Elasmobranchs of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf: Ecology, human aspects and research priorities for their improved management

Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 35-61

  Moore, Alec B M ^a,b  

^a RSK Environment Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Batoids; Bycatch; Chondrichthyes; Conservation; Fisheries; Middle East; Sharks; Western Indian Ocean

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMONITORING; BYCATCH; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CONSERVATION STATUS; CONSPECIFIC; ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION; FISHERY MANAGEMENT; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SHARK; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TAXONOMY;

ARABIAN SEA; INDIAN OCEAN; INDIAN OCEAN (WEST); IRAN; PERSIAN GULF; UNITED ARAB EMIRATES;

BATOIDEA; CARCHARHINIDAE; CHONDRICHTHYES; ELASMOBRANCHII; PISCES; RAJIDAE;

EID: 84857658368     PISSN: 09603166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11160-011-9222-x     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Abou-Seedo FS (1992) Abundance of fish caught by stake-traps (hadra) in the intertidal zone in Doha, Kuwait Bay. J Univ Kuwait Sci 19: 91-99.
2. Adnet S, Antoine PO, Hassan Baqri SR, Crochet JY, Marivaux L, Welcomme JL, Metais G (2007) New tropical carcharhinids (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes) from the late Eocene-early Oligocene of Balochistan, Pakistan: Palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographic implications. J As Earth Sci 30: 303-323. doi: 10. 1016/j. jseaes. 2006. 10. 002.
3. Adnet S, Cappetta H, Tabuce R (2010) A Middle-Late Eocene vertebrate fauna (marine fish and mammals) from southwestern Morocco; preliminary report: age and palaeobiogeographical implications. Geol Mag 147: 860-870. doi: 10. 1017/S0016756810000348.
4. Al-Arrayed FH, Al-Maskati HA, Abdullah FJ (1999) n 3-polyunsaturated fatty acid content of some edible fish from Bahrain waters. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 49: Supp A. 109-114.
5. Al-Baharna WS (1986) Fishes of Bahrain. Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Manama.
6. Al-Baharna WS (1992) Dangerous fishes of Bahrain. Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Manama.
7. Al-Daham NK (1974) Two new records of sharks from Iraqi territorial waters with their descriptions. Bull Basrah Nat Hist Mus 1: 99-111.
8. Al-Daham NK (1976) The stingray Taeniura melanospilos, a new record from the Arab Gulf. Bull Basrah Nat Hist Mus 3: 117-118.
9. Al-Hassan JM, Afzal M, Rao CVN, Fayad S (2000) Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in the Arabian Gulf. Bull Env Contam Toxicol 65: 391-398. doi: 10. 1007/s0012800140.
10. Al-Kawari KSR, Saoud MFA, Ramadan MM (1996) Biodiversity of helminth parasites of fishes in the Arabian Gulf, with special reference to digenetic trematodes and cestodes. Qatar Univ Sci J 16: 141-153.
11. Al-Khayat JA, Al-Ansi MA (2007) The commercial value of fish at Fasht Ad-Dibal and its associated biota in the Qatari waters, Arabian Gulf. Qatar Univ Sci J 27: 69-83.
12. Al-Shamlan SM (Translated from the Arabic by Clark P) (2001) Pearling in the Arabian Gulf: a Kuwaiti memoir. London Centre for Arab Studies, London.
13. Al-Yamani FY, Bishop JM, Ismail W (2007) The effects of the river diversion, Mesopotamian Marsh drainage and restoration, and river damming on the marine environment of the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 10: 277-289. doi: 10. 1080/14634980701512384.
14. Ali TS, Mohamed ARM, Hussain NA (1993) Trophic interrelationships of the demersal fish assemblage in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Asian Fish Sci 6: 255-264.
15. Anderson RC, Simpfendorfer CA (2005) Regional overview: Indian Ocean. In: Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA, Musick JA (eds) Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. Status survey. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Cambridge.
16. Assadi HR, Dehghani P (1997) Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman Fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organisation, Tehran.
17. Azin R, Sanati AM, Mohammadi MM (2002) Total lipids and nutritionally important fatty acids of livers and tissues of some sharks in Persian Gulf waters. Amirkabir 13: 106-115.
18. Baldwin ZH (2005) A new species of bullhead shark, genus Heterodontus (Heterodontiformes: Heterodontidae), from Oman. Copeia 2005: 262-264. doi: 10. 1643/CI-04-168R1.
