Research challenges and gaps in malaria knowledge in Papua New Guinea

Acta Tropica

Volumn 121, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 274-280

  Kazura, James W ^a   Siba, Peter M ^b   Betuela, Inoni ^b   Mueller, Ivo ^c,d  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PAPUA NEW GUINEA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Papua New Guinea)

^c WALTER AND ELIZA HALL INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

^d CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CREAL   (Spain)

Author keywords

Acquired immunity; Epidemiology; Malaria; Melanesia; Papua New Guinea; Transmission; Vector control

Indexed keywords

AMODIAQUINE; ARTESUNATE; CHLOROQUINE; CHLORPHENOTANE; DIELDRIN; DIHYDROARTEMISININ PLUS PIPERAQUINE; PRIMAQUINE; PYRIMETHAMINE PLUS SULFADOXINE;

DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; IMMUNITY; MALARIA; PATHOGENICITY; REGIONAL POLICY;

ANOPHELES; ANTIMALARIAL DRUG RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; DISEASE CARRIER; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERANCE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENDEMIC DISEASE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MALARIA; MALARIA CONTROL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PESTICIDE SPRAYING; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM OVALE MALARIA; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM VIVAX MALARIA; PREVALENCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; VECTOR CONTROL;

ANIMALS; ANOPHELES; ANTIMALARIALS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, INFECTIOUS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE; GENOME, HUMAN; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; MALARIA, VIVAX; NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMS; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PREVALENCE; SELECTION, GENETIC;

MELANESIA; PAPUA NEW GUINEA;

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM;

EID: 84857650457     PISSN: 0001706X     EISSN: 18736254     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Anon A research agenda for malaria eradication: cross-cutting issues for eradication. PLoS Med. 2011, 8:e1000404.
2. Anon A research agenda for malaria eradication: diagnoses and diagnostics. PLoