otte C, Hinkelmann K, Moritz S, Yassouridis A, Jahn H, Wiedemann K, Kellner M. Modulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor as add-on treatment in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44: 339-346
79. Holmes M C, Yau J L, French K L, Seckl J R. The eff ect of adrenalectomy on 5-hydroxytryptamine and corticosteroid receptor subtype messenger RNA expression in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 1995; 64: 327-337
80. Briones-Aranda A, Castillo-Salazar M, Picazo O. Adrenalectomy modifies the hippocampal 5-HT(1A) receptors and the anxiolytic-like eff ect of 8-OH-DPAT in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92: 182-189
81. Coe S G, Tan W W, Fox T P. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production secondary to hepatic carcinoid: diagnosis, treatment, and improved quality of life. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 875-878
82. Mishra A K, Agarwal A, Gupta S, Agarwal G, Verma A K, Mishra S K. Outcome of adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome: experience from a tertiary care center. World J Surg 2007; 31: 1425-1432 (Pubitemid 46945364)
83. Ding X F, Li H Z, Yan W G, Gao Y, Li X Q. Role of adrenalectomy in recurrent Cushing's disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010; 123: 1658-1662
84. Cohen S I. Cushing's syndrome: a psychiatric study of 29 patients. Br J Psychiatry 1980; 136: 120-124 (Pubitemid 10183245)
85. Voigt K H, Bossert S, Bretschneider S, Bliestle A, Fehm H L. Disturbed cortisol secretion in man: contrasting Cushing's disease and endogenous depression. Psychiatry Res 1985; 15: 341-350 (Pubitemid 15015252)
86. Watkins L L, Blumenthal J A, Davidson J R, Babyak M A, McCants C B, Jr., Sketch M H Jr. Phobic anxiety, depression, and risk of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2006; 68: 651-656 (Pubitemid 44454631)