High risk of schizophrenia and other mental disorders associated with chlamydial infections: Hypothesis to combine drug treatment and adoptive immunotherapy

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 243-252

  Fellerhoff, Barbara ^a   Laumbacher, Barbara ^a   Wank, Rudolf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOLOGIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTROPHIN 3;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIASIS; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FISHER EXACT TEST; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PATIENT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYMPTOM;

ADULT; AGED; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; AZITHROMYCIN; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; DNA; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, THEORETICAL; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CHLAMYDIACEAE; CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI;

EID: 19744370522     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.013     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. S.S. Kety, D. Rosenthal, P.H. Wender, and F. Schulsinger Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adpoted schizophrenics Am J Psychiatry 128 1971 302 306
2. S. Centanni, F. Di Marco, F. Castagna, B. Boveri, F. Casanova, and A. Piazzini Psychological issues in the treatment of asthmatic patients Respir Med 94 2000 742 749
3. E.J. Kunkel, J.S. Kim, and H.W. Hann Depression in Korean immigrants with hepatitis B and related liver diseases Psychosomatics 41 2000 472 480
4. S. Venkatesh, and G.A. Grell Neuropsychiatric manifestations of typhoid fever West Indian Med J 38 1989 137 141
5. G. Ali, S. Rashid, M.A. Kamli, P.A. Shah, and G.Q. Allaqaband Spectrum of neuropsychiatric complications in 791 cases of typhoid fever Trop Med Int Health 2 1997 314 318
6. T. Sobanski, H.J. Assion, G. Hoflich, and H.P. Scholl Dementia-paranoid syndrome as the initial manifestation of AIDS. Case report and diagnostic overview Nervenarzt 67 1996 68 71
7. H. Grehl, and W.P. Kaschka Paranoid hallucinatory psychoses as the first manifestation of HIV infection Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 62 1994 413 416
8. R. Wank Schizophrenia and other mental disorders require long-term adoptive immunotherapy Med Hypotheses 59 2002 154 158
9. K.D. Everett, R.M. Bush, and A.A. Andersen Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 Pt. 2 1999 415 440
10. K.W. Wucherpfennig, and J.L. Strominger Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein Cell 80 1995 695 705
11. L. Tan, K.B. Gordon, J.P. Mueller, L.A. Matis, and S.D. Miller Presentation of proteolipid protein epitopes and B7-1-dependent activation of encephalitogenic T cells by IFN-gamma-activated SJL/J astrocytes J Immunol 160 1998 4271 4279
12. J.M. Soos, J. Morrow, T.A. Ashley, B.E. Szente, E.K. Bikoff, and S.S. Zamvil Astrocytes express elements of the class II endocytic pathway and process central nervous system autoantigen for presentation to encephalitogenic T cells J Immunol 161 1998 5959 5966
13. L.L. Hua, and S.C. Lee Distinct patterns of stimulus-inducible chemokine mRNA accumulation in human fetal astrocytes and microglia Glia 30 2000 74 81
14. L.M. Boulanger, G.S. Huh, and C.J. Shatz Neuronal plasticity and cellular immunity: shared molecular mechanisms Curr Opin Neurobiol 11 2001 568 578
15. L.M. Boulanger, and C.J. Shatz Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease Nat Rev Neurosci 5 2004 521 531
16. P.A. Carpentier, W.S. Begolka, J.K. Olson, A. Elhofy, W.J. Karpus, and S.D. Miller Differential activation of astrocytes by innate and adaptive immune stimuli Glia 49 2005 360 374
17. S. Meeuwsen, C. Persoon-Deen, M. Bsibsi, R. Ravid, and J.M. Noort Cytokine, chemokine and growth factor gene profiling of cultured human astrocytes after exposure to proinflammatory stimuli Glia 43 2003 243 253
18. J.E. Blalock The immune system our sixth sense The Immunologist 2 1994 8 15
19. R. Wank Rapid responses of lymphocytes in an optimized mixed lymphocyte culture Tissue Antigens 19 1982 329 339
20. U. Dreses-Werringloer, I. Padubrin, H. Zeidler, and L. Kohler Effects of azithromycin and rifampin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection in vitro Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 2001 3001 3008
21. J.E. Levine, and S.Y. Yang SSOP typing of the Tenth International Histocompatibility Workshop reference cell lines for HLA-C alleles Tissue Antigens 44 1994 174 183
22. G. Madico, T.C. Quinn, J. Boman, and C.A. Gaydos Touchdown enzyme time release-PCR for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci using the 16S and 16S-23S spacer rRNA genes J Clin Microbiol 38 2000 1085 1093
