Wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, occupies a pivotal position in wheat domestication process

Australian Journal of Crop Science

Volumn 5, Issue 9 SPEC. ISSUE, 2011, Pages 1127-1143

  Peng, Junhua ^a,b,e   Sun, Dongfa ^c   Nevo, Eviatar ^d  

^a Wuhan Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences   (China)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^c HUAZHONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^e Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultivated wheat; Domestication syndrome factor; Domestication related quantitative trait locus; Evolution and domestication; Gene rich regions; Major domestication gene; Wild emmer wheat

Indexed keywords

AEGILOPS SPELTOIDES SUBSP. SPELTOIDES; AEGILOPS TAUSCHII; ANIMALIA; CAPRA HIRCUS; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; TRITICUM DICOCCON; TRITICUM TURGIDUM SUBSP. DICOCCOIDES; TRITICUM TURGIDUM SUBSP. DURUM;

EID: 84857777234     PISSN: 18352693     EISSN: 18352707     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (170)

1. Aaronshon A (1910) Agricultural and Botanical Explorations in Palestine. Bureau of Plant Industry Bull 80, USDA, No 180, 66 p
2. Aaronsohn A, Schweinfurth G (1906) Die Auffindung des wilden Emmers (Triticum dicoccum) in Nordpalä stina. Altneuland Monatsschrift für die irtschaft. Erschliessung Palästinas 7-8: 213-220
3. Araki E, Miura H, Sawada S (1999) Identification of genetic loci affecting amylose content and agronomic traits on chromosome 4A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 98: 977-984
4. Atsmon D, Jacobs E (1977) A newly bred 'Gigas' form of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): morphological features and thermo-photoperiodic responses. Crop Sci. 17: 31-35
5. th Int Wheat Genet Symp, New Delhi, India, pp 372-380
6. Avivi L (1979) Utilization of Triticum dicoccoides for the improvement of grain protein quantity and quality in cultivated wheats. Monogr. Genet. Agrar. 4: 27-38
7. th Int Wheat Genet Symp, Kyoto, Japan, pp 199-204
8. Balter M (2007) Seeking agriculture's ancient roots. Science 316:1830-1835
9. Breseghello F, Sorrells ME (2006) Association mapping of kernel size and milling quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Genetics 172: 1165-1177
10. Bolot S, Abrouk M, Masood-Quraishi U, Stein N, Messing J, Feuillet C, Salse J (2009) The "inner circle" of the cereal genomes. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12: 119-125
11. Börner A, Korzun V, Worland AJ (1998) Comparative genetic mapping of loci affecting plant height and development in cereals. Euphytica 100: 245-248
12. Buckler ES, Thornsberry JM, Kresovich S (2001) Molecular diversity, structure and domestication of grasses. Genet Res. 77: 213-218
13. Chandler PM, Marion-Poll A, Ellis M, Gubler F (2002) Mutants at the Slender1 locus of barley cv Himalaya: molecular and physiological characterization. Plant Physiol. 129: 181-190
14. Cakmak IA, Torun E, Millet E, Feldman M, Fahima T, Korol AB, Nervo E, Braun HJ and Ozkan H (2004) Triticum dicoccoides: an important genetic resource for increasing zinc and iron concentration in modern cultivated wheat Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 50:1047-1054
15. Cai W, Morishima H (2002) QTL clusters reflect character associations in wild and cultivated rice. Theor. Appl. Genet. 104: 1217-1228
16. Campbell B, Baenziger PS, Gill KS, Eskridge KM, Budak H, Erayman M, Dweikat I, Yen Y (2003) Identification of QTLs and environmental interactions associated with agronomic traits on chromosome 3A of wheat. Crop Sci. 43: 1493-1505
17. Cao W, Scoles GJ, Hucl P (1997) The genetics of rachis fragility and glume tenacity in semi-wild wheat. Euphytica 94: 119-124
18. Chen QF, Yen C, Yang JL (1998) Chromosome location of the gene for brittle rachis in the Tibetan weedrace of common wheat. Genet. Res. Crop. Evol. 45: 21-25
19. Cockram J, Jones H, Leigh FJ, O'Sullivan D, Powell W, Laurie DA, Greenland AJ (2007) Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity. J. Exper. Bot. 58: 1231-1244
20. Cockram J, Norris C, O'Sullivan DM (2009) PCR-based markers diagnostic for Spring and Winter seasonal growth habit in barley. Crop Sci. 49: 403-410
21. Damania AB (1998) Diversity of major cultivated plants domesticated in the Near East. In: AB Damania, J Valkoun, G Willcox, CO Qualset, (Eds.), The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp. 51-64
22. Darwin C (1905) The variation of animals and plants under domestication. John Murray, London (popular edition in two volumes), 566 p
23. Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Cell 127: 1309-1321
24. Dorofeev VF, Filatenko AA, Migushova EF, Udaczin RA, Jakubziner MM (1979) Wheat. vol. 1. In: VF Dorofeev, ON.Korovina, (Eds.), Flora of Cultivated Plants. Leningrad, Russia.
