A scanning electron microscope based new method for determining degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Journal of Microscopy

Volumn 246, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 43-52

  Singh, R K ^a   Khatri, O P ^a  

^a CSIR INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM   (India)

Author keywords

Carboxymethyl cellulose; Degree of substitution; Energy dispersive X ray analysis; Scanning electron microscopy

Indexed keywords

CELLULOSE; CHAINS; ENERGY DISPERSIVE X RAY ANALYSIS; INDICATORS (CHEMICAL); SODIUM;

ANIONIC POLYMERS; CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE; CARBOXYMETHYL GROUP; CATALYZED REACTIONS; CELLULOSE CHAIN; DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION; SCANNING ELECTRONS; SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE; SYNTHESISED; WATERSOLUBLE;

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE;

ALKALINIZATION; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL PROCEDURES; DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION; ENERGY DISPERSIVE X RAY; ETHERIFICATION; INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; X RAY ANALYSIS;

EID: 84857996843     PISSN: 00222720     EISSN: 13652818     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03583.x     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Adinugraha, M.P., Marseno, D.W. & Haryadi, (2005) Synthesis and characterization of sodium carboxymethylcellulose from cavendish banana pseudo stem (Musa cavendishii LAMBERT). Carbohydr. Polym. 62, 164-169.
2. Barai, B.K., Singhal, R.S. & Kulkarni, P.R. (1997) Optimization of a process for preparing carboxymethyl cellulose from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes). Carbohydr. Polym. 32, 229-231.
3. Barba, C., Montane, D., Rinaudo, M. & Farriol, X. (2002) Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC) from non-wood fibers I. Accessibility of cellulose fibers and CMC synthesis, Cellulose 9, 319-326.
4. Barkalow, D.G. & Young, R.A. (1985) Cellulose derivatives derived from pulp and paper mill sludge. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 5, 293-312.
5. Biswal, D.R. & Singh, R.P. (2004) Characterisation of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide graft copolymer. Carbohydr. Polym. 57, 379-387.
6. Bono, A., Ying, P.H., Yan, F.Y., Muei, C.L., Sarbatly, R. & Krishnaiah, D. (2009) Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from palm kernel cake. Adv. Nat. Appl. Sci. 3(1), 5-11.
7. Capitani, D., Porro, F. & Segre, A.L. (2000) High field NMR analysis of the degree of substitution in carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt. Carbohydr. Polym. 42, 283-286.
8. Cunha, A.G., Freire, S.R.C., Silvestre, A.J.D., Neto, C.P., Gandini, A., Orblin, E. & Fardim, P. (2007) J. Colloid Interface Sci. 316, 360-366.
9. D1439-03 (Reapproved 2008) Standard Test Methods for Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, U.S.A., doi:10.1520/D1439-03R08E01.
10. Dolz, M., Jiménez, J., Hernández, M.J., Delegido, J. & Casanovas, A. (2007) Flow and thixotropy of non-contaminating oil drilling fluids formulated with bentonite and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. J. Petroleum Sci. Eng. 57, 294-302.
11. Du, B., Li, J., Zhang, H., Huang, L., Chen, P., & Zhou, J. (2009) Influence of molecular weight and degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose on the stability of acidified milk drinks. Food Hydrocolloids 23, 1420-1426.
12. Eyler, R.W. & Klug, E.D. (1947) Determination of degree of substitution of sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose. Anal. Chem. 19, 24-27.
13. Feddersen, R.L. & Thorp, S.N. (1993) Sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Industrial Gums and Their Derivatives (ed. by R. L. Whistler & J. N. BeMiller), pp. 537-578, Academic Press, New York.
14. Fijan, R., Basile, M., Turk, S.S., Agar, Z.M., Zigon, M. & Lapasin, R. (2009) A study of rheological and molecular weight properties of recycled polysaccharides used as thickeners in textile printing. Carbohydr. Polym. 76, 8-16.
15. Guo, Z., Xing, R., Liu, S., Zhong, Z. & Li, P. (2008) Synthesis and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity of quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym. 73, 173-177.
16. Hedlund, A. & Germgård, U. (2007) Some aspects on the kinetics of etherification in the preparation of CMC. Cellulose 14, 161-169.
17. Heinze, T. & Pfeiffer, K. (1999) Studies on the synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcellulose. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 266(4638), 37-45.
18. Heydarzadeh, H.D., Najafpour, G.D. & Nazari-Moghaddam, A.A. (2009) Catalyst-free conversion of alkali cellulose to fine carboxymethyl cellulose at mild conditions. World Appl. Sci. J. 6(4), 564-569.
19. Ho, F.F.-L. & Klosiewicz, D.W. (1980) Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry for determination of substituents and their distribution in carboxymethylcellulose. Anal. Chem. 52(6), 913-916.
20. Jahan, I.A. & Rahman, A.H.M.M. (2006) Studies on preparation of cobalt carboxymethyl cellulose from agricultural wastes. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 159-166.
