메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 63-86

Biased sex ratios in plants: Theory and trends

Author keywords

Dioecy; Sex ratio

Indexed keywords

HEXAPODA;

EID: 84857909936     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12229-011-9065-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 0033835422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boys and girls come out to play: The molecular biology of dioecious plants
    • Ainsworth, C. 2000. Boys and girls come out to play: The molecular biology of dioecious plants. Annals of Botany 86: 211-221.
    • (2000) Annals of Botany , vol.86 , pp. 211-221
    • Ainsworth, C.1
  • 2
    • 0027428207 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio variation in the dioecious shrub Oemleria Cerasiformis
    • Allen, Ga. J. A. A. 1993. Sex ratio variation in the dioecious shrub Oemleria Cerasiformis. The American Naturalist 141: 17.
    • (1993) The American Naturalist , vol.141 , pp. 17
    • Allen, G.1
  • 3
    • 0025596718 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of reproductive effort in the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis using nitrogen, energy and biomass as currencies
    • Antos, J. A. & G. A. Allen. 1990. A comparison of reproductive effort in the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis using nitrogen, energy and biomass as currencies. American Midland Naturalist 124: 9.
    • (1990) American Midland Naturalist , vol.124 , pp. 9
    • Antos, J.A.1    Allen, G.A.2
  • 4
    • 0024928456 scopus 로고
    • Flowering, sex ratios, pollen-ovule ratios, fruit set, and reproductive effort of a dioecious tree, Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), in two different rain forest communities
    • Armstrong, J. E. & A. K. Irvine. 1989. Flowering, sex ratios, pollen-ovule ratios, fruit set, and reproductive effort of a dioecious tree, Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), in two different rain forest communities. American Journal of Botany 76: 12.
    • (1989) American Journal of Botany , vol.76 , pp. 12
    • Armstrong, J.E.1    Irvine, A.K.2
  • 5
    • 0028251873 scopus 로고
    • Offspring sex ratio in relation to female size in southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina
    • Arnbom, T., M. A. Fedak & P. Rothery. 1994. Offspring sex ratio in relation to female size in southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 35: 6.
    • (1994) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.35 , pp. 6
    • Arnbom, T.1    Fedak, M.A.2    Rothery, P.3
  • 6
    • 0028161529 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic perspective on the physiological cost of reproduction in plants
    • Ashman, T. L. 1994. A dynamic perspective on the physiological cost of reproduction in plants. The American Naturalist 144: 17.
    • (1994) The American Naturalist , vol.144 , pp. 17
    • Ashman, T.L.1
  • 7
    • 0020918823 scopus 로고
    • Wind dispersal of fruits with variable seed number in a tropical tree (Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus: Leguminosae)
    • Augspurger, C. K. & K. P. Hogan. 1983. Wind dispersal of fruits with variable seed number in a tropical tree (Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus: Leguminosae). Botanical Journal of Botany 70: 7.
    • (1983) Botanical Journal of Botany , vol.70 , pp. 7
    • Augspurger, C.K.1    Hogan, K.P.2
  • 8
    • 14844344196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offspring sex ratio under inbreeding and outbreeding in a gynodioecious plant
    • Bailey, M. F. & D. E. McCauley. 2005. Offspring sex ratio under inbreeding and outbreeding in a gynodioecious plant. Evolution 59: 9.
    • (2005) Evolution , vol.59 , pp. 9
    • Bailey, M.F.1    McCauley, D.E.2
  • 9
    • 0017199026 scopus 로고
    • Translocation heterozygosity and sex ratio in Viscum fischeri
    • Barlow, B. A. & D. Wiens. 1976. Translocation heterozygosity and sex ratio in Viscum fischeri. Heredity 37: 27-40.
    • (1976) Heredity , vol.37 , pp. 27-40
    • Barlow, B.A.1    Wiens, D.2
  • 11
    • 84857899174 scopus 로고
    • Seed dimorphism and germination behaviour in Salicornia patula
    • Berger, A. 1985. Seed dimorphism and germination behaviour in Salicornia patula. Plant Ecology 61: 7.