23. C.A. Gaydos, L. Palmer, T.C. Quinn, S. Falkow, and J.J. Eiden Phylogenetic relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae to Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis as determined by analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences Int J Syst Bacteriol 43 1993 610 612
24. K.D. Everett, and A.A. Andersen The ribosomal intergenic spacer and domain I of the 23S rRNA gene are phylogenetic markers for Chlamydia spp Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 1997 461 473
25. Pudjiatmoko, H. Fukushi, Y. Ochiai, T. Yamaguchi, and K. Hirai Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Chlamydia based on 16S rRNA gene sequences Int J Syst Bacteriol 47 1997 425 431
26. R. Sessa, M. Di Pietro, and G. Schiavoni Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Italian patients with acute ischaemic heart disease Atherosclerosis 159 2001 521 525
27. T. Takayama, T. Sekine, and M. Makuuchi Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial Lancet 356 2000 802 807
28. P. Saikku, M. Leinonen, and K. Mattila Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infraction Lancet 2 1988 983 986
29. T. Bergan, N.P. Jorgensen, W. Olszewski, and Y. Zhang Azithromycin pharmacokinetics and penetration to lymph Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 83 1992 15 21
30. A. Asaka, Y. Okazaki, I. Namura, T. Juji, M. Miyamoto, and B. Ishikawa Study of HLA antigens among Japanese schizophrenics Br J Psychiatry 138 1981 498 500
31. R.R. Crowe, J.S. Thompson, R. Flink, and B. Weinberger HLA antigens and schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry 36 1979 231 233
32. R.A. Julien, P. Mercier, and P. Chouraqui Schizophrenia and the tissue histocompatibility system. Demonstration of the rise of A9 and CW4 antigens in paranoid schizophrenia Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 2 1977 939 944
33. G. Eberhard, G. Franzen, and B. Low Schizophrenia susceptibility and HL-A antigen Neuropsychobiology 1 1975 211 217
34. A. Grosskopf, N. Muller, A. Malo, and R. Wank Potential role for the narcolepsy- and multiple sclerosis-associated HLA allele DQB1*0602 in schizophrenia subtypes Schizophr Res 30 1998 187 189
35. B. Laumbacher, N. Muller, and B. Bondy Significant frequency deviation of the class I polymorphism HLA-A10 in schizophrenic patients J Med Genet 40 2003 217 219
36. K. Bechter, S. Herzog, H.C. Estler, and R. Schuttler Increased psychiatric comorbidity in Borna disease virus seropositive psychiatric patients Acta Psychiatr Belg 98 1998 190 204
37. R.H. Yolken, and E.F. Torrey Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder Clin Microbiol Rev 8 1995 131 145
38. H. Karlsson, S. Bachmann, J. Schroder, J. McArthur, E.F. Torrey, and R.H. Yolken Retroviral RNA identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 2001 4634 4639
39. M. Besser, and R. Wank Cutting edge: clonally restricted production of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA by human immune cells and Th1/Th2-polarized expression of their receptors J Immunol 162 1999 6303 6306
40. M.G. Netea, C.H. Selzman, and B.J. Kullberg Acellular components of Chlamydia pneumoniae stimulate cytokine production in human blood mononuclear cells Eur J Immunol 30 2000 541 549
41. N. Muller, M. Riedel, C. Blendinger, K. Oberle, E. Jacobs, and M. Abele-Horn Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and Tourette's syndrome Psychiatry Res 129 2004 119 125
42. M.H. Rapaport, and J.B. Lohr Serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptors in neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenic subjects and in medicated schizophrenic subjects with and without tardive dyskinesia Acta Psychiatr Scand 90 1994 311 315
43. J. Licinio, J.P. Seibyl, M. Altemus, D.S. Charney, and J.H. Krystal Elevated CSF levels of interleukin-2 in neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients Am J Psychiatry 150 1993 1408 1410
44. C.G. McAllister, D.P. van Kammen, and T.J. Rehn Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status Am J Psychiatry 152 1995 1291 1297
45. H. Besedovsky, and E. Sorkin Network of immune-neuroendocrine interactions Clin Exp Immunol 27 1977 1 12
46. J. Kipnis, H. Cohen, M. Cardon, Y. Ziv, and M. Schwartz T cell deficiency leads to cognitive dysfunction: implications for therapeutic vaccination for schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2004 8180 8185 Epub 2004 May 12
47. J. Flensmark Is there an association between the use of heeled footwear and schizophrenia? Med Hypotheses 63 2004 740 747