Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 136, Issue 1-3, 2012, Pages 128-136

  Arias, Isabel ^a   Sorlozano, Antonio ^b   Villegas, Enrique ^b   Luna, Juan de Dios ^b   McKenney, Kathryn ^b   Cervilla, Jorge ^b,c   Gutierrez, Blanca ^b   Gutierrez, Jose ^b,d  

^a INSTITUT CATALÀ DE LA SALUT   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SAN CECILIO   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DE LAS NIEVES   (Spain)

Author keywords

Infection; Meta analysis; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL DNA;

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BORNA DISEASE VIRUS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; DNA DETERMINATION; ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HUMAN; HUMAN T CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS 1; HUMAN TISSUE; INFECTION RATE; INFECTION RISK; INFLUENZA VIRUS; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOAL INFECTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS INFECTION;

BORNA DISEASE; CHLAMYDOPHILA INFECTIONS; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; FEMALE; HERPES GENITALIS; HUMANS; INFECTION; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; TOXOPLASMOSIS;

EID: 84857993668     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: 15732509     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.026     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Albrecht P., Torrey E.F., Boone E., Hicks J.T., Daniel N. Raised Cytomegalovirus-antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients. Lancet 1980, 2(8198):769-772.
2. Alexander R.C., Cabirac G., Lowenkopf T., Casanova M., Kleinman J., Wyatt R.J., et al. Search for evidence of Herpes Simplex Virus, type 1, or Varicella-Zoster Virus infection in postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1992, 86(5):418-420.
3. Alexander R.C., Spector S.A., Casanova M., Kleinman J., Wyatt R.J., Kirch D.G. Search for Cytomegalovirus in the postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients using the polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992, 49(1):47-53.
4. Alvarado-Esquivel C., Alanis-Quinones O.P., Arreola-Valenzuela M.A., Rodriguez-Briones A., Piedra-Nevarez L.J., Duran-Morales E., et al. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in psychiatric inpatients in a northern Mexican city. BMC Infect. Dis. 2006, 6:178.
5. Arseneault L., Cannon M., Witton J., Murray R.M. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004, 184:110-117.
6. Barr C.E., Mednick S.A., Munk-Jorgensen P. Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. A 40-year study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1990, 47(9):869-874.
7. Begg C.B., Mazumbar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994, 50(4):1088-1101.
8. Blikstada V., Benachenhoua F., Sperberb G.O., Blomberg J. Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviral sequences: a conceptual account. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65(21):3348-3365.
9. Bode L. Human Bornavirus infection-towards a valid diagnostic system. APMIS Suppl. 2008, 124:21-39.
10. Bode L., Reckwald P., Severus W.E., Stoyloff R., Ferszt R., Dietrich D.E., et al. Borna Disease Virus-specific circulating immune complexes, antigenemia, and free antibodies-the key marker triplet determining infection and prevailing in severe mood disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6(4):481-491.
11. Brown A.S. Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2006, 32(2):200-202.
12. Brown A.S. The risk for schizophrenia from childhood and adult infections. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165(1):7-10.
13. Brown A.S., Schaefer C.A., Wyatt R.J., Goetz R., Begg M.D., Gorman J.M., et al. Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective birth cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 2000, 26(2):287-295.
14. Brown A.S., Begg M.D., Gravenstein S., Schaefer C.A., Wyatt R.J., Bresnahan M., et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2004, 61(8):774-780.
15. Brown A.S., Schaefer C.A., Quesenberry C.P., Shen L., Susser E.S. No evidence of relation between maternal exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus type 2 and risk of schizophrenia?. Am. J. Psychiatry 2006, 163(12):2178-2180.
16. Buka S.L., Tsuang M.T., Torrey E.F., Klebanoff M.A., Bernstein D., Yolken R.H. Maternal infections and subsequent psychosis among offspring. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2001, 58(11):1032-1037.
17. Buka S.L., Cannon T.D., Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H. Maternal exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus and risk of psychosis among adult offspring. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63(8):809-815.
18. Cannon M.J., Davis K.F. Washing our hands of the congenital Cytomegalovirus disease epidemic. BMC Public Health 2005, 5:70.
19. Cannon M., Cotter D., Coffey V.P., Sham P.C., Takei N., Larkin C., et al. Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: a follow-up study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1996, 168(3):368-371.