    • (1985) Plant Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 7
    • Berger, A.1
  • 13
    • 0027132638 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pollen vector and plant geometry on floral sex ratio in monoecious plants
    • Bickel AaDCF. 1993. Effects of pollen vector and plant geometry on floral sex ratio in monoecious plants. American Midland Naturalist 130: 9.
    • (1993) American Midland Naturalist , vol.130 , pp. 9
    • Bickel, A.D.F.1
  • 14
    • 0024234220 scopus 로고
    • Spatial segregation of the sexes of dioecious plants
    • Bierzychudek, P. & V. Eckhart. 1988. Spatial segregation of the sexes of dioecious plants. The American Naturalist 132: 34.
    • (1988) The American Naturalist , vol.132 , pp. 34
    • Bierzychudek, P.1    Eckhart, V.2
  • 15
    • 36348936809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of pollen and seed dispersal in a small, fragmented population of the wind-pollinated tree Araucaria angustifolia in southern Brazil
    • Bittencourt, J. V. M. & A. M. Sebbenn. 2007. Patterns of pollen and seed dispersal in a small, fragmented population of the wind-pollinated tree Araucaria angustifolia in southern Brazil. Heredity 99: 580-591.
    • (2007) Heredity , vol.99 , pp. 580-591
    • Bittencourt, J.V.M.1    Sebbenn, A.M.2
  • 16
    • 2642641981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs
    • Cain, M. L., H. Damman & A. Muir. 1998. Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecological Monographs 63: 27.
    • (1998) Ecological Monographs , vol.63 , pp. 27
    • Cain, M.L.1    Damman, H.2    Muir, A.3
  • 17
    • 0023556169 scopus 로고
    • The effect of investment in attractive structures on allocation to male and female functions in plants
    • Charlesworth, B. & D. Charlesworth. 1987a. The effect of investment in attractive structures on allocation to male and female functions in plants. Evolution 41: 21.
    • (1987) Evolution , vol.41 , pp. 21
    • Charlesworth, B.1    Charlesworth, D.2
  • 19
    • 23644455954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes
    • ---, ---, Marais G. 2005. Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Heredity 95: 118-128.
    • (2005) Heredity , vol.95 , pp. 118-128
    • Charlesworth, D.1    Charlesworth, B.2    Marais, G.3
  • 22
    • 0017347909 scopus 로고
    • When is sex environmentally determined?
    • Charnov, E. L. & J. Bull. 1977. When is sex environmentally determined? Nature 266: 828-830.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.266 , pp. 828-830
    • Charnov, E.L.1    Bull, J.2
  • 23
    • 26044438156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative seed shadows of bird-, monkey-, and wind-dispersed trees
    • Clark, C. J., J. R. Poulsen, B. M. Bolker, E. F. Connor & V. T. Parker. 2005. Comparative seed shadows of bird-, monkey-, and wind-dispersed trees. Ecology 86: 11.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 11
    • Clark, C.J.1    Poulsen, J.R.2    Bolker, B.M.3    Connor, E.F.4    Parker, V.T.5
  • 24
    • 84932810987 scopus 로고
    • Aberrant sex ratios in Joyoba associated with environmental factors
    • Cole, S. 1979. Aberrant sex ratios in Joyoba associated with environmental factors. Desert Plants 1: 4.
    • (1979) Desert Plants , vol.1 , pp. 4
    • Cole, S.1
  • 26
    • 84857907839 scopus 로고
    • Note on the distribution of sexes in Myrica gale
    • Davey AaCG. 1917. Note on the distribution of sexes in Myrica gale. New Phytologist 16: 6.
    • (1917) New Phytologist , vol.16 , pp. 6
    • Davey, A.C.G.1
  • 27
    • 0027527996 scopus 로고
    • Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in Boxelder
    • Dawson TE. 1993. Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in Boxelder, Acer Negundo. Ecology.