19. Baranes A, Randall JE (1989) Narcine bentuviai, a new torpedinoid ray from the northern Red Sea. Isr J Zool 36: 85-101.
20. Baranes A, Shahrabany-Baranes O (1986) A numerical taxonomic study of the northern Red Sea carcharhinids. In: Uyeno T et al (eds) Proceedings of the second international conference on Indo-Pacific fish biology, Tokyo. pp 246-255.
21. Bargahi A, Rabbani-Chadegani A (2007) The effect of antiangiogenesis proteins, isolated from shark cartilage, on chick chorioallantoic membrane. Iran South Med J 10: 1-8.
22. Bargahi A, Rabbani-Chadegani A (2008) Angiogenic inhibitor protein fractions derived from shark cartilage. Biosci Rep 28: 15-21.
23. Basson PW, Burchard JE, Hardy JT, Price ARG (1977) Biotopes of the western Arabian Gulf: marine life and environments of Saudi Arabia. Aramco Department of Loss Prevention and Environmental Affairs, Dhahran.
24. Beech MJ (2003) The diet of osprey Pandion haliaetus on Marawah island, Abu Dhabi emirate, UAE. Tribulus 13: 22-25.
25. Beech MJ (2004) In the land of the ichthyophagi: modelling fish exploitation in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman from the 5th millennium BC to the late Islamic period. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1217. Archaeopress, Oxford.
26. Beech MJ (2005) Whale sharks. In: Hellyer P, Aspinall S (eds) The Emirates: a natural history. Trident, Abu Dhabi.
27. Bent M, Bent T (1900) Southern Arabia. Smith, London.
28. Bishop JM (2002) Fishing and mariculture. In: Khan NY, Munawar M, Price ARG (eds) The Gulf ecosystem: health and sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden.
29. Bishop JM (2003) History and current checklist of Kuwait's ichthyofauna. J Arid Environ 54: 237-256. doi: 10. 1006/jare. 2001. 0874.
30. Bishop JM, Abdul-Ghaffar AR (1993) Whale shark observations off Kuwait's coast in 1992. J Fish Biol 43: 939-940. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8649. 1993. tb01168. x.
31. Bishop JM, Alsaffar AH (2008) Quantitative observations on marine mammals and reptiles of Kuwait's Boubyan Island. Zool Mid East 43: 3-12.
32. Blaylock RA (1989) A massive school of cownose rays, Rhinoptera bonasus (Rhinopteridae), in lower Chesapeake Bay. Copeia 1989: 744-748.
33. Blaylock RA (1993) Distribution and abundance of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in lower Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 16: 255-263.
34. Blegvad H (1944) Danish scientific investigations in Iran. Part III. Fishes of the Iranian Gulf, Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
35. Bonfil R, Abdallah M (2004) Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. FAO, Rome.
36. Brown JNB (1992) Whale shark Rhincodon typus (Smith 1929). Tribulus 2: 22.
37. Burt J, Bartholomew A, Usseglio P, Bauman A, Sale PF (2009) Are artificial reefs surrogates of natural habitats for corals and fish in Dubai, United Arab Emirates? Coral Reefs 28: 663-675. doi: 10. 1007/s00338-009-0500-1.
38. Caira JN (1990) Metazoan parasites as indicators of elasmobranch biology. In: Pratt HL, Gruber SH, Taniuchi T (eds) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rep 90: 71-96.
39. Caira JN, Jensen K, Rajan C (2007) Seven new Yorkeria species (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Borneo and Australia and their implications for identification of Chiloscyllium (Elasmobranchii: Orectolobiformes) species. J Parasitol 93: 357-376. doi: 10. 1645/GE-801R. 1.
40. Caira JN, Malek M, Ruhnke T (2010) A new genus of Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in carcharhiniform sharks from Iran and Australia. J Helminthol 20: 1-11. doi: 10. 1017/S0022149X10000222.
41. Carpenter KE, Krupp F, Jones DA, Zajonz U (1997a) The living marine resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. FAO, Rome.
42. Carpenter KE, Harrison PL, Hodgson G, Alsaffar AH, Alhazeem SH (1997b) The corals and coral reef fishes of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait.
43. Carruba RW, Bowers JZ (1982) Englebert Kaempfer's first report of the torpedo fish of the Persian Gulf in the late seventeenth century. J Hist Biol 15(2): 263-274. doi: 10. 1007/BF00233017.
