Atomoxetine treatment for nicotine withdrawal: A pilot double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study in adult smokers

Annals of General Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue , 2012, Pages

  Silverstone, Peter H ^a   Dadashova, Rana ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adults; Atomoxetine; Clinical trial; Double blind; Nicotine; Placebo controlled; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ATOMOXETINE; COTININE; NICOTINE; PLACEBO;

ACCIDENT PRONENESS; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDER; APPETITE DISORDER; ARTICLE; BLADDER INFECTION; CHILL; CIGARETTE DEPENDENCE SCALE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CIGARETTE WITHDRAWAL SCALE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMMON COLD; CONCENTRATION LOSS; CONSTIPATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; COTININE SALIVA LEVEL; DIAPHORESIS; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FALLING; FATIGUE; FEMALE; HEADACHE; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LAST OBSERVATION CARRIED FORWARD; MALE; MOOD DISORDER; NAUSEA; NERVOUSNESS; NICOTINE WITHDRAWAL; NORMAL HUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PARESTHESIA; QUESTIONNAIRE; QUESTIONNAIRE OF SMOKING URGES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RATING SCALE; RECKLESSNESS; RESTLESSNESS; SADNESS; SALIVA LEVEL; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT; SINUSITIS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; STOMACH PAIN; TREATMENT DURATION; URINE RETENTION; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 84857975086     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1744859X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1744-859X-11-6     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Rice VH. Monitoring the tobacco epidemic with national, regional, and international databases and systematic reviews: evidence for nursing research and clinical decision making. Ann Rev Nurs Res 2009, 27:91-114.
2. Hammond SK. Global patterns of nicotine and tobacco consumption. Handb Ex Pharmacol 2009, 192:3-28.
3. Benowitz NL. Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: implications for smoking cessation treatment. Am J Med 2008, 121(Suppl 1):S3-10.
4. Picciotto MR, Corrigall WA. Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction: neural circuits and molecular genetics. J Neurosci 2002, 22:3338-3341.
5. Zhao R, Chen H, Sharp BM. Nicotine-induced norepinephrine release in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and amygdala is mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and nitric oxide in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Pharmacol ExpTher 2007, 320:837-844.
6. Wonnacott S, Barik J, Dickinson J, Jones IW. Nicotinic receptors modulate transmitter cross talk in the CNS: nicotinic modulation of transmitters. J Mol Neurosci 2006, 30:137-140. 10.1385/JMN:30:1:137, 17192660.
7. Smith RJ, Aston-Jones G. Noradrenergic transmission in the extended amygdala: role in increased drug-seeking and relapse during protracted drug abstinence. Brain Struct Funct 2008, 213:43-61. 10.1007/s00429-008-0191-3, 18651175.
8. Berridge CW, Stratford TL, Foote SL, Kelley AE. Distribution of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactive fibers within the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens. Synapse 1997, 27:230-241. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199711)27:3<230::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-E, 9329158.
9. Wise RA. Drug-activation of brain reward pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998, 51:13-22. 10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00063-5, 9716927.
10. Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD. The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res 2003, 42:33-84.
11. Grenhoff J, Nisell M, Ferre S, Aston-Jones G, Svensson TH. Noradrenergic modulation of midbrain dopamine cell firing elicited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat. J Neural Transmiss 1993, 93:11-25.
12. Weinshenker D, Schroeder JP. There and back again: a tale of norepinephrine and drug addiction. Neuropsychopharmacol 2007, 32:1433-1451.
13. Carrozzi L, Pistelli F, Viegi G. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Ther Advan Resp Dis 2008, 2:301-317.
14. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007, 1:CD000031.
15. Garnock-Jones KP, Keating GM. Atomoxetine: a review of its use in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Paed Drugs 2009, 11:203-226.
16. Ray R, Rukstalis M, Jepson C, Strasser A, Patterson F, Lynch K, Lerman C. Effects of atomoxetine on subjective and neurocognitive symptoms of nicotine abstinence. J Psychopharmacol 2009, 23:68-176.
17. Chamberlain SR, Del Campo N, Dowson J, Müller U, Clark L, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Atomoxetine improved response inhibition in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiat 2007, 62:977-984. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.003, 17644072.
18. de Jong CG, Van De Voorde S, Roeyers H, Raymaekers R, Allen AJ, Knijff S. Differential effects of atomoxetine on executive functioning and lexical decision in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder. J Child Adol Psychopharmacol 2009, 19:699-707.
19. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, Michelson D, Adler L, Reimherr F. Atomoxetine and stroop task performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adol Psychopharmacol 2005, 15:664-670.
20. Wong DT, Threlkeld PG, Best KL, Bymaster FP. A new inhibitor of norepinephrine uptake devoid of affinity for receptors in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982, 222:61-65.
21. Gehlert DR, Gackenheimer SL, Robertson DW. Localization of rat brain binding sites for [3H]tomoxetine, an enantiomerically pure ligand for norepinephrine reuptake sites. Neurosci Lett 1993, 157:203-206. 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90737-6, 8233054.
22. Sauer JM, Ring BJ, Witcher JW. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005, 44:571-590. 10.2165/00003088-200544060-00002, 15910008.
23. Swanson CJ, Perry KW, Koch-Krueger S, Katner J, Svensson KA, Bymaster FP. Effect of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder drug atomoxetine on extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine in several brain regions of the rat. Neuropharmacology 2006, 50:755-760. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.11.022, 16427661.
24. Koda K, Ago Y, Cong Y, Kita Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T. Effects of acute and chronic administration of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on extracellular levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of mice. J Neurochem 2010, 114:259-270.
25. Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Threlkeld PG, Heiligenstein JH, Morin SM, Gehlert DR, Perry KW. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol 2002, 27:699-711.
26. Gehricke JG, Hong N, Wigal TL, Chan V, Doan A. ADHD medication reduces cotinine levels and withdrawal in smokers with ADHD. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011, 98:485-491. 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.021, 21356232.
27. Sacco KA, Creeden C, Reutenauer EL, Vessicchio JC, Weinberger AH, George TP. Effects of atomoxetine on cognitive function and cigarette smoking in schizophrenia. Schizophren Res 2009, 107:332-333.
28. Japuntich SJ, Piper ME, Leventhal AM, Bolt DM, Baker TB. The effect of five smoking cessation pharmacotherapies on smoking cessation milestones. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011, 79:34-42. 3058596, 21261432.
29. Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, Anziano R, Reeves K. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:1571-1577. 10.1001/archinte.166.15.1571, 16908789.
30. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, Billing CB, Gong J, Reeves KR, . Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 296:56-63. 10.1001/jama.296.1.56, 16820547, Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group.
31. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, Watsky EJ, Gong J, Williams KE, Reeves KR, . Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 296:47-55. 10.1001/jama.296.1.47, 16820546, Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group.
32. Walker N, Howe C, Bullen C, McRobbie H, Glover M, Parag V, Williman J, Veale R, Nosa V, Barnes J. Study protocol for a non-inferiority trial of cytisine versus nicotine replacement therapy in people motivated to stop smoking. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:880. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-880, 3234196, 22104038.
33. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, Fourth, American Psychiatric Association.
34. Reid JL, Hammond D, Driezen P. Socioeconomic status and smoking in Canada, 1999-2006: has there been any progress on disparities in tobacco use?. Can J Public Health 2010, 101:73-78.
35. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59(Suppl 20):22-33.
36. Etter JF, Le Houezec J, Perneger TV. A self-administered questionnaire to measure dependence on cigarettes: the cigarette dependence scale. Neuropsychopharmacol 2003, 28:359-370.
37. Etter JF, Le Houezec J, Huguelet P, Etter M. Testing the cigarette dependence scale in 4 samples of daily smokers: psychiatric clinics, smoking cessation clinics, a smoking cessation website and in the general population. Addict Behav 2009, 34:446-450. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.002, 19157716.
38. Etter JF, Hughes JR. A comparison of the psychometric properties of three cigarette withdrawal scales. Addiction 2006, 101:362-372. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01289.x, 16499509.
39. Etter JF. A self-administered questionnaire to measure cigarette withdrawal symptoms: the cigarette withdrawal scale. Nicotine Tob Res 2005, 7:47-57. 10.1080/14622200412331328501, 15804677.
40. Cox LS, Tiffany ST, Christen AG. Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings. Nicotine Tob Res 2001, 3:7-16.
41. Toll BA, Katulak NA, McKee SA. Investigating the factor structure of the questionnaire on smoking urges-brief (QSU-brief). Addict Behav 2006, 31:1231-1239. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.09.008, 2527734, 16226843.