    • (1993) Acer Negundo. Ecology
    • Dawson, T.E.1
  • 28
    • 0024931019 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of water use and the tissue water relations in the dioecious shrub, Salix arctica: The physiological basis for habitat partitioning between the sexes
    • Dawson T.E., Bliss L. 1989. Patterns of water use and the tissue water relations in the dioecious shrub, Salix arctica: The physiological basis for habitat partitioning between the sexes. Oecologia 79: 12.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.79 , pp. 12
    • Dawson, T.E.1    Bliss, L.2
  • 29
    • 0036093285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed sex ratio in dioecious plants depends on relative dispersal of pollen and seeds: an example using a chessboard simulation model
    • De Jong, T., F. V. Batenburg & J. V. Dijk. 2002. Seed sex ratio in dioecious plants depends on relative dispersal of pollen and seeds: an example using a chessboard simulation model. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15: 7.
    • (2002) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.15 , pp. 7
    • de Jong, T.1    Batenburg, F.V.2    Dijk, J.V.3
  • 30
    • 0025594379 scopus 로고
    • Sex-differential resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub hebe subalpina
    • Delph, L. F. 1990. Sex-differential resource allocation patterns in the subdioecious shrub hebe subalpina. Ecology 71: 1342-1351.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1342-1351
    • Delph, L.F.1
  • 31
    • 0037350987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen dispersal of tropical trees (Dinizia excelsa: Fabaceae) by native insects and African honeybees in pristine and fragmented Amazonian rainforest
    • Dick, C., G. Etchelecu & F. Austerlitz. 2003. Pollen dispersal of tropical trees (Dinizia excelsa: Fabaceae) by native insects and African honeybees in pristine and fragmented Amazonian rainforest. Molecular Ecology 12: 11.
    • (2003) Molecular Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 11
    • Dick, C.1    Etchelecu, G.2    Austerlitz, F.3
  • 32
    • 0002430297 scopus 로고
    • Pollination and variation in the subtribe Catasetinae (Orchidaceae)
    • Dodson, C. 1962. Pollination and variation in the subtribe Catasetinae (Orchidaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 49: 23.
    • (1962) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.49 , pp. 23
    • Dodson, C.1
  • 33
    • 0034914963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-specific selection during early life history stages in the dioecious grass Distichlis spicata
    • Eppley, S. M. 2001. Gender-specific selection during early life history stages in the dioecious grass Distichlis spicata. Ecology 82: 2022-2031.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2022-2031
    • Eppley, S.M.1
  • 35
    • 0020450823 scopus 로고
    • Notes: A comparison of twig water stress between males and females of six species of desert shrubs
    • Freeman DC, McArthur ED. 1982. Notes: A comparison of twig water stress between males and females of six species of desert shrubs. Forest Science 28: 5.
    • (1982) Forest Science , vol.28 , pp. 5
    • Freeman, D.C.1    McArthur, E.D.2
  • 36
    • 0001325012 scopus 로고
    • The relative influences of mortality, nonflowering, and sex change on the sex ratios of six atriplex species
    • Freeman D.C., Mcarthur E.D. 1984. The relative influences of mortality, nonflowering, and sex change on the sex ratios of six atriplex species. Botanical Gazette 145: 10.
    • (1984) Botanical Gazette , vol.145 , pp. 10
    • Freeman, D.C.1    McArthur, E.D.2
  • 37
    • 0022178035 scopus 로고
    • The influence of environment on the sex ratio and fitness of spinach
    • ---, Vitale J. 1985. The influence of environment on the sex ratio and fitness of spinach. Botanical Gazette 146: 6.
    • (1985) Botanical Gazette , vol.146 , pp. 6
    • Freeman, D.C.1    Vitale, J.2
  • 38
    • 0001413123 scopus 로고
    • Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants
    • ---, Klikoff LG, Harper KT. 1976. Differential Resource Utilization by the Sexes of Dioecious Plants. Science 193: 597-599.