44. Castro JI (1996) Biology of the blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus, off the southeastern United States. Bull Mar Sci 59: 508-522.
45. Clarke S, Burgess GH, Cavanagh RD, Crow G, Fordham SV, McDavitt MT, Rose D, Smith M, Simpfendorfer CA (2005) Socio-economic significance of chondrichthyan fish. In: Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA, Musick JA (eds) Sharks, rays and chimaeras: the status of the chondrichthyan fishes. Status survey. IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Cambridge.
46. Clayton D, Pilcher C (1983) Kuwait's natural history: an introduction. Kuwait Oil Company, Ahmadi, Kuwait.
47. Coad B (2010) Freshwater fishes of Iran: Petromyzontidae to Chanidae. www.briancoad.com Downloaded 18 December 2010.
48. Coad BW, Al-Hassan LAJ (1989) Freshwater shark attacks at Basrah, Iraq. Zool Mid East 3: 49-53.
49. Coad BW, Papahn F (1988) Shark attacks in the rivers of southern Iran. Env Biol Fish 23: 131-134. doi: 10. 1007/BF00000743.
50. Colman JG (1997) A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark. J Fish Biol 51: 1219-1234. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8649. 1997. tb01138. x.
51. Compagno LJV (1984) Carcharhinidae. In: Fischer W, Bianchi G (eds) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Indian Ocean (Area 51) Volume V, Bony fishes, chimaeras, sharks, lobsters, shrimps and prawns, sea turtles. FAO, Rome.
52. Compagno LJV (2001) Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Vol. 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO species catalogue for fisheries purposes. FAO, Rome.
53. Compagno LJV, Krupp F, Carpenter KE (1996) A new weasel shark of the genus Paragaleus from the northwestern Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae). Fauna Saudi Arab 15: 391-402.
54. Compagno L, Dando M, Fowler S (2005) A field guide to the sharks of the world. Harper Collins, London.
55. Conan Doyle A (1963) Lone dhow. John Murray, London.
56. Cousteau JY (1963) The living sea. Penguin, London.
57. DeCarvalho MR, Randall JE (2003) Numbfishes from the Arabian Sea and surrounding gulfs, with the description of a new species from Oman (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes: Narcinidae). Ichthyol Res 50: 59-66. doi: 10. 1007/s102280300008.
58. DeCarvalho MR, Compagno LJV, Mee KL (2002a) Narcine oculifera, a new species of electric ray from the Gulfs of Oman and Aden (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes: Narcinidae). Copeia 2002: 137-145. doi: 10. 1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0137: NOANSO]2. 0. CO; 2.
59. DeCarvalho MR, Stehmann MFW, Manilo LG (2002b) Torpedo adenensis, a new species of electric ray from the Gulf of Aden, with comments on nominal species of Torpedo from the western Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and adjacent areas (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes: Torpedinidae). Am Mus Novitates 3369: 1-34. doi: 10. 1206/0003-0082(2002)369& 0001: TAANSO> 2. 0. CO; 2.
60. Dehghani H, Sajjadi MM, Rajaian H, Sajedianfard J, Parto P (2009) Study of patient's injuries by stingrays, lethal activity determination and cardiac effects induced by Himantura gerrardi venom. Toxicon 54: 881-886. doi: 10. 1016/j. toxicon. 2009. 06. 023.
61. Dehghani H, Sajjadi MM, Parto P, Rajaian H, Mokhlesi A (2010) Histological characterization of the special venom secretory cells in the stinger of rays in the northern waters of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Toxicon 55: 1188-1194. doi: 10. 1016/j. toxicon. 2010. 01. 010.
62. Dingerkus G, DeFino T (1983) A revision of the orectolobiform shark family Hemiscyllidae (Chondrichthyes Selachii). Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 176: 1-94.
63. Dulvy NK (2006) Conservation biology: strict marine reserves prevent reef shark declines. Curr Biol 16: R989-R991. doi: 10. 1016/j. cub. 2006. 10. 038.
64. Dulvy NK, Metcalfe JD, Glanville J, Pawson MG, Reynolds JD (2000) Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates. Cons Biol 14: 283-293. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1523-1739. 2000. 98540. x.
65. Eayrs S (2004) Reducing turtle mortality in shrimp-trawl fisheries in Australia, Kuwait and Iran. In: Papers presented at the Expert Consultation on Interactions between Sea Turtles and Fisheries within an Ecosystem Context. Rome, 9-12 March 2004. FAO Fisheries Rep 738, Rome pp 179-194.
