The case against biological realism about race: From Darwin to the post-genomic Era

Perspectives on Science

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 361-390

  Maglo, Koffi N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857865369     PISSN: 10636145     EISSN: 15309274     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/POSC_a_00048     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Andreasen, Robin. 1998. "A New Perspective on the Race Debate. " British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 49(2): 199-225.
2. Andreasen, Robin. 2005. "The Meaning of 'Race': Folk Conception and the New Biology of Race. " The Journal of Philosophy, CII(2):94-106.
3. Bamshad et al. 2004. "Deconstructing the Relation between Genetics and Race. " Nature Review 5: 598-609.
4. Barbujani et al. 1997. "An Apportionment of Human DNA Diversity. " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 94: 4516-19.
5. Bernard, C. [1865] 1957. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. H. C. Greene (trans.), New York: Dover Publications.
6. Bernasconi, Robert. 2001. "Who Invented the Concept of Race? Kant's Role in the Enlightenment Construction of Race. " Pp. 11-36 in Race. Edited by Robert Bernasconi. Oxford: Blackwell.
7. Bolnick, Deborah. 2008. "Individual Ancestry Inference and the Reification of Race as a Biological Phenomenon. " Pp. 70-85 in Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age. Edited by B. Koenig, S. S-J. Lee and S. S. Richardson. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
8. Blumenbach, Johann. 2000. "On The Natural Variety of Mankind. " Pp. 27-37 in The Idea of Race. Edited by Robert Bernasconi and Tommy Lott. Indiana/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
9. Boyd, Richard. 1983. "On the Current Status of Scientific Realism. " Erkenntnis 19: 45-95.
10. Burchard et al. 2003. "The Importance of Race and Ethnic Background in Biomedical Research and Clinical Practice. " New England Journal of Medicine 348(12): 1170-75.
11. Carnap, Rudolf. 1991. "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. " Pp. 85-97 in The Philosophy of Science. Edited by Boyd et al., Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
12. Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
13. Cavalli-Sforza. 2001. Genes, Peoples and Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
14. Cooper et al. 2003. "Race and Genomics. " New England Journal of Medicine 348(12): 1166-70.
15. Cooper, Richard. 2005. "Race and IQ: Molecular Genetic as Deus ex Machina. " American Psychologist 60(1): 71-6.
16. Cruciani et al. 2002. "A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes. " American Journal of Human Genetics 70(5): 1197-1214.
17. Cruciania et al. 2004, "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (EM215) Y-Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and out of Africa. " American Journal of Human Genetics 74(5): 1014-22.
18. Darwin, Charles. [1871] 2004. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, London: Penguin Books.
19. Dupré, John. 1995. The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20. Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1962. Mankind Evolving: The Evolution of the Human Species. New Haven/London, Yale University Press.
21. Dobzhansky, Theodosius. [1941] 2008a. "The Concept of Race in Biology. " Pp. 281-86 in The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics. Edited by Evelyn Hammonds and Rebecca M. Herzig. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
22. Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 2008b. "Comment. " Pp. 298-99 in The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics. Edited By Evelyn Hammonds and Rebecca M. Herzig. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
23. Editorial (Journal): 2000. "Census, Race and Science. " Nature Genetics 24: 97-8.
24. Eze, Emmanuel C. 1997. Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
25. Fischer et al. 2006. "Demographic History and Genetic Differentiation in Apes. " Current Biology 16: 1133-1138.
26. Gannett, Lisa. 2004. "The Biological Reification of Race. " British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55: 323-45.
27. Gould, Stephen. [1981] 1996. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
28. Hacking, Ian. 1999. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of the Natural Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Herder, Johan Gottfried (von). 2000. "Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Humankind. " Pp. 23-6 in The Idea of Race. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.
31. Hunley et al. 2009. "The Global Pattern of Gene Identity Variation Reveals a History of Long-Range Migrations, Bottlenecks, and Local Mate Exchange: Implications for Biological Race. " American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(1): 35-46.
32. Jackson, Fatimah. 2004. "Human Genetic Variation and Health: New Assessment Approaches Based on Ethnogenetic Layering. " British Medical Bulletin 69: 1-21.