25. Dunford RP, Griffiths S, Christodoulou V, Laurie DA (2005) Characterisation of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) homologue of the Arabidopsis flowering time regulator GIGANTEA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110: 925-931
26. Dvorak J, Diterlizzi P, Zhang HB, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploidy wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Genome 36: 21-31
27. Dvorak J, Luo MC, Yang ZL (1998) Genetic evidence on the origin of Triticum aestivum L. In: AB Damania, J Valkoun, G Willcox, CO Qualset, (Eds.), The origins of agriculture and crop domestication. Proceedings of the Harlan Symposium. ICARDA, Aleppo, pp. 235-251
28. Dvorak J, Akhunov E (2005) Tempos of gene locus deletions and duplications and their relationship to recombination rate during diploid and polyploid evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum alliance. Genetics 17: 323-332
29. Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J (2007) Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science 316: 1862-1866
30. Eastmond PJ, Jones RL (2005) Hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis in cereal aleurone is strongly cultivar-dependent and gibberellin action involves SLENDER1 but not GAMYB. Plant J. 44: 483-493
31. Elias EM, Steiger KD, Cantrell RG (1996) Evaluation of lines derived from wild emmer chromosome substitutions II. Agronomic traits. Crop Sci. 36: 228-233
32. Ellis M, Rebetzke GJ, Azanza F, Richards RA, Spielmeyer W (2005) Molecular mapping of gibberellin-responsive dwarfing genes in bread wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111: 423-430
33. Faris J, Gill BS (2002) Genomic targeting and high resolution mapping of the domestication gene Q in wheat. Genome 45: 706-718
34. Faris JD, Simons KJ, Zhang Z, Gill B (2003) A bacterial artificial chromosome contig spanning the major domestication locus Q in wheat and identification of a candidate gene. Genetics 164: 311-321
35. Faris, J.D., Simons, K.J., Zhang, Z., Gill, B. 2005. The wheat super domestication gene Q. Frontiers of Wheat Bioscience. 100:129-148.
36. Faure S, Higgins J, Turner A, Laurie DA (2007) The FLOWERING LOCUS T-like gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genetics 176: 599-609
37. 1 hybrids involving Triticum aestivum and T. timopheevii. Can J. Genet. Cytol. 8: 144-151
38. Feldman M, Sears ER (1981) The wild gene resources of wheat. Sci. Am. 244: 102-112
39. Feldman M, Lupton FGH, Miller TE (1995) Wheats. Triticum spp. (Gramineae- Triticinae). In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman Scientific & Technical Press, London, UK, pp 184-192
40. Feldman M, Kislev ME (2007) Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat. Israel J. Plant Sci. 55: 207-221
41. Feuillet C, Eversole K (2007) Physical mapping of the wheat genome: a coordinated effort to lay the foundation for genome sequencing and develop tools for breeders. Isr. J. Plant Sci .55: 307-313
42. Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (2009) Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 7, Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, 757 pp
43. Frary A, Doǧanlar S (2003) Comparative genetics of crop plant domestication and evolution. Turkish J. of Agricultural Forestry 27: 59-69
44. Fu YB, Somers DJ (2009) Genome-wide reduction of genetic diversity in wheat breeding. Crop Sci. 49:161-168
45. Fuller DQ (2007) Contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the Old World. Ann. Bot. 100: 903-924
46. Gandilian PA (1972) On wild growing Triticum species of Armenian SSR. Bot. Zhur. 57: 173-181
47. Giles RJ, Brown TA (2006) GluDy allele variations in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum aestivum: implications for the origins of hexaploid wheats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 1563-1572
48. Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Boyko EV (1996a) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in "chromo" some group 5 of wheat. Genetics 143: 1001-1012
49. Gill KS, Gill BS, Endo TR, Taylor T (1996b) Identification and high-density mapping of gene-rich regions in chromosome 1 of wheat. Genetics 144: 1883-1891
50. Gill BS, Friebe B, Raupp WJ, Wilson DL, Cox TS, Sears RG, Brown-Guedira GL, Fritz AK (2006) Wheat genetics resource center: the first 25 years. Adv. Agron. 89: 73-136
51. Gill BS, Li W, Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Friebe, Simons KJ, Zhang Z, Faris JD (2007) Genetics and genomics of wheat domestication-driven evolution. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 55: 223-229
52. th Int Wheat Genet Symp, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan, pp 187-192
53. Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G, Laurie DA (2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 131: 1855-1867
54. Gustafson P, Raskina O, Ma X, Nevo E (2009) Wheat evolution, domestication, and improvement. In: B.F. Carver (ed.) Wheat: Science and Trade. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 5-30
55. Hancock JF (2005) Contributions of domesticated plant studies to our understanding of plant evolution. Annals of Botany 96: 953-963
56. Harlan JR (1992) Crop and Man. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, USA
57. Harlan JR, Zohary D (1966) Distribution of wild emmer wheat and barley. Science 153: 1074-1080
58. Haudry A, Cenci A, Ravel C, Bataillon T, Brunel D, Poncet C, Hochu I, Poirier S, Santoni S, Gle'min S, David J (2007) Grinding up wheat: A massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: 1506-1517
59. Hedden P (2003) The genes of the green revolution. Trends Genet. 19: 5-9
60. Heun M, Schäfer-Pregl R, Klawan D, Castagna R, Accerbi M, Borghi B, Salamini F (1997) Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting. Science 278: 1312-1314
61. Hillman G, Davies S (1990) Measured domestication rates in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation, and their archaeological implications. J. World Prehistory 4: 157-222
62. Honne BI, Heun M (2009) On the domestication genetics of self-fertilizing plants. Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 18: 269-272
63. Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polypoid wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad .Sci. USA 99: 8133-8138
64. Inda L A, José Gabriel Segarra-Moragues, Jochen Müller, Paul M. Peterson, Pilar Catalán (2008) Dated historical biogeography of the temperate LoHinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 932-957
65. Jantasuriyarat C, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Riera-Lizarazu O (2004) Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting the free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 108: 261-273
66. Johnson BL (1975) Identification of the apparent B-genome donor of wheat. Can J. Genet. Cytol. 17: 21-39
67. Johnson BL, Dhaliwal HS (1976) Reproductive isolation of Triticum boeticum and Triticum urartu and the origin of the tetraploid wheats. Am. J. Bot. 63: 1088-1094
68. Johnson RC (2008) Gene banks pay big dividends to agriculture, the environment, and human welfare. PLoS Biol. 6(6): e148. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060148
69. Kashkush K (2007) Genome-wide impact of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat retrotransposons on the expression of adjacent host genes. Isr. J Plant Sci. 55: 241-250
70. Kashkush K, Feldman M, Levy AA (2002) Gene loss, silencing and activation in a newly synthesized wheat allotetraploid. Genetics 160: 1651-1656
71. Kato K, Miura H, Akiyama M, Kuroshima M, Sawada S (1998) RFLP mapping of the three major genes, Vrn1, Q and B1, on the long arm of chromosome 5A of wheat. Euphytica 101: 91-95
72. Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (2000) Mapping QTLs controlling grain yield and its components on chromosome 5A of wheat. Theor. Appl Genet 101: 933-943
73. Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. Plant Breed. 122: 489-492
74. Kellogg EA (2001) Evolutionary history of the grasses. Plant Physiol. 125: 1198-1205
75. Kerber ER (1964) Wheat: reconstitution of the tetraploid component (AABB) of hexaploids. Science 143: 253-255
76. Kerber RE, Rowland GG (1974) Origin of the threshing character in hexaploid wheat. Can J. Genet. Cytol. 16: 145-154
77. Kihara H (1924) Cytologische und genetische Studien bei wichtigen Getreidearten mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Verhalten der Chromosomen und die Sterilität in den Bastarden. Mem Coll Sci Univ Kyoto Ser B 1: 1-200
78. Kihara, H. (1944) Discovery of the DD-analyser, one of the ancestors of Triticum vulgare. Agric Hortic (Tokyo) 19: 13-14
79. Kilian B, Özkan H, Walther A, Kohl J, Dagan T, Salamini F, Martin W (2007) Molecular diversity at 18 loci in 321 wild and 92 domesticate lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum (einkorn) domestication: Implications for the origin of agriculture. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24: 2657-266
80. Kilian B, Özkan H, Pozzi C, Salamini F (2009) Domestication of the Triticeae in the Fertile Crescent. In: C. Feuillet, G.J. Muehlbauer (eds.), Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 7, Springer SciencetBusiness Media, LLC, pp81-119
81. Kislev ME, Nadel D, Carmi I (1992) Epipalaeolithic (19,000 BP) cereal and fruit diet at Ohalo II, Sea of Galilee, Israel. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 73: 161-166
82. Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum sp. nov., the oldest naked wheat. Isr. J. Bot. 28: 95-107
83. Konishi S, Izawa T, Lin SY, Ebana K, Fukuta Y, Sasaki T, Yano M (2006) An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during rice domestication. Science 312: 1392-1396
84. Körnicke F (1889) Die wilden Stammformen unserer Kulturweizen. Verh naturhist Vereines preuss Rheinl Westfalens Reg-Bez Osnabrück, 46, Bonn, Sitzungsber: p. 21
85. Krugman T, Chagué V, Peleg Z, Balzergue S, Just J, Korol AB, Nevo E, Saranga Y, Chalhoub B, Fahima T (2010) Multilevel regulation and signalling processes associated with adaptation to terminal drought in wild emmer wheat. Func. Integr. Genomics 10: 167-186
86. Kuckuck H (1959) Neuere Arbeiten zur Entstehung der hexaploiden Kulturweizen. Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 41: 205-226
87. Kunzel G, Korzum L, Meister A (2000) Cytologically integrated physical restriction fragment length polymorphism maps for the barley genome based on translocation breakpoints. Genetics 154: 397-412
88. Kuraparthy V, Sood S, Chunneja P, Dhaliwal HS, Gill BS (2007) Identification and mapping of tiller inhibition gene (tin3) in wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 114: 285-294
89. Kuraparthy V, Sood S, Gill BS (2008) Genomic targeting and mapping of tiller inhibition gene (tin3) of wheat using ESTs and synteny with rice. Funct. Integr. Genomics 8: 33-42
90. Levy AA (1987) Genetic studies on grain proteins in Triticum durum var. dicoccoides. PhD Thesis, Weizmann Inst. of Sci, Rehovot, Israel
91. Levy AA, Feldman M (2004) Genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of the wheat genome upon allopolyploidization. Biol. J. Linn Soc. 82:607-613
92. Li YC, Fahima T, Korol AB, Peng J, Röder MS, Kirzhner VM, Beiles A, Nevo E (2000) Microsatellite diversity correlated with ecological-edaphic and genetic factors in three microsites of wild emmer wheat in North Israel. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17: 851-862
93. Li W, Gill BS (2006) Multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the grasses. Func. Integr. Genomics 6: 300-309
94. Liu, Y.G. and Tsunewaki, K. 1991. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat. II. Linkage maps of the RFLP sites in common wheat. Jpn. J. Genet. 66: 617-633
95. Luo MC, Yang ZL, Dvorak J (2000) The Q locus of Iranian and European spelt wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100: 602-606
96. Luo MC, Yang ZL, You FM, Kawahara T, Waines JG, Dvorak J (2007) The structure of wild and domesticated emmer wheat populations, gene flow between them, and the site of emmer domestication. Theor. Appl. Genet. 114: 947-959
97. Matsuoka Y, Nasuda S (2004) Durum wheat as a candidate for the unknown female progenitor of bread wheat: An empirical study with a highly fertile F1 hybrid with Aegilops tauschii Coss. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 1710-1717
98. McKey J (1966) Species relationships in Triticum. Hereditas 2: 237-276
99. McFadden ES, Sears ER (1946) The origin of Triticum spelta and its free-theshing hexaploid relatives. J. Hered. 37: 81-89, 107-116
100. Mori N, Ishii T, Ishido T, Hirosawa S, Watatani H, Kawahara T, Nesbitt M, Belay G, Takumi S, Ogihara Y, Nakamura C (2003) Origin of domesticated emmer and common wheat inferred from chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. 10th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Paestum, pp 25-28
101. Mori N, Kondo Y, Ishii T, Kawahara T, Valkoun J, Nakamura C (2009) Genetic diversity and origin of timopheevi wheat inferred by chloroplast DNA fingerprinting. Breeding Science 59: 571-578
102. Muramatsu M (1963) Dosage effect of the spelta gene q of hexaploid wheat. Genetics 48: 469-482
103. Nalam V, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Kianian SF, Riera-Lizarazu O (2006) Map based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum). Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 373-381
104. Nalam V, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Johnson EB, Riera-Lizarazu O (2007) Map based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 116: 135-145
105. Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From stable crop to extinction? The archaeology and history of the hulled wheats. In: S Padulosi, K Hammer, J Heller (Eds.) Hulled Wheats. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp. 41-100
106. Nevo E (1983) Genetic resources of wild emmer wheat: structure, evolution, and application in breeding. In: Proceedings of the 6th Int. Wheat Genetics Symposium (December 1983). S. Sakamoto (ed) Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, pp 421-431.