66. Ebert DA (2010) Overview of FAO IPOA Sharks: status of implementation to date. FAO/CITES workshop on the effects of a regulation of international trade on the status, fisheries, and trade of elasmobranchs in comparison with other regulations. Genazzano, Italy, 19-23 July 2010.
67. Ebert DA, Compagno LJV (2007) Biodiversity and systematics of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei). Env Biol Fish 80: 111-124. doi: 10. 1007/s10641-007-9247-0.
68. Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (2010) Management of marine protected areas. Downloaded from www. ead. ae/en/en-us/biodiversity. management. sector. marine. aspx. 1 December 2010.
69. Esseen M (1996) A survey of the fisheries in the Jubail marine wildlife sanctuary. In: Krupp F (ed) A marine wildlife sanctuary for the Arabian Gulf: environmental research and conservation following the 1991 Gulf War Oil Spill. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt.
70. Euzen O (1987) Food habits and diet composition of some fish of Kuwait. Kuwait Bull Mar Sci 9: 65-85.
71. FAO (1981a) Demersal resources of the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Regional fishery survey (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) and Development Project FI DP/RAB/71/278/10. FAO, Rome.
72. FAO (1981b) Pelagic resources of the Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Regional fishery survey (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) and Development Project FI DP/RAB/71/278/11. FAO, Rome.
73. FAO (2010a) Global capture production 1950-2008. http://www. fao. org/figis/servlet/TabSelector#lastnodeclicked. Accessed 31 Dec 2010.
74. FAO (2010b) Iran (Islamic Republic of): fishery and aquaculture country profiles. http://www. fao. org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_IR/en Accessed 1 Dec 2010.
75. Fergusson IK, Compagno LJV, Marks M (2000) Predation by white sharks Carcharodon carcharias (Chondrichthyes: Lamnidae) upon chelonians, with new records from the Mediterranean Sea and a first record of the ocean sunfish Mola mola (Osteichthyes: Molidae) as stomach contents. Env Biol Fish 58: 447-453. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1007639324360.
76. Ferretti F, Myers RA, Serena F, Lotze HK (2008) Loss of large predatory sharks from the Mediterranean Sea. Cons Biol 22: 952-964. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1523-1739. 2008. 00938. x.
77. Fricke R, Al-Hassan LAJ (1995) Raja pita, a new species of skate from the Arabian/Persian Gulf (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes). Stuttg Beitr zur Naturkunde, Ser A (Biol) 529: 1-8.
78. Gelsleichter J, Walker CJ (2010) Pollutant exposure and effects in sharks and their relatives. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Sharks and their relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive physiology and Conservation, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
79. Goubanov EP, Shleib NA (eds) (1980) Sharks of the Arabian Gulf. Ministry of Public Works, Agricultural Department, Fisheries Divisions, Kuwait.
80. Hajimoradi M, Daneshmandi S, Hassan ZM, Roudbary M (2009) Effect of shark liver oil on peritoneal murine macrophages in response to killed Candida albicans. Iran J Basic Med Sci 12: 179-183.
81. Haseli M, Malek M, Palm HW (2010) Trypanorhynch cestodes from the Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 2492: 28-48.
82. Hashim OA (1993) Fisheries study in the Gulf. Mar Poll Bull 27: 279-284. doi: 10. 1016/0025-326X(93)90034-H.
83. Heithaus MR (2001a) The biology of tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Shark Bay, Western Australia: sex ratio, size distribution, diet, and seasonal changes in catch rates. Env Biol Fish 61: 25-36. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1011021210685.
84. Heithaus MR (2001b) Predator-prey and competitive interactions between sharks (order Selachii) and dolphins (suborder Odontoceti): a review. J Zool 253: 53-68. doi: 10. 1017/S0952836901000061.
85. Henderson AC, McIlwain JL, Al-Oufi HS, Ambu-Ali A (2006) Reproductive biology of the milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus and the bigeye houndshark Iago omanensis in the coastal waters of Oman. J Fish Biol 68: 1662-1678. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8649. 2006. 01011. x.
86. Henderson AC, McIlwain JL, Al-Oufi HS, Al-Sheili S (2007) The sultanate of Oman shark fishery: species composition, seasonality and diversity. Fish Res 86: 159-168. doi: 10. 1016/jfishres. 2007. 05. 012.