    • (1976) Science , vol.193 , pp. 597-599
    • Freeman, D.C.1    Klikoff, L.G.2    Harper, K.T.3
  • 39
    • 34250259890 scopus 로고
    • Sex change in plants: old and new observations and new hypotheses
    • ---, Harper KT, Charnov EL. 1980. Sex change in plants: Old and new observations and new hypotheses. Oecologia 47: 11.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.47 , pp. 11
    • Freeman, D.C.1    Harper, K.T.2    Charnov, E.L.3
  • 40
    • 0021551117 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive significance of sexual lability in plants using atriplex canescens as a principal example
    • Freeman D.C., McArthur ED, Harper KT. 1984. The adaptive significance of sexual lability in plants using atriplex canescens as a principal example. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 13.
    • (1984) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.71 , pp. 13
    • Freeman, D.C.1    McArthur, E.D.2    Harper, K.T.3
  • 42
    • 0000487461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterocarpy in Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): The effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs
    • Gardocki ME. 2000. Heterocarpy in Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): The effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs. Evolutionary Ecology Research.
    • (2000) Evolutionary Ecology Research
    • Gardocki, M.E.1
  • 43
    • 0014523554 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals
    • Ghiselin, M. T. 1969. The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. The Quarterly Review of Biology 44: 189.
    • (1969) The Quarterly Review of Biology , vol.44 , pp. 189
    • Ghiselin, M.T.1
  • 44
    • 0001442773 scopus 로고
    • Elevational gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth rates of Populus tremuloides Michx
    • Grant MaJM. 1979. Elevational gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth rates of Populus tremuloides Michx. Evolution 33: 5.
    • (1979) Evolution , vol.33 , pp. 5
    • Grant, M.J.M.1
  • 45
    • 0028352056 scopus 로고
    • Genetics of sex determination in flowering plants
    • Grant, S., et al. 1994. Genetics of sex determination in flowering plants. Developmental Genetics 15: 214-230.
    • (1994) Developmental Genetics , vol.15 , pp. 214-230
    • Grant, S.1
  • 46
    • 0001391590 scopus 로고
    • The effect of light intensity on sex expression in species of Cycnoches and Catasetum
    • Gregg, K. 1975. The effect of light intensity on sex expression in species of Cycnoches and Catasetum. Selbyana 1: 13.
    • (1975) Selbyana , vol.1 , pp. 13
    • Gregg, K.1
  • 47
    • 0000301046 scopus 로고
    • Differences in biomass allocation to reproductive and vegetative structures of male and female plants of a dioecious, perennial herb, Silene alba (Miller) Krause
    • Gross, K. L. & J. D. Soule. 1981. Differences in biomass allocation to reproductive and vegetative structures of male and female plants of a dioecious, perennial herb, Silene alba (Miller) Krause. American Journal of Botany 68: 7.
    • (1981) American Journal of Botany , vol.68 , pp. 7
    • Gross, K.L.1    Soule, J.D.2
  • 49
    • 0024179790 scopus 로고
    • Demographic cost of reproduction in a neotropical herb: An experimental field study
    • Horvitz, C. C. & D. W. Schemske. 1988. Demographic cost of reproduction in a neotropical herb: An experimental field study. Ecology 69: 1741-1745.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1741-1745
    • Horvitz, C.C.1    Schemske, D.W.2
  • 50
    • 0029666863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants
    • Husband BaD & D. W. Schemske. 1996. Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50: 17.
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 17
    • Husband, B.D.1    Schemske, D.W.2
  • 51
    • 0000425792 scopus 로고
    • Euglossine bees as long-distance pollinators of tropical plants
    • Janzen, D. H. 1971. Euglossine bees as long-distance pollinators of tropical plants. Science 171: 203-205.
    • (1971) Science , vol.171 , pp. 203-205
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 54
    • 0027086773 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of resource allocation in male and female plants of Rumex acetosa and R. actosella
    • Korpelainen H. 1992. Patterns of resource allocation in male and female plants of Rumex acetosa and R. actosella. Oecologia.