20. Carter C.J. Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of pathogens: Cytomegalovirus, Influenza, Herpes simplex, Rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii. Schizophr. Bull. 2009, 35(6):1163-1182.
21. Carter G.I., Taylor G.R., Crow T.J. Search for viral nucleic acid sequences in the post mortem brains of patients with schizophrenia and individuals who have committed suicide. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1987, 50(3):247-251.
22. Cetinkaya Z., Yazar S., Gecici O., Namli M.N. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with schizophrenia-preliminary findings in a Turkish sample. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33(3):789-791.
23. Chen C.H., Chiu Y.L., Shaw C.K., Tsai M.T., Hwang A.L., Hsiao K.J. Detection of Borna Disease Virus RNA from peripheral blood cells in schizophrenic patients and mental health workers. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4(6):566-571.
24. Chen C.H., Chiu Y.L., Wei F.C., Koong F.J., Liu H.C., Shaw C.K., et al. High seroprevalence of Borna Virus infection in schizophrenic patients, family members and mental health workers in Taiwan. Mol. Psychiatry 1999, 4(1):33-38.
25. Christensen T. HERVs in neuropathogenesis. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2010, 5(3):326-335.
26. Coffey V.P., Jessop W.J. Congenital abnormalities. Ir. J. Med. Sci. 1955, 6(349):30-48.
27. Coggiano M.A., Alexander R.C., Kirch D.G., Wyatt R.J., Kulaga H. The continued search for evidence of retroviral infection in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Res. 1991, 5(3):243-247.
28. Conejero-Goldberg C., Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H. Herpesviruses and Toxoplasma gondii in orbital frontal cortex of psychiatric patients. Schizophr. Res. 2003, 60(1):65-69.
29. Costa da Silva R., Langoni H. Toxoplasma gondii: host-parasite interaction and behavior manipulation. Parasitol. Res. 2009, 105(4):893-898.
30. Crow T.J., Done D.J. Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992, 161:390-393.
31. Czygan M., Hallensleben W., Hofer M., Pollak S., Sauder C., Bilzer T., et al. Borna Disease Virus in human brains with a rare form of hippocampal degeneration but not in brains of patients with common neuropsychiatric disorders. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, 180(5):1695-1699.
32. Dalman C., Allebeck P., Gunnell D., Harrison G., Kristensson K., Lewis G., et al. Infections in the CNS during childhood and the risk of subsequent psychotic illness: a cohort study of more than one million Swedish subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165(1):59-65.
33. de la Torre J.C. Molecular biology of Borna Disease Virus: prototype of a new group of animal viruses. J. Virol. 1994, 68(12):7669-7675.
34. DeLisi L.E., Sarin P.S. Lack of evidence for retrovirus infection in schizophrenic patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1985, 146:674-675.
35. DeLisi L.E., Smith S.B., Hamovit J.R., Maxwell M.E., Goldin L.R., Dingman C.W., et al. Herpes Simplex Virus, Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus antibody titres in sera from schizophrenic patients. Psychol. Med. 1986, 16(4):757-763.
36. DerSimonian R., Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials 1986, 7(3):177-188.
37. Dufour P., de Bievre P., Vinatier D., Tordjeman N., Da Lage B., Vanhove J., Monnier J.C. Varicella and pregnancy. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1996, 66(2):119-123.
38. Egger M., Smith G.D., Altman D. Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context 1995, BMJ Books, London. Second ed.
39. Egger M., Smith G.D., Schneider M., Zinder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997, 315(7109):629-634.
40. Ellman L.M., Yolken R.H., Buka S.L., Torrey E.F., Cannon T.D. Cognitive functioning prior to the onset of psychosis: the role of fetal exposure to serologically determined influenza infection. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65(12):1040-1047.
41. Fatemi S.H., Folsom T.D. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophr. Bull. 2009, 35(3):528-548.
42. Feenstra A., Kirch D.G., Bracha H.S., Wyatt R.J. Lack of evidence for a role of T-cell-associated retroviruses as an etiology of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1989, 25(4):421-430.
43. Fellerhoff B., Laumbacher B., Wank R. High risk of schizophrenia and other mental disorders associated with chlamydial infections: hypothesis to combine drug treatment and adoptive immunotherapy. Med. Hypotheses 2005, 65(2):243-252.
44. Fellerhoff B., Laumbacher B., Mueller N., Gu S., Wank R. Associations between Chlamydophila infections, schizophrenia and risk of HLA-A10. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12(3):264-272.
45. Fukuda R., Sasaki T., Kunugi H., Nanko S. No changes in paired viral antibody titers during the course of acute schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 1999, 40(2):57-62.
46. Fukuda K., Takahashi K., Iwata Y., Mori N., Gonda K., Ogawa T., et al. Immunological and PCR analyses for Borna Disease Virus in psychiatric patients and blood donors in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39(2):419-429.
47. Gotlieb-Stematsky T., Zonis J., Arlazoroff A., Mozes T., Sigal M., Szekely A.G. Antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex type 1, Cytomegalovirus and measles virus in psychiatric patients. Arch. Virol. 1981, 67(4):333-339.
48. Hammond C.J., Hobbs J.A. Parvovirus B19 infection of brain: possible role of gender in determining mental illness and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Med. Hypotheses 2007, 69(1):113-116.
49. Hart D.J., Heath R.G., Sautter F.J., Schwartz B.D., Garry R.F., Choi B., et al. Antiretroviral antibodies: implications for schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 1999, 45(6):704-714.
50. Hatalski C.G., Lewis A.J., Lipkin W.I. Borna disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1997, 3(2):129-135.
51. Heinrich A., Adamaszek M. Anti-Borna disease virus antibody responses in psychiatric patients: long-term follow up. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 64(3):255-261.
52. Hobbs J.A. Detection of Adeno-associated Virus 2 and Parvovirus B19 in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurovirol. 2006, 12(3):190-199.
53. Huang W.J., Liu Z.C., Wei W., Wang G.H., Wu J.G., Zhu F. Human Endogenous Retroviral pol RNA and protein detected and identified in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 83(2-3):193-199.
54. Huang W., Li S., Hu Y., Yu H., Luo F., Zhang Q., Zhu F. Implication of the env gene of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus W family in the expression of BDNF and DRD3 and development of recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2010, 37(5):988-1000.
55. Iwahashi K., Watanabe M., Nakamura K., Suwaki H., Nakaya T., Nakamura Y., et al. Clinical investigation of the relationship between Borna Disease Virus (BDV) infection and schizophrenia in 67 patients in Japan. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1997, 96(6):412-415.
56. Iwata Y., Takahashi K., Peng X., Fukuda K., Ohno K., Ogawa T., et al. Detection and sequence analysis of Borna Disease Virus p24 RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mood disorders or schizophrenia and of blood donors. J. Virol. 1998, 72(12):10044-10049.
57. Jones P., Murray R. The genetics of schizophrenia is the genetics of neurodevelopment. Br. J. Psychiatry 1991, 158:615-623.
58. Kaplan M., Kalkan A., Kuk S., Demirdag K., Ozden M., Kilic S.S. Toxocara seroprevalence in schizophrenic patients in Turkey. Yonsei Med. J. 2008, 49(2):224-229.
59. Karlsson H., Bachmann S., Schroder J., McArthur J., Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H. Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001, 98(8):4634-4639.
60. Karlsson H., Schroder J., Bachmann S., Bottmer C., Yolken R.H. HERV-W-related RNA detected in plasma from individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 2004, 9(1):12-13.
61. Kozar Z., Dłuzewski L., Dłuzewska A., Jaroszewski Z. Toxoplasmosis and oligophrenia. Biul. Panstw. Inst. Med. Morsk. Trop. J. W. Gdansku. 1953, 5:164-173.
62. Kubo K., Fujiyoshi T., Yokoyama M.M., Kamei K., Richt J.A., Kitze B., et al. Lack of association of Borna Disease Virus and human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 infections with psychiatric disorders among Japanese patients. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1997, 4(2):189-194.
63. Lebain P., Vabret A., Freymuth F., Brazo P., Chabot B., Dollfus S., et al. Borna Disease Virus and psychiatric disorders. Schizophr. Res. 2002, 57(2-3):303-305.
64. Leck I. Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 1963, 17:70-80.
65. Levitt P., Ebert P., Mirnics K., Nimgaonkar V.L., Lewis D.A. Making the case for a candidate vulnerability gene in schizophrenia: convergent evidence for regulator of G-protein signalling 4 (RGS4). Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 60(6):534-537.
66. Lillehoj E.P., Ford G.M., Bachmann S., Schröder J., Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H. Serum antibodies reactive with non-human primate retroviruses identified in acute onset schizophrenia. J. Neurovirol. 2000, 6(6):492-497.