87. Henderson AC, McIlwain JL, Al-Oufi HS, Al-Sheile S, Al-Abri N (2009) Size distributions and sex ratios of sharks caught by Oman's artisanal fishery. Afr J Mar Sci 31: 233-239. doi: 10. 2989/AJMS. 2009. 31. 2. 11. 883.
88. Heupel MR, Carlson JK, Simpfendorfer CA (2007) Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 337: 287-297.
89. Hoolihan J (2003) Sailfish movement in the Arabian Gulf: a summary of tagging efforts. Mar Freshw Res 54: 509-513. doi: 10. 1071/MF01252.
90. Hoolihan JP, Premanandh J, D'Aloia-Palmieri MA, Benzie JAH (2004) Intraspecific phylogeographic of Arabian Gulf sailfish Istiophorus platypterus inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Mar Biol 145: 465-475. doi: 10. 1007/s00227-004-1346-2.
91. Hunt RS (1951) The sharks of Ahwaz. J R Army Med Corps 97: 79-85.
92. Hussain NA, Naiama AK, Al-Hassan LAJ (1988) Annotated check-list of the fish fauna of Khor Al-Zubair, north west of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Acta Ichthyol Piscat 18: 17-24.
93. IOTC (2010) Collection of resolutions and recommendations by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. Online resource. Downloaded from www. iotc. org/English/resolutions. php 1 December 2010.
94. IUCN SSG/TRAFFIC (2002) Report on implementation of the IPOA-Sharks: AC18 Doc 19. 2. CITES 18th meeting, Animals Committee, San Jose, 8-12 April 2002.
95. Jalali MHR, Mazaheri Y, Peyghan R (2008) Acanthocheilus rotundatus (Nematoda: Acanthocheilidae) from the intestine of shark (Carcharhinus macloti) in Persian Gulf, Iran. Iran J Vet Res 9: 178-180.
96. Jalili SH (2004) Quality of gelatin extracted from skin of dominant ray fishes of the Persian Gulf. Iran Sci Fish J 13: 55-68.
97. Jawad LA (2006) Fishing gear and methods of the lower Mesopotamian plain with reference to fishing management. Mar Mesop 1: 1-39.
98. Khalaf NAB (1987) The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from the State of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Gazelle: Palest Biol Bull 16: 1-7.
99. Khaleghi Ghadiri M, Gorki A (2004) Natural remedies for impotence in medieval Persia. Int J Impot Res 16: 80-83. doi: 10. 1038/sj. ijir. 3901153.
100. Khalil LF, Abdul-Salam J (1989) Macrobothridium rhynchobati n. g., n. sp., from the elasmobranch Rhynchobatus granulatus, representing a new family of diphyllidean cestodes, the Macrobothridiidae. Syst Parasitol 13: 103-109. doi: 10. 1007/BF00015218.
101. Kotb AR, Abu Hadeed AF, Al-Baker AA (1991) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid content of some popular species of Arabian Gulf fish. Food Chem 40: 185-190. doi: 10. 1016/0308-8146(91)90101-S.
102. Krupp F, Almarri M, Zajonz U, Carpenter K, Almatar S, Zetzsche H (2000) Twelve new records of fishes from the Gulf. Fauna Arab 18: 23-335.
103. Kuronuma K, Abe Y (1986) Fishes of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
104. Lack M, Sant G (2009) Trends in global shark catch and recent developments in management. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge.
105. Lane IW (1995) Shark cartilage therapy: a personal history of its development. Altern Complement Ther 1: 238-242. doi: 10. 1089/act. 1995. 1. 238.
106. Mahdi N (1971) Additions to the marine fish fauna of Iraq. Iraq Natural History Museum Publication 28. Al-Zahra, Baghdad.
107. Malek M, Haseli M, Mobedi I, Ganjali MR, MacKenzie K (2007) Parasites as heavy metal bioindicators in the shark Carcharhinus dussumieri from the Persian Gulf. Parasitol 134: 1053-1056. doi: 10. 1017/S0031182007002508.
108. Malek M, Caira JN, Haseli M (2010) Two new species of Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the carcharhinid shark Carcharhinus cf. dussumieri (Muller & Henle) in the Persian Gulf. Syst Parasitol 76: 59-68. doi: 10. 1007/s11230-010-9241-3.
109. Manjaji BM (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the stingray genus Himantura (Family Dasyatidae). PhD Dissertation, University of Tasmania.
110. Martin RA (2005) Conservation of freshwater and euryhaline elasmobranchs: a review. J Mar Biol Ass UK 85: 1049-1073. doi: 10. 1017/S0025315405012105.