    • (1992) Oecologia
    • Korpelainen, H.1
  • 55
    • 0027798890 scopus 로고
    • Phenological differentiation between the populations and sexes in the perennial species Rumex acetosa
    • Korpelainen H. 1993. Phenological differentiation between the populations and sexes in the perennial species Rumex acetosa. Oecologica 14: 11.
    • (1993) Oecologica , vol.14 , pp. 11
    • Korpelainen, H.1
  • 56
    • 0031944473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Labile sex expression in plants
    • ---. 1998. Labile sex expression in plants. Biological Reviews 73: 157-180.
    • (1998) Biological Reviews , vol.73 , pp. 157-180
    • Korpelainen, H.1
  • 57
    • 0031841032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pollen-dispersal experiment with transgenic oilseed rape. Estimation of the average pollen dispersal of an individual plant within a field
    • Lavigne, C., E. K. Klein, P. Vallée, J. Pierre, B. Godelle & M. Godelle. 1998. A pollen-dispersal experiment with transgenic oilseed rape. Estimation of the average pollen dispersal of an individual plant within a field. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 96: 886-896.
    • (1998) TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics , vol.96 , pp. 886-896
    • Lavigne, C.1    Klein, E.K.2    Vallée, P.3    Pierre, J.4    Godelle, B.5    Godelle, M.6
  • 58
    • 0017186977 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio, sex change, and natural selection
    • Leigh, E. G. J., E. L. Charnov & R. R. Warner. 1976. Sex ratio, sex change, and natural selection. PNAS 73: 5.
    • (1976) Pnas , vol.73 , pp. 5
    • Leigh, E.G.J.1    Charnov, E.L.2    Warner, R.R.3
  • 60
    • 9144264159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution
    • Liu, Z., et al. 2004. A primitive Y chromosome in papaya marks incipient sex chromosome evolution. Nature 427: 348-352.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.427 , pp. 348-352
    • Liu, Z.1
  • 61
    • 84857904656 scopus 로고
    • Secondary sex characteristics in plants
    • Lloyd DGaCJW. 1977. Secondary sex characteristics in plants. Botanical Review 43: 40.
    • (1977) Botanical Review , vol.43 , pp. 40
    • Lloyd, D.G.C.J.W.1
  • 62
    • 0020457762 scopus 로고
    • Sex and gender dynamics in Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema Triphyllum (Araceae)
    • Lovett Doust, J. & P. B. Cavers. 1982. Sex and gender dynamics in Jack-in-the-Pulpit, Arisaema Triphyllum (Araceae). Ecology 63: 797-808.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 797-808
    • Lovett Doust, J.1    Cavers, P.B.2
  • 64
    • 84970053877 scopus 로고
    • Environmentally induced changes of sex expression in Atriplex canescens
    • McArthur, E. D. 1977. Environmentally induced changes of sex expression in Atriplex canescens. Heredity 38: 6.
    • (1977) Heredity , vol.38 , pp. 6
    • McArthur, E.D.1
  • 65
    • 0020428505 scopus 로고
    • Sex expression in atriplex canescens: genetics and environment
    • ---, Freeman DC. 1982. Sex expression in atriplex canescens: genetics and environment. Botanical Gazette 143: 7.
    • (1982) Botanical Gazette , vol.143 , pp. 7
    • McArthur, E.D.1    Freeman, D.C.2
  • 66
    • 0027088172 scopus 로고
    • Are trioecy and sexual lability in atriplex canescens genetically based?: Evidence from clonal studies
    • McArthur E.D., Freeman D.C., Luckinbill LS, Sanderson SC, Noller GL. 1992. Are trioecy and sexual lability in atriplex canescens genetically based?: Evidence from clonal studies. Evolution 46: 14.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 14
    • McArthur, E.D.1    Freeman, D.C.2    Luckinbill, L.S.3    Sanderson, S.C.4    Noller, G.L.5
  • 67
    • 0027026936 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio from germination through maturity and its reproductive consequences in the liverwort Sphaerocarpos texanus
    • McLetchie, D. N. 1992. Sex ratio from germination through maturity and its reproductive consequences in the liverwort Sphaerocarpos texanus. Oecologia 92: 6.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.92 , pp. 6
    • McLetchie, D.N.1
  • 68
    • 0001386554 scopus 로고
    • The population biology of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious lily I, spatial distributions of males and females
    • Meagher, T. R. 1980. The population biology of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious lily I, spatial distributions of males and females. Evolution 34: 11.