67. Limosin F., Rouillon F., Payan C., Cohen J.M., Strub N. Prenatal exposure to influenza as a risk factor for adult schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2003, 107(5):331-335.
68. Ludwig H., Bode L., Gosztonyi G. Borna disease: a persistent virus infection of the central nervous system. Prog. Med. Virol. 1988, 35:107-151.
69. Malm G., Engman M.L. Congenital Cytomegalovirus infections. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007, 12(3):154-159.
70. Manjunatha N. The current swine flu pandemic may provide some opportunity for future research of schizophrenia. Indian J. Med. Res. 2010, 132:108-109.
71. McCarthy M., Auger D., Whittemore S.R. Human cytomegalovirus causes productive infection and neuronal injury in differentiating fetal human central nervous system neuroepithelial precursor cells. J. Hum. Virol. 2000, 3(4):215-228.
72. McGuffin P., Owen M.J., Farmer A.E. Genetic basis of schizophrenia. Lancet 1995, 346(8976):678-682.
73. Mednick S.A., Machon R.A., Huttunen M.O., Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988, 45(2):189-192.
74. Moises H.W., Ruger R., Reynolds G.P., Fleckenstein B. Human Cytomegalovirus DNA in the temporal cortex of a schizophrenic patient. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Neurol. Sci. 1988, 238(2):110-113.
75. Moore T.H., Zammit S., Lingford-Hughes A., Barnes T.R., Jones P.B., Burke M., et al. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet 2007, 370(9584):319-328.
76. Mortensen P.B., Norgaard-Pedersen B., Waltoft B.L., Sorensen T.L., Hougaard D., Torrey E.F., et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 61(5):688-693.
77. Mortensen P.B., Pedersen C.B., Hougaard D.M., Nørgaard-Petersen B., Mors O., Børglum A.D., et al. A Danish National Birth Cohort study of maternal HSV-2 antibodies as a risk factor for schizophrenia in their offspring. Schizophr. Res. 2010, 122(1-3):257-263.
78. Na K.S., Tae S.H., Song J.W., Kim Y.K. Failure to detect Borna Disease Virus antibody and RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Investig. 2009, 6(4):306-312.
79. Nakamura Y., Takahashi H., Shoya Y., Nakaya T., Watanabe M., Tomonaga K., et al. Isolation of Borna Disease Virus from human brain tissue. J. Virol. 2000, 74(10):4601-4611.
80. Niebuhr D.W., Millikan A.M., Cowan D.N., Yolken R., Li Y., Weber N.S. Selected infectious agents and risk of schizophrenia among U.S. military personnel. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165(1):99-106.
81. Nunes S.O., Itano E.N., Amarante M.K., Reiche E.M., Miranda H.C., de Oliveira C.E., et al. RNA from Borna Disease Virus in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective patients, and in their biological relatives. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2008, 22(4):314-320.
82. Otowa T., Tochigi M., Rogers M., Umekage T., Kato N., Sasaki T. Insertional polymorphism of Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K115 in schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 408(3):226-229.
83. Perron H., Mekaoui L., Bernard C., Veas F., Stefas I., Leboyer M. Endogenous Retrovirus type W GAG and envelope protein antigenemia in serum of schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 64(12):1019-1023.
84. Prasad K.M., Shirts B.H., Yolken R.H., Keshavan M.S., Nimgaonkar V.L. Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in first-episode schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2007, 12(1):105-113.
85. Riaza Gómez M., de la Torre Espí M., Mencía Bartolomé S., Molina Cabañero J.C., Tamariz-Martel Moreno A. Complications of varicella in children. An. Esp. Pediatr. 1999, 50:259-262.
86. Richt J.A., Alexander R.C., Herzog S., Hooper D.C., Kean R., Spitsin S., et al. Failure to detect Borna Disease Virus infection in peripheral blood leukocytes from humans with psychiatric disorders. J. Neurovirol. 1997, 3(2):174-178.
87. Rimon R., Ahokas A., Palo J. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies to cytomegalovirus in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1986, 73(6):642-644.
88. Robert-Guroff M., Torrey E.F., Brown M. Retroviruses and schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1985, 146:326.
89. Rodgers-Johnson P.E., Hickling F.W., Irons A., Johnson B.K., Irons-Morgan M., Stone G.A., et al. Retroviruses and schizophrenia in Jamaica. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 1996, 28(1-3):237-243.