111. McEachran JD, Aschliman N (2004) Phylogeny of Batoidea. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 79-113.
112. McEwan T, Bell SAF, Dvornak MJ (2001) The hadra fish trap: a technique to acquire fishes for aquaria. Bull Inst Oceanogr Monaco 20: 205-208.
113. McIvor I (1881) Notes on sea-fishing in the Persian Gulf: appendix A to Part III. In: Ross RC (ed) Annual report on the administration of the Persian Gulf political residency and Muscat political agency for the year 1880-1881. Archive Editions, London.
114. Méry S, Charpentier V, Beech M (2008) First evidence of shell fish-hook technology in the Gulf. Arab Archaeol Epigr 19: 15-21. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1600-0471. 2007. 00289. x.
115. Miles SB (1919) The countries and tribes of the Persian Gulf. Frank Cass, London.
116. Mojahedi AA (2001) National report on environmental impact of shrimp trawling fisheries in the Islamic Republic of Iran. In: tropical shrimp fisheries and their impact on living resources. FAO Fisheries Circular 974, Rome.
117. Moore ABM (2001) Metazoan parasites of the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and their potential as stock discrimination tools. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 81: 1009-1013. doi: 10. 1017/S0025315401004982.
118. Moore ABM (2010) The smalleye stingray Dasyatis microps (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in the Gulf: previously unreported presence of a large, rare elasmobranch. Zool Mid East 49: 101-103.
119. Moore ABM, McDavitt M (2009) Arabian sharks and rays: traditional uses and cultural importance. Shark Focus 34: 6-7.
120. Moore ABM, Compagno LJV, Fergusson IK (2007) The Persian/Arabian Gulf's sole great white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes: Lamnidae) record from Kuwait: misidentification of a sandtiger shark Carcharias taurus (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae). Zootaxa 1591: 67-68.
121. Moore ABM, White WT, Peirce R (2010) Additions to the shark fauna of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae and Carcharhinidae). Zool Mid East 50: 83-88.
122. Moore ABM, White WT, Ward RD, Naylor GJP, Peirce, R (in press) Rediscovery and redescription of the smoothtooth blacktip shark Carcharhinus leiodon (Carcharhinidae) from Kuwait, with notes on its possible conservation status. Mar Freshw Res.
123. Morgan G (2006) Country reviews: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE. In: De Young C (ed) Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 488, FAO, Rome. Available at: http://www. fao. org/docrep/009/a0477e/a0477e00. htm [Accessed 12 Dec 2009].
124. Musick JA, Harbin MM, Compagno LJV (2004) Historical Zoogeography of the Selachii. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 33-78.
125. Myers RA, Baum JK, Shepherd TD, Powers SP, Peterson CH (2007) Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315: 1846-1850. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1138657.
126. Nazemroaya S, Sahari MA, Rezaei M (2009) Effect of frozen storage on fatty acid composition and changes in lipid content of Scomberomorus commersoni and Carcharhinus dussumieri. J App Ichthyol 25: 91-95. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1439-0426. 2008. 01176. x.
127. Neumann J, Parpola S (1983) Wind vanes in ancient Mesopotamia, about 2000-1500 B. C. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 64: 1141-1143. doi: 10. 1175/1520-0477(1983)064& 1141: WVIAMA> 2. 0. CO; 2.
128. Pauly D, Matthews CP (1986) Kuwait's finfish catch three times more shrimp than its trawlers. Naga, ICLARM Quart 9: 11-12.
129. Preen A (2004) Distribution, abundance and conservation status of dugongs and dolphins in the southern and western Arabian Gulf. Biol Conserv 118: 205-218. doi: 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2003. 08. 014.
130. Rabbani-Chadegani A, Abdossamadi S, Bargahi A, Yousef-Masboogh M (2007) Identification of low-molecular weight protein (SCP1) from shark cartilage with anti-angiogensis activity and sequence similarity to parvalbumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 46: 563-567. doi: 10. 1016/j. jpba. 2007. 10. 029.
131. Randall JE (1986) Sharks of Arabia. Immel, London.
132. Randall JE (1994) A new genus and six new gobiid fishes (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from Arabian waters. Fauna Saudi Arab 14: 317-340.
133. Randall JE (1995) Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawai'i, Honolulu.
134. Randall JE, Compagno LJV (1995) A review of the guitarfishes of the genus Rhinobatos (Rajiformes: Rhinobatidae) from Oman, with description of a new species. Raffles Bull Zool 43: 289-298.