    • (1980) Evolution , vol.34 , pp. 11
    • Meagher, T.R.1
  • 69
    • 0001679218 scopus 로고
    • Population biology of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious lily. II. Mechanisms governing sex ratios
    • ---. 1981. Population biology of Chamaelirium luteum, a dioecious lily. II. Mechanisms governing sex ratios. Evolution 35: 11.
    • (1981) Evolution , vol.35 , pp. 11
    • Meagher, T.1
  • 70
    • 0002646623 scopus 로고
    • Sex determination in plants
    • J. L. Doust and L. L. Doust (Eds.), New York: Oxford University Press
    • ---. 1988. Sex determination in plants. In: Plant reproductive ecology patterns and strategies--Doust JL, Doust LL, eds. (New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1988) Plant Reproductive Ecology Patterns and Strategies
    • Meagher, T.1
  • 71
    • 34547819153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking the evolution of gender variation to floral development
    • ---. 2007. Linking the evolution of gender variation to floral development. Annals of Botany 100: 12.
    • (2007) Annals of Botany , vol.100 , pp. 12
    • Meagher, T.R.1
  • 72
    • 0000610536 scopus 로고
    • The aerodynamics of wind pollination
    • Nicklas, K. 1985. The aerodynamics of wind pollination. The Botanical Review 51: 59.
    • (1985) The Botanical Review , vol.51 , pp. 59
    • Nicklas, K.1
  • 73
    • 0031831697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio variation and spatial distribution of Siparuna grandiflora, a tropical dioecious shrub
    • Nicotra, A. B. 1998. Sex ratio variation and spatial distribution of Siparuna grandiflora, a tropical dioecious shrub. Oecologia 115: 11.
    • (1998) Oecologia , vol.115 , pp. 11
    • Nicotra, A.B.1
  • 74
    • 0036720928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The costs of reproduction in plants
    • Obeso, J. R. 2002. The costs of reproduction in plants. New Phytologist 155: 321-348.
    • (2002) New Phytologist , vol.155 , pp. 321-348
    • Obeso, J.R.1
  • 75
    • 0031029864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed genetic and environmental sex determination in an androdioecious population of Mercurialis annua
    • Pannell, J. 1997. Mixed genetic and environmental sex determination in an androdioecious population of Mercurialis annua. Heredity 78: 50-56.
    • (1997) Heredity , vol.78 , pp. 50-56
    • Pannell, J.1
  • 77
    • 0027331274 scopus 로고
    • Parental effects on progeny sex ratio, emergence, and flowering in Silene Latifolia (Caryophyllaceae)
    • Purrington, C. B. 1993. Parental effects on progeny sex ratio, emergence, and flowering in Silene Latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Journal of Ecology 81: 807-811.
    • (1993) Journal of Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 807-811
    • Purrington, C.B.1
  • 78
    • 38449085298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood and community interactions determine the spatial pattern of tropical tree seedling survival
    • Queenborough, S. A., D. F. R. P. Burslem, N. C. Garwood & R. Valencia. 2007. Neighborhood and community interactions determine the spatial pattern of tropical tree seedling survival. Ecology 88: 2248-2258.
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 2248-2258
    • Queenborough, S.A.1    Burslem, D.F.R.P.2    Garwood, N.C.3    Valencia, R.4
  • 79
    • 45949105636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carry-over of differential salt tolerance in plants grown from dimorphic seeds of suaeda splendens
    • Redondo-Gomez, S., E. Mateos-Naranjo, J. Cambrolle, T. Luque, M. E. Figueroa & A. J. Davy. 2008. Carry-over of differential salt tolerance in plants grown from dimorphic seeds of suaeda splendens. Ann Bot 102: 103-112.