33. Karafet et al. 2008. "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. " Genome Research 18: 830-38.
34. Keita, S. O. Y. and Kittles, Rick. 1997. "The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence. " American Anthropologist 99(3): 534-44.
35. Kitcher, Philip. 2001. Science, Truth, and Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36. Kitcher, Philip. [1999] 2003. "Race, Ethnicity, Biology, Culture. " Pp. 230-257 in Mendel's Mirror: Philosophical Reflections on Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
37. Kitcher, Philip. 2007. "Does 'Race' Have a Future?. " Philosophy & Public Affairs 35(4): 293-317.
38. Kivisild et al. 2003. "The Genetic Heritage of the earliest Settlers Persists both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. " American Journal Human Genetics 72(2): 313-32.
39. Kuhn, Thomas. 2000. "PossibleWorlds in History of Science. " Pp. 58-89 in The Road since Structure. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
40. Kuhn, Thomas. [1962] 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
41. Lewontin, Richard. 1972. "The Apportionment of Human Diversity. " Evolutionary Biology 6: 381-98.
42. Livingstone, Frank. 2008a. "On the Non-Existence of Human Races. " Pp. 297 in The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics. Edited by Evelyn Hammonds and Rebecca M. Herzig. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Livingstone, Frank. 2008b. "Reply. " Pp. 299-301 in The Nature of Difference: Sciences of Race in the United States from Jefferson to Genomics. Edited By Evelyn Hammonds and Rebecca M. Herzig. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Long, Jeffrey and Kittles, Rick. 2003. "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races. " Human Biology 75(4): 449-71.
45. Long et al. 2009. "Human DNA Sequences: More Variation less Race. " American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(1): 23-34.
46. Maglo, Koffi. 2010. "Genomics and the Conundrum of Race: Some Epistemic and Ethical Considerations. " Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 53(3): 357-372.
47. Maglo, Koffi. 2007. "Force, Mathematics and Physics in Newton's Principia: A New Approach to Enduring Issues. " Science in Context 20(4): 571-600.
48. Mayr, Ernst. 2002. "The Biology of race and the Concept of Equality. " Daedalus 131(1): 89-94.
49. Mayr, Ernst. 1954. "Notes on Nomenclature and Classification. " Systematic Zoology 3(2): 86-9.
50. Passarino et al. 1998. "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms. " American Journal of Human Genetics 62(2): 420-34.
51. Quintana-Murci et al. 1999. "Genetic Evidence of an early Exit of Homo Sapiens Sapiens from Africa through Eastern Africa. " Nature Genetics 23(4): 437-41.
52. Ravi, Ramamurthy. 2005. "Comments on the Culture of Force. " Physics Today August: 15-16.
53. Risch et al. 2002. "Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease. " Genome Biology 3: 7.
54. Rosenberg et al. 2002. "Genetic Structure of Human Populations. " Science Magazine 298: 2381-84.
55. Scozzari et al. 1999. "Combined Use of Biallelic and Microsatellite Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms to infer Affinities among African Populations. " American Journal of Human Genetics 65(3): 829-46.
56. Semino et al. 2004. "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area. " American Journal of Human Genetics 74(5): 1023-34.
57. Serre, David and Pääble, Savante. 2004. "Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity within and among Continents. " Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 14: 1679-85.
58. Sharma et al. 2009. "The Indian Origin of Paternal Haplogroup R1a1* Substantiates the Autochthonous Origin of Brahmins and the Caste System." 54(1): 47-55.
59. Stevanovitch et al. 2004. "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt. " Annals of Human Genetics 68(1): 23-39.
60. Templeton, Alan. 1999. "Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective. " American Anthropologist 100(3): 632-50.
61. Tishkoff, Sarah and Kidd, Kenneth. 2004. "Implications of Biogeography of Human Populations for 'Race, and Medicine, " Nature Genetics Supplement 36(November 11): S21-27.
62. Underhill, Peter and Kivisild, Toomas. 2007. "Use of Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. " Annual Review of Genetics 41: 539-64.
63. Underhill et al. 2001. "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations. " Annals of Human Genetics 65: 43-62.
64. van Fraassen, Bas. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
65. Wilczek, Frank. 2004. "Whence the Force of Fma? I: Culture Shock. " Physics Today (October): 11-12.
66. Wilson et al. 2001. "Population Genetic Structure of Variable Drug Response. " Nature Genetics 29(3): 265-8.
67. Y-Chromosome Consortium. 2002. "A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups. " Genome Research 12: 339-48.
68. Zack, Naomi. 2002. Philosophy of Science and Race. London: Routledge.