42. Toll BA, McKee SA, Krishnan-Sarin S, O'Malley SS. Revisiting the factor structure of the questionnaire on smoking urges. Psycholog Assess 2004, 16:391-395.
43. Velicer WF, Prochaska JO, Rossi JS, Snow MG. Assessing outcome in smoking cessation studies. Psychol Bull 1992, 111:23-41.
44. Stevens KR, Munoz LR. Cigarette smoking: evidence to guide measurement. Res Nurs Health 2004, 27:281-292. 10.1002/nur.20024, 15264266.
45. Gorber SC, Schofield-Hurwitz S, Hardt J, Levasseur G, Tremblay M. The accuracy of self-reported smoking: a systematic review of the relationship between self-reported and cotinine-assessed smoking status. Nicotine Tob Res 2009, 11:12-24. 10.1093/ntr/ntn010, 19246437.
46. Paek YJ, Kang JB, Myung SK, Lee DH, Seong MW, Seo HG, Cho JJ, Song HJ, Park KH, Kim CH, Ko JA. Self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers. Yonsei Med J 2009, 50:345-51. 10.3349/ymj.2009.50.3.345, 2703756, 19568595.
47. Hukkanen J, Jacob P, Benowitz NL. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol Rev 2005, 57:79-115. 10.1124/pr.57.1.3, 15734728.
48. Benowitz NL, Schultz KE, Haller CA, Wu AH, Dains KM, Jacob P. Prevalence of smoking assessed biochemically in an urban public hospital: a rationale for routine cotinine screening. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 170:885-891. 10.1093/aje/kwp215, 2765360, 19713287.
49. Etzel RA. A review of the use of saliva cotinine as a marker of tobacco smoke exposure. Prevent Med 1990, 19:190-197.
50. Binnie V, McHugh S, Macpherson L, Borland B, Moir K, Malik K. The validation of self-reported smoking status by analysing cotinine levels in stimulated and unstimulated saliva, serum and urine. Oral Dis 2004, 10:287-293. 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01018.x, 15315646.
51. Vine MF, Hulka BS, Margolin BH, Truong YK, Hu PC, Schramm MM, Griffith JD, McCann M, Everson RB. Cotinine concentrations in semen, urine, and blood of smokers and nonsmokers. Am J Public Health 1993, 83:1335-1338. 10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1335, 1694994, 8363014.
52. Jenkins RA, Counts RW. Personal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: salivary cotinine, airborne nicotine, and nonsmoker misclassification. J Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 1999, 9:352-363.
53. Dhar P. Measuring tobacco smoke exposure: quantifying nicotine/cotinine concentration in biological samples by colorimetry, chromatography and immunoassay methods. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 2004, 35:155-168.
54. Montalto NJ, Wells WO. Validation of self-reported smoking status using saliva cotinine: a rapid semiquantitative dipstick method. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2007, 16:1858-1862.
55. Kohler E, Avenarius S, Rabsilber A, Gerloff C, Jorch G. Nicotine and its metabolites in amniotic fluid at birth-assessment of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure. Human Exper Toxicol 2010, 29:385-391.
56. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr FW, West SA, Allen AJ, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Dietrich A, Milton D. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiat 2003, 53:112-120. 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01671-2, 12547466.
57. McElroy SL, Guerdjikova A, Kotwal R, Welge JA, Nelson EB, Lake KA, Keck PE, Hudson JI. Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiat 2007, 68:390-398.
58. Gadde KM, Yonish GM, Wagner HR, Foust MS, Allison DB. Atomoxetine for weight reduction in obese women: a preliminary randomised controlled trial. Int J Obesity 2006, 30:1138-1142.
59. Adler LA, Spencer TJ, Levine LR, Ramsey JL, Tamura R, Kelsey D, Ball SG, Allen AJ, Biederman J. Functional outcomes in the treatment of adults with ADHD. J Attention Disord 2008, 11:720-727.
60. Adler LA, Spencer T, Brown TE, Holdnack J, Saylor K, Schuh K, Trzepacz PT, Williams DW, Kelsey D. Once-daily atomoxetine for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-month double-blind trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009, 29:44-50. 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318192e4a0, 19142107.
61. Adler LA. Non-stimulant trials of adult ADHD. CNS Spectr 2007, 12(Suppl 6):11-13.
62. Adler LA, Liebowitz M, Kronenberger W, Qiao M, Rubin R, Hollandbeck M, Deldar A, Schuh K, Durrell T. Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2009, >26:212-221.