    • (2008) Ann Bot , vol.102 , pp. 103-112
    • Redondo-Gomez, S.1    Mateos-Naranjo, E.2    Cambrolle, J.3    Luque, T.4    Figueroa, M.E.5    Davy, A.J.6
  • 80
    • 0001215980 scopus 로고
    • Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants
    • Renner, S. & R. Ricklefs. 1995. Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. American Journal of Botany 82: 10.
    • (1995) American Journal of Botany , vol.82 , pp. 10
    • Renner, S.1    Ricklefs, R.2
  • 81
    • 0022233271 scopus 로고
    • Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence
    • Reznick, D. 1985. Costs of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44: 11.
    • (1985) Oikos , vol.44 , pp. 11
    • Reznick, D.1
  • 82
    • 0039729610 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the sex and age of Potentilla fruticosa L. in upper Teasdale
    • Richards, A. 1975. Notes on the sex and age of Potentilla fruticosa L. in upper Teasdale. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northhumbria 42: 7.
    • (1975) Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northhumbria , vol.42 , pp. 7
    • Richards, A.1
  • 83
    • 11144279492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of Pinus sylvestris L. revealed by total-exclusion paternity analysis
    • Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J. & L. Gil. 2004. Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of Pinus sylvestris L. revealed by total-exclusion paternity analysis. Heredity 94: 13-22.
    • (2004) Heredity , vol.94 , pp. 13-22
    • Robledo-Arnuncio, J.J.1    Gil, L.2
  • 85
    • 0001408967 scopus 로고
    • The selective significance of the sex ratio
    • Shaw, R. F. & J. D. Mohler. 1953. The selective significance of the sex ratio. The American Naturalist 87: 337.
    • (1953) The American Naturalist , vol.87 , pp. 337
    • Shaw, R.F.1    Mohler, J.D.2
  • 86
    • 0006552843 scopus 로고
    • Energy distribution in reproductive structures of amaryllis
    • Smith, C. A. & W. E. Evenson. 1978. Energy distribution in reproductive structures of amaryllis. American Journal of Botany 65: 3.
    • (1978) American Journal of Botany , vol.65 , pp. 3
    • Smith, C.A.1    Evenson, W.E.2
  • 87
    • 0036715246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone?
    • Sork, V. L., et al. 2002. Pollen movement in declining populations of California Valley oak, Quercus lobata: Where have all the fathers gone? Molecular Ecology 11: 1657-1668.
    • (2002) Molecular Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 1657-1668
    • Sork, V.L.1
  • 91
    • 0032882654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen performance and sex-ratio evolution in a dioecious plant
    • Taylor, D. R., M. J. Saur & E. Adams. 1999. Pollen performance and sex-ratio evolution in a dioecious plant. Evolution 53: 9.
    • (1999) Evolution , vol.53 , pp. 9
    • Taylor, D.R.1    Saur, M.J.2    Adams, E.3
  • 92
    • 0024871104 scopus 로고
    • The seed dimorphism of Spergularia marina in relation to dispersal by wind and water
    • Telenius, A. & P. Torstensson. 1988. The seed dimorphism of Spergularia marina in relation to dispersal by wind and water. Oecologia 80: 5.
    • (1988) Oecologia , vol.80 , pp. 5
    • Telenius, A.1    Torstensson, P.2
  • 93
    • 0006123333 scopus 로고
    • Variations in physiological metabolites and chlorophyll in sexual phenotypes of 'Rincon' fourwing saltbrush
    • Tiedemann, A. R., E. D. McArthur & D. C. Freeman. 1987. Variations in physiological metabolites and chlorophyll in sexual phenotypes of 'Rincon' fourwing saltbrush. Journal of Range Management 40: 5.