107. Nevo E (1986) Genetic resources of wild cereals and crop improvement: Israel, a natural laboratory. Isr. J. Bot. 235: 255-278
108. Nevo E (1989) Genetic resources of wild emmer wheat revisited: genetic evolution, conservation and utilization. In: Miller TE, Koebner RMD (eds) Proc 7th Int Wheat Genet Symp, Inst of Plant Sci Res, Cambridge, UK, pp 121-126
109. Nevo E (1995) Genetic resources of wild emmer Triticum dicoccoides for wheat improvement: news and views. 8th Int l Wheat Genet Symp, 20-25 July, 1993, Beijing, PRC, pp 79-87
110. Nevo E (1998) Genetic diversity in wild cereals: regional and local studies and their bearing on conservation ex-situ and in-situ. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 45: 355-370
111. Nevo E (2001) Genetic resources of wild emmer, Triticum dicoccoides, for wheat improvement in the third millennium. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 49: S77-S93
112. Nevo E (2004) Genomic diversity in nature and domestication. In: Henry R. (ed) Diversity and Evolution of Plants. Genotypic and Phenotypic variation in Higher Plants. CABI Publishing CAB International, Walingford, UK, pp 287-315
113. Nevo E (2007) Evolution of wild wheat and barley and crop improvement: studies at the Institute of Evolution. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 55: 251-263
114. Nevo E (2010) Evolution of wild wheat progenitors focusing on wild emmer. In Koole C (ed) Wealth of Wild Species: Role in Genome Elucidation and Improvement. Springer Verlag, Berlin (in press)
115. Nevo E, Chen G (2010) Drought and salt tolerances in wild relatives for wheat and barley improvement. Plant Cell Environment doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009. 02107.x
116. Nevo E, Grama A, Beiles A, Golenberg EM (1986) Resources of high-protein genotypes in wild wheat, Triticum dicoccoides in Israel: predictive method by ecology and allozyme markers. Genetics. 68: 215-227
117. Nevo E, Korol AB, Beiles A, Fahima T (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome Organization of Wheat's Progenitor, Triticum dicoccoides. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 364 pp.
118. Nevo E (2009) Ecological genomics of natural plant populations: the Israeli perspective. In: Methods in Molecular Biology, Plant Genomics, Vol. 513. D.J. Somers, P. Langridge and J.P. Gustafson (eds.). Human Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 321-344
119. Nevo E, Beiles A (1989) Genetic diversity of wild emmer wheat in Israel and Turkey: structure, evolution and application in breeding. Theor. Appl. Genet. 77:421-455
120. Nevo E, Payne PI (1987) Wheat storage proteins: diversity of HMW glutenin subunits in wild emmer from Israel. I. Geographical patterns and ecological predictability. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74: 827-83.