135. Randall JE, Kunzmann A (1998) Seven new records of fishes from Indonesia, with discussion of western Indian Ocean fishes in southwestern Indonesia. Raffles Bull Zool 46: 477-485.
136. Razmi NA, Kalalian Moghadam H, Tabandeh MR, Babakhani AAF (2008) The therapeutic effect of ingestion of shark cartilage (Carcharhinus dussumieri) on the growth of dimethylbenzanthracene induced mammary tumour in Sprague Dawley rats. Iran South Med J 10: 104-111.
137. Renema W et al (2008) Hopping hotspots: global shifts in marine biodiversity. Science 321: 654-657. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1155674.
138. Rowat D, Gore MA, Baloch BB, Islam Z, Ahmad E, Ali QM, Culloch RM, Hammed S, Hasnain SA, Hussain B, Kiani S, Siddiqui J, Ormond RF, Henn N, Khan M (2007) New records of neonatal and juvenile whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) from the Indian Ocean. Environ Biol Fish. doi: 10. 1007/s10641-007-9280-z.
139. Schultz JK, Feldheim KA, Gruber SH, Ashley MV, McGovern TM, Bowen BW (2008) Global phylogeography and seascape genetics of the lemon sharks (genus Negaprion). Mol Ecol 17: 5336-5348. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2008. 04000. x.
140. Serjeant RB (1968) Fisher-folk and fish-traps in Al-Bahrain. Bull Sch Orient Afr Stud Univ Lond 31: 486-514.
141. Shahrokhi S, Zuhair MH, Mohagheghi MA, Ghazanfari T, Ebtekar M (2009) Shark cartilage modulates immune response in Stage III breast cancer patients. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 3: 21-28.
142. Shepherd TD, Myers RA (2005) Direct and indirect fishery effects on small coastal elasmobranchs in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Ecol Lett 8: 1095-1104. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2005. 00807. x.
143. Shepley M (1996) Marine fish. In: Vine PJ, Al-Abed I (eds) Natural Emirates: wildlife and environment of the United Arab Emirates. Trident, London.
144. Sheppard C, Price A, Roberts C (1992) Marine ecology of the Arabian region: patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments. Academic Press, London.
145. Sheppard C et al (2010) The Gulf: a young sea in decline. Mar Poll Bull 60: 13-38. doi: 10. 1016/jmarpolbul. 2009. 10. 017.
146. Siddeek MSM, Fouda MM, Hermousa GV (1999) Demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 49 (Supp. A): 87-97.
147. Sivasubramaniam K, Ibrahim MA (1982) Common fishes of Qatar. University of Qatar, Doha.
148. Sivasubramaniam K, Ibrahim MA (1983) Pelagic fish resources and their fishery around Qatar. Qatar Sci Bull 3: 297-327.
149. Smith G, Saleh M, Sangoor K (1987) The reef ichthyofauna of Bahrain (Arabian Gulf) with comments on its zoogeographic affinities. Arab Gulf J Sci Res Agric Biol Sci B5: 127-146.
150. Stelbrink B, von Rintelen T, Cliff G, Kriwet J (2010) Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus Squatina). Mol Phylogen Evol 54: 395-404. doi: 10. 1016/j. ympev. 2009. 07. 029.
151. Stevens JD (2007) Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) biology and ecology: a review of the primary literature. Fish Res 84: 4-9. doi: 10. 1016/j. fishres. 2006. 11. 008.
152. Stevens JD, Bonfil R, Dulvy NK, Walker PA (2000) The effects of fishing on sharks, ray and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES J Mar Sci 57: 476-494. doi: 10. 1006/jmsc. 2000. 0724.
153. Stobutzki IC, Heales DS, Miller MJ, Brewer DT (2002) Sustainability of elasmobranchs caught as bycatch in a tropical prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery. Fish Bull 100: 800-821.
154. Taimur Z, Hussaini S (2008) Atrial fibrillation in a commercial diver. Occ Med 58: 144-146. doi: 10. 1093/occmed/kqm161.
155. Thesiger W (1964) The Marsh Arabs. Penguin, London.
156. Thomas B (1931) Alarms and excursions in Arabia. George Allen and Unwin, London.
157. Thorburn DC, Morgan DL (2004) The northern river shark Glyphis sp. C (Carcharhinidae) discovered in Western Australia. Zootaxa 685: 1-8.