    • (1987) Journal of Range Management , vol.40 , pp. 5
    • Tiedemann, A.R.1    McArthur, E.D.2    Freeman, D.C.3
  • 94
    • 84857898768 scopus 로고
    • Leptokurtic pollen-flow, non-leptokurtic gene-flow in a wind-pollinated herb
    • Tonsor, S. 1985. Leptokurtic pollen-flow, non-leptokurtic gene-flow in a wind-pollinated herb. Oecologia 67: 5.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.67 , pp. 5
    • Tonsor, S.1
  • 95
    • 0015914379 scopus 로고
    • Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring
    • Trivers, R. L. & D. E. Willard. 1973. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179: 90-92.
    • (1973) Science , vol.179 , pp. 90-92
    • Trivers, R.L.1    Willard, D.E.2
  • 96
    • 0006992725 scopus 로고
    • La proportion des sexes chez Asparagus acutifolius
    • Vernet, P. 1971. La proportion des sexes chez Asparagus acutifolius. L. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 118: 14.
    • (1971) L. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. , vol.118 , pp. 14
    • Vernet, P.1
  • 97
    • 0001288695 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of biomass allocation in Spinacia oleraceae (Chenopodiaceae) across a salinity gradient: Evidence for a niche separation
    • Vitale, J. J., D. C. Freeman, L. A. Merlotti & M. D'Alessandro. 1987. Patterns of biomass allocation in Spinacia oleraceae (Chenopodiaceae) across a salinity gradient: Evidence for a niche separation. American Journal of Botany 74: 6.
    • (1987) American Journal of Botany , vol.74 , pp. 6
    • Vitale, J.J.1    Freeman, D.C.2    Merlotti, L.A.3    D'Alessandro, M.4
  • 98
    • 0002610804 scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism and resource allocation in male and female shrubs of simmondsia chinensis
    • Wallace CS, Rundel PW. 1979. Sexual dimorphism and resource allocation in male and female shrubs of simmondsia chinensis. Oecologia.
    • (1979) Oecologia
    • Wallace, C.S.1    Rundel, P.W.2
  • 99
    • 54249152753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germination of dimorphic seeds of the desert annual halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae), a C4 plant without Kranz Anatomy
    • Wang, L., Z. Huang, C. C. Baskin, J. M. Baskin & M. Dong. 2008. Germination of dimorphic seeds of the desert annual halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae), a C4 plant without Kranz Anatomy. Ann Bot 102: 757-769.
    • (2008) Ann Bot , vol.102 , pp. 757-769
    • Wang, L.1    Huang, Z.2    Baskin, C.C.3    Baskin, J.M.4    Dong, M.5
  • 100
    • 0021575805 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio variation in populations of a dioecious desert perennial, Simmondsia chinensis
    • Waser, N. 1984. Sex ratio variation in populations of a dioecious desert perennial, Simmondsia chinensis. Oikos 42: 6.
    • (1984) Oikos , vol.42 , pp. 6
    • Waser, N.1
  • 101
    • 0020874072 scopus 로고
    • Pollen dispersal by hummingbirds and butterflies: A comparative study of two lowland troopical plants
    • Webb, C. J. & K. S. Bawa. 1983. Pollen dispersal by hummingbirds and butterflies: A comparative study of two lowland troopical plants. Evolution 37: 13.
    • (1983) Evolution , vol.37 , pp. 13
    • Webb, C.J.1    Bawa, K.S.2
  • 102
    • 0033955658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of movement and seed dispersal of a tropical frugivore
    • Westcott, D. A. & D. L. Graham. 2000. Patterns of movement and seed dispersal of a tropical frugivore. Oecologia 122: 249-257.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.122 , pp. 249-257
    • Westcott, D.A.1    Graham, D.L.2
  • 103
    • 0025684088 scopus 로고
    • Pollen limitation and distance-dependent fecundity in females of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae)
    • Widén, B. & M. Widén. 1990. Pollen limitation and distance-dependent fecundity in females of the clonal gynodioecious herb Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae). Oecologia 83: 191-196.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.83 , pp. 191-196
    • Widén, B.1    Widén, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.