121. Otto SP, Barton NH (1997) The evolution of recombination: removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 147: 879-906
122. Özkan H, Brandolini A, Schaefer-Pregl R, Salamini F (2002) AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19: 1797-1801
123. Özkan H, Brandolini A, Pozzi C, Effgen S, Wunder J, Salamini F (2005) A reconsideration of the domestication geography of tetraploid wheats. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110: 1052-1060
124. Özkan H, Brandolini A, Torun A, Altintas S, Eker S, Kilian B, Braun H, Salamini F, Cakmak I (2007) Natural variation and identification of microelements content in seeds of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum). In: HT Buck, JE Nisi, N Salomon (Eds.), Wheat Production in Stressed Environments. Springer, pp. 455-462
125. Parsons P (2005) Environments and evolution: interactions between stress, resource inadequacy and energetic efficiency. Biol. Rev. 80: 589-610
126. Paterson AH, Lin YR, Li Z, Schertz KF, Doebley JF, Pinson SRM, Liu SC, Stansel JW, Irvine JE (1995) Convergent domestication of cereal crops by independent mutations at corresponding genetic loci. Science. 269: 1714-1718
127. Paux E, Sourdille P (2009) A toolbox for Triticeae genomics. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds), Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 7, Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, pp255-283
128. Paux E, Sourdille P, Salse J, Saintenac C, Choulet F, Leroy P, Korol A, Michalak M, Kianian S, Spielmeyer W, Lagudah E, Somers D, Kilian A, Alaux M, Vautrin S, Bergès H, Eversole K, Appels R, Safar J, Simkova H, Dolezel J, Bernard M, Feuillet C (2008) Physical map of the 1-Gigabase bread wheat chromosome 3B. Science. 322: 101-104
129. Peng J, Richards DE, Hartley NM, Murphy GP, Devos KM, Flintham JE, Beales J, Fish LJ, Worland AJ, Pelica F, Sudhakar D, Christou P, Snape JW, Gale MD, Harberd P (1999) 'Green revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature. 400: 256-261
130. Peng JH, Korol AB, Fahima T, Röder MS, Ronin YI, Li YC, Nevo E (2000) Molecular genetic maps in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides: genome-wide coverage, massive negative interference, and putative quasi-linkage. Genome Res. 10: 1509-1531
131. Peng JH, Ronin Y, Fahima T, Röder MS, Li YC, Nevo E, Korol A (2003) Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100: 2489-2494
132. Peng JH, Zadeh H, Lazo GR, Gustafson JP, Chao S et al (2004) Chromosome bin map of expressed sequence tags in homoeologous group 1 of hexaploid wheat and homoeology with rice and Arabidopsis. Genetics. 168: 609-623
133. Perrino P, Laghetti G, D'Antuono LF, Al Ajlouni M, Kanbertay M, Szabo AT, Hammer K (1996) Ecogeographical distribution of hulled wheat species. In: S Padulosi, K Hammer, J Heller (Eds.), Hulled Wheats. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. Rome, pp. 102-118
134. Piperno DR, Weiss E, Holst I, Nadel D (2004) Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis. Nature 430: 670-673
135. Rice WR (2002) Experimental tests of the adaptive significance of sexual recombination. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3: 241-251
136. Röder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier MH, Leroy P and Ganal MW (1998) A microsatellite map of wheat. Genetics. 149: 2007-2023
137. Rong J, Millet E, Manisterski J, Feldman M. (2000) A new powdery mildew resistance gene: introgression from wild emmer into common wheat and RFLP-based mapping. Euphytica. 115: 121-126
138. Rossini L, Vecchietti A, Nicoloso L, Stein N, Franzago S, Salamini F, Pozzi C (2006) Candidate genes for barley mutants involved in plant architecture: an in silico approach. Theor. Appl. Genet. 112: 1073-1085
139. Sakamura T (1918) Kurze Mitteilung über die Chromosomenzahlen und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Triticum Arten. Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 32:151-154
140. Salamini F, Özkan H, Brandolini A, Schäfer-Pregl R, Martin W (2002) Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the Near East. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3: 429-441