158. Thorson TB (1982) The impact of commercial exploitation on sawfish and shark populations in Lake Nicaragua. Fisheries 7: 2-10. doi: 10. 1577/1548-8446(1982)007& 0002: TIOCEO> 2. 0. CO; 2.
159. Tourenq C, Launay F (2008) Challenges facing biodiversity in the United Arab Emirates. Manag Environ Qual 9: 283-304. doi: 10. 1108/14777830810866428.
160. Uerpmann M, Uerpmann H-P (2005) Fish exploitation at Bronze Age harbour sites in the Arabian Gulf area. Paléorient 31: 108-115.
161. Valinassab T, Daryanabard R, Dehghani R, Pierce GJ (2006) Abundance of demersal fish resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 86: 1455-1462. doi: 10. 1017/S0025315406014512.
162. Vaudo JJ, Heithaus MR (2009) Spatiotemporal variability in a sandflat elasmobranch fauna in Shark Bay, Australia. Mar Biol 156: 2579-2590. doi: 10. 1007/s00227-009-1282-2.
163. Vossoughi GH, Vosoughi AR (1999) Study of batoid fishes in northern part of Hormoz Strait, with emphasis on some species new to the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman. Ind J Fish 46: 301-306.
164. Waller GNH, Baranes A (1994) Food of Iago omanensis, a deepwater shark from the northern Red Sea. J Fish Biol 45: 37-45. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8649. 1994. tb01284. x.
165. Ward RD, Holmes BH, White WT, Last PR (2008) DNA barcoding Australasian chondrichthyans: results and potential uses in conservation. Mar Freshw Res 59: 57-71. doi: 10. 1071/MF07148.
166. White WT (2007) Catch composition and reproductive biology of whaler sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) caught by fisheries in Indonesia. J Fish Biol 71: 1512-1540. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1095-8649. 2007. 01623. x.
167. White AW, Barwani MA (1971) Common sea fishes of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Trucial States Council, Dubai.
168. White WT, Dharmadi (2007) Species and size composition and reproductive biology of rays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) caught in target and non-target fisheries in eastern Indonesia. J Fish Biol 70: 1809-1837. doi: 10. 1111/j/1095-8649. 2007. 01458. x.
169. White WT, Potter IC (2004) Habitat partitioning among four elasmobranch species in nearshore, shallow waters of a subtropical embayment in Western Australia. Mar Biol 145: 1023-1032. doi: 10. 1007/s00227-004-1386-7.
170. White WT, Sommerville E (2010) Elasmobranchs of tropical marine ecosystems. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Sharks and their relatives II: biodiversity, adaptive physiology, and Conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
171. White WT, Last PR, Naylor GJP, Jensen K, Caira JN (2010) Clarification of Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) as a valid species, and a comparison with Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790)(Rajiformes: Myliobatidae). In: Last PR, White WT, Pogonoski JJ (eds) Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper No. 032.
172. Whittington ID (2010) Revision of Benedeniella Johnston, 1929 (Monogenea: Capsalidae), its assignment to Entobdellinae Bychowsjy, 1957 and comments on subfamilial composition. Zootaxa 2519: 1-30.
173. Wiley TR, Simpfendorfer CA (2007) The ecology of elasmobranchs occurring in the Everglades National Park, Florida: implications for conservation and management. Bull Mar Sci 80: 171-189.
174. Wirsing AJ, Heithaus MR, Dill LM (2007) Living in the edge: dugongs prefer to forage in microhabitats that allow escape from rather than avoidance of predators. Anim Behav 74: 93-101. doi: 10. 1016/j. anbehav. 2006. 11. 016.
175. Wray T (1979) Commercial fishes of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Fisheries Company, Dammam.
176. Yamaguchi A, Yokoyama H, Ogawa K, Taniuchi T (2003) Use of parasites as biological tags for separating stocks of the starspotted dogfish Mustelus manazo in Japan and Taiwan. Fish Sci 69: 337-342. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1444-2906. 2003. 00626. x.
177. Ye Y, Alsaffar AH, Mohammed HMA (2000) Bycatch and discards of the Kuwait shrimp fishery. Fish Res 45: 9-19. doi: 10. 1016/S0165-7836(99)00105-8.
178. Zorzi G (1995) The biology of freshwater elasmobranchs: an historical perspective. J Aquaricul Aquat Sci 7: 10-31.