21. Jahan, I.A., Sultana, F. Islam, M.N., Hossain, M.A. & Abedin, J. (2007) Studies on indigenous cotton linters for preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 29-36.
22. Keller, J.D. (1986) Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Food Hydrocolloids (ed. by M. Gliksman), Vol. 3, pp. 45-104. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
23. Kirk, R.E. & Othmer, D.F. (1997) Cellulose Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 4, pp. 593-683. John Wiley, New York.
24. Kondo, T. (1997) The assignment of IR absorption bands due to free hydroxyl groups in cellulose. Cellulose 4, 281-292.
25. Kutsenko, L.I., Bochek, A.M., Vlasova, E.N. & Volchek, B.Z. (2005) Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose based on short fibers and lignified part of flax pedicels (boon). Russian J. Appl. Chem. 78(12), 2014-2018.
26. Lilienfeld, L. (1912) British Patent 12, 854.
27. Lilienfeld, L. (1916) US Patent 1, 188, 376.
28. Melander, M. & Vourinen, T. (2001) Determination of the degree of polymerisation of carboxymethyl cellulose by size exclusion chromatography. Carbohydr. Polym. 46, 227-233.
29. Methacanon, P., Chaikumpollert, O., Thavorniti, P., & Suchiva, K. (2003) Hemicellulosic polymer from Vetiver grass and its physicochemical properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 54, 335-342.
30. Mitchell, G. & Wijnberg, A.C. (1997) Standardization of methodology for chemical functions in starch derivatives. Part 2. Starch/Stärke 49, 485-488.
31. Miyamoto, K., Tsuji, K., Nakamura, T., Tokita, M. & Komai, T. (1996) Preparation of carboxymethyl-gellan. Carbohydr. Polym. 30, 161-164.
32. Mohanty, A.K., Simmons, C.R. & Wiener, M.C. (2003) Inhibition of tobacco etch virus protease activity by detergents. Protein Expr. Purif. 27, 109-114.
33. Naves, A.F. & Petri, F.S.D. (2005) The effect of molecular weight and degree of substitution on the interactions between carboxymethyl cellulose and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Colloids Surf. A 254, 207-214.
34. Oudhoff, K.A., Buijtenhuij, F.A.(Ab), Wijnen, P.H., Schoenmakers, P.J. & Kok, W.Th. (2004) Determination of the degree of substitution and its distribution of carboxymethylcelluloses by capillary zone electrophoresis. Carbohydr. Res. 339, 1917-1924.
35. Peydecastaing, J., Vaca-Garcia, C. & Borredon, E. (2009) Accurate determination of the degree of substitution of long chain cellulose esters. Cellulose 16, 289-297.
36. Pushpamalar, V., Langford, S.J., Ahmad, M. & Lim, Y.Y. (2006) Optimization of reaction conditions for preparing carboxymethyl cellulose from sago waste. Carbohydr. Polym. 64, 312-318.
37. Ramos, L.A., Frollini, E. & Heinze, Th. (2005) Carboxymethylation of cellulose in the new solvent dimethyl sulfoxide/tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Carbohydr. Polym. 60, 259-267.
38. Reuben, J. & Conner, H.T. (1983) Analysis of the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of hydrolyzed O-(carboxymethyl)cellulose: monomer composition and substitution patterns. Carbohydr. Res. 115(1), 1-13.
39. Ruzene, D.S., Gonçalves, A.R., Teixeira, J.A. & de Amorim, M.T. (2007) Carboxymethylcellulose obtained by ethanol/water organosolv process under acid conditions. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 137-140(1-12), 573-582.
40. Sandford, P.A. & Baird, J. (1983) Industrial utilization of polysaccharides. The Polysaccharides (ed. by G. O. Aspinall), pp. 411-490. Academic Press, Reading MA.
41. Stigsson, V., Kloow, G., Germgård, U. & Andersson, N. (2005) The influence of cobalt (II) in carboxymethyl cellulose processing. Cellulose 12, 395-401.
42. Suflet, D.M., Chitanu, G.C., Valentin, I. & Popa, V.I. (2006) Phosphorylation of polysaccharides: new results on synthesis and characterisation of phosphorylated cellulose. React. Funct. Polym. 66, 1240-1249.
43. Thilarik, K. & Pastek, M. (1987) Titration methods to determine the DS values of the carboxy groups with perchloric acid. Chem. Pap. 41, 703.
44. Togrul, H. & Arslan, N. (2003) Production of carboxymethyl cellulose from sugar beet pulp cellulose and rheological behaviour of carboxymethyl cellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 54, 73-82.
45. Varshney, V.K., Gupta, P.K. Naithani, S., Khullar, R., Bhatt, A. & Soni, P.L. (2006) Carboxymethylation of α-cellulose isolated from Lantana camara with respect to degree of substitution and rheological behaviour. Carbohydr. Polym. 63, 40-45.
46. Vieira, M.C., Heinze1, Th., Antonio-Cruz, R. & Mendoza-Martinez, A.M. (2002) Cellulose derivatives from cellulosic material isolated from Agaveb lechuguilla and fourcroydes. Cellulose 9, 203-212.
47. 3/cellulose nanocomposites prepared by controlled hydrolysis of dimethylcarbonate. Carbohydr. Polym. 79, 1150-1156.
48. Xiaojia, H., Shaozu, W., Dongkang, F. & Jinren, N. (2009) Preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from paper sludge. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84(3), 427-434.
49. Yasar, F., Togrul, H. & Arslan, N. (2007) Flow properties of cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose from orange peel. J. Food Eng. 81, 187-199.
50. Yuen, S.-N., Choi, S.-M., Phillips, D.L. & Maa, C.-Y. (2009) Raman and FTIR spectroscopic study of carboxymethylated non-starch polysaccharides. Food Chem. 114, 1091-1098.