141. Sax K, Sax MJ (1924) Chromosome behaviour in a genus cross. Genetics 9: 454-464.
142. Sears ER (1946) The sphaerococcum gene in wheat. Rec. Genet. Soc. Amer. 15: 65-66
143. Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. Res. Bull. Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. 572: 1-57
144. Shah M, Gill KS, Bezinger PS, Yen Y, Kaeppler SM, Ariyarathne HM (1999) Molecular mapping of loci for agronomic traits on chromosome 3A of bread wheat. Crop Sci. 39: 1728-1732
145. Sharma H, Waynes J (1980) Inheritance of tough rachis in crosses of Triticum monococcum and Triticum boeoticum. J Hered 7: 214-216
146. Shao Q, Li C, Basang C (1983) Semi-wild wheat from Xizang (Tibet). Proc 6th Intern Wheat Genet Symp Kyoto, Japan. pp: 111-114
147. Simonetti M, Bellomo MP, Laghetti G, Perrino P, Simeone R, Blanco A (1999) Quantitative trait loci influencing free-threshing habit in tetraploid wheats. Genet. Res. Crop. Evol. 46: 267-271
148. Simons K, Fellers JP, Trik HN, Zhang Z, Tai YS, Gill BS, Faris JD (2006) Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene Q. Genetics. 172: 547-555
149. Snape J, Law W, Parker CN, Worland BB, Worland AJ (1985) Genetical analysis of chromosome 5A of wheat and its influence on important agronomic characters. Theor. Appl. Genet. 71: 518-526
150. Sood S, Kuraparthy V, Bai G, Gill BS (2009) The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 119: 341-351
151. Spielmeyer W, Richards RA (2004) Comparative mapping of wheat chromosome 1AS which contains the tiller inhibition gene (tin) with rice chromosome 5S. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 1303-1310.
152. Schuster SC (2008) Next-generation sequencing transforms today's biology. Nature Methods. 5: 16-18
153. Stein N (2009) Physical mapping in the Triticeae. In: Feuillet C, Muehlbauer GJ (eds), Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae, Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models 7, Springer Science and Business Media, LLC, pp 317-335
154. Tanaka M, Ishii H (1973) Cytogenetical evidence on the speciation of wild tetraploid wheats collected in Iraq, Turkey and Iran. Proc. 4th Int. Wheat Genetics Symp. 115-121
155. Tanksley SD, McCouch SR (1997) Seed banks and molecular maps: unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science. 277: 1063-1066
156. Tanno K, Willcox G (2006) How fast was wild wheat domesticated? Science. 311: 1886
157. Turner A, Beales J, Faure S, Dunford RP, Laurie DA (2005) The pseudo-response regulator Ppd-H1 provides adaptation to photoperiod in barley. Science. 310: 1031-1034
158. Uauy C, Distelfield A, Fahima T, Blechl A, Dubcovsky J (2006) A NAC gene regulating senescence improves grain protein, zinc and iron content in wheat, Science. 413: 1298-1301
159. van Zeist W, Bakker-Heeres JAH (1985) Archaeological studies in the Levant 1. Neolithic sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad, Palaeohistoria. 24: 165-256
160. Villareal R, Mujeeb-Kazi A, Rajaram S (1996) Inheritance of threshability in synthetic hexaploid by T. aestivum crosses. Plant Breed. 115: 407-409
161. Watanabe N, Ikebata N (2000) The effects of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes on grain colour dependent seed dormancy and brittle rachis in tetraploid wheat. Euphytica. 115: 215-220
162. Watanabe N, Sogiyama K, Yamagashi Y, Skata Y (2002) Comparative telosomic mapping of homoeologous genes for brittle rachis in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Hereditas. 137: 180-185
163. Watanabe N (2005) The occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype in Italian durum wheat cultivars. Euphytica. 142: 247-251
164. Willcox G (2004) Measuring grain size and identifying Near Eastern cereal domestication: evidence from the Euphrates valley. Journal of Archaeological Science. 31: 1 45-150
165. Willcox G, Fornite S, Herveaux L (2008) Early Holocene cultivation before domestication in Northern Syria. Veget. Hist. Archaeobot. 17: 313-325
166. Worland A (1996) The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats. Euphytica. 89: 49-57
167. Xie W, Nevo E (2008) Wild emmer: genetic resources, gene mapping and potential for wheat improvement. Euphytica. 164: 603-614
168. Yan L, Loukoianov A, Tranquilli G, Helguera M, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J (2003) Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100: 6263-6268
169. Zohary D (1969) The progenitors of wheat and barley in relation to domestication and agricultural dispersal in the Old World. In: Ucko PJ, Dimbleby GW (eds) The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Duckworth, London, UK, pp 47-66
170. Zohary D, Hopf M (2000) Domestication of plants in the old world. Oxford University Press, Oxford.