90. Scholbach T., Bode L. Borna Disease Virus infection in young children. APMIS Suppl. 2008, 124:83-88.
91. Schwarcz R., Hunter C.A. Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia: linkage through astrocyte-derived kynurenic acid?. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33(3):652-653.
92. Selten J.P., Brown A.S., Moons K.G., Slaets J.P., Susser E.S., Kahn R.S. Prenatal exposure to the 1957 influenza pandemic and non-affective psychosis in The Netherlands. Schizophr. Res. 1999, 38(2-3):85-91.
93. Selten J.P., van Vliet K., Pleyte W., Herzog S., Hoek H.W., van Loon A.M. Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia in Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2000, 189(2):55-57.
94. Sham P.C., O'Callaghan E., Takei N., Murray G.K., Hare E.H., Murray R.M. Schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992, 160:461-466.
95. Shrikhande S., Hirsch S.R., Coleman J.C., Reveley M.A., Dayton R. Cytomegalovirus and schizophrenia. A test of a viral hypothesis. Br. J. Psychiatry 1985, 146:503-506.
96. Sierra-Honigmann A.M., Carbone K.M., Yolken R.H. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) search for viral nucleic acid sequences in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1995, 166(1):55-60.
97. Smith C.K., Arvin A.M. Varicella in the fetus and newborn. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009, 14(4):209-217.
98. Stevens J.R., Langloss J.M., Albrecht P., Yolken R., Wang Y.N. A search for Cytomegalovirus and herpes viral antigen in brains of schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1984, 41(8):795-801.
99. Sullivan P.F., Kendler K.S., Neale M.C. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2003, 60(12):1187-1192.
100. Taller A.M., Asher D.M., Pomeroy K.L., Eldadah B.A., Godec M.S., Falkai P.G., et al. Search for viral nucleic acid sequences in brain tissues of patients with schizophrenia using nested polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1996, 53(1):32-40.
101. Tamer G.S., Dundar D., Yalug I., Caliskan S., Yazar S., Aker A. The schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii connection: infectious, immune or both?. Adv. Ther. 2008, 25(7):703-709.
102. Tandon R., Keshavan M.S., Nasrallah H.A. Schizophrenia, "just the facts" what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 102(1-3):1-18.
103. Taylor G.R., Crow T.J. Viruses in human brains: a search for Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Virus 1 DNA in necropsy tissue from normal and neuropsychiatric cases. Psychol. Med. 1986, 16(2):289-295.
104. Terayama H., Nishino Y., Kishi M., Ikuta K., Itoh M., Iwahashi K. Detection of anti-Borna Disease Virus (BDV) antibodies from patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Res. 2003, 120(2):201-206.
105. Toro C., Soriano V. Current status of HIV-2 and HTLV-1/2 infection in Spain: lights and shades. Med. Clin. (Barc) 2005, 124(16):616-617. Grupo Español de Estudio del VIH-2 y HTLV-1/2.
106. Torrey E.F., Yolken R.H., Winfrey C.J. Cytomegalovirus antibody in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients detected by enzyme immunoassay. Science 1982, 216(4548):892-894.
107. Torrey E.F., Bartko J.J., Lun R.Z., Yolken R.H. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Bull. 2007, 33(3):729-736.
108. Tsuang M. Schizophrenia: genes and environment. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47(3):210-220.
109. Voisset C., Weiss R.A., Griffiths D.J. Human RNA "rumor" viruses: the search for novel human retroviruses in chronic disease. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2008, 72(1):157-196.
110. Waltrip R.W., Buchanan R.W., Summerfelt A., Breier A., Carpenter W.T., Bryant N.L., et al. Borna Disease Virus and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1995, 56(1):33-44.
111. Yamaguchi K., Sawada T., Naraki T., Igata-Yi R., Shiraki H., Horii Y., et al. Detection of Borna Disease Virus-reactive antibodies from patients with psychiatric disorders and from horses by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1999, 6(5):696-700.
112. Yolken R.H., Bachmann S., Ruslanova I., Lillehoj E., Ford G., Torrey E.F., et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001, 32(5):842-844.
113. Yolken R.H., Dickerson F.B., Torrey E.F. Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Parasite Immunol. 2009, 31(11):706-715.
114. Ziebold C., von Kries R., Lang R., Weigl J., Schmitt H.J. Severe complications of varicella in previously healthy children in Germany: a 1-year survey. Pediatrics 2001, 108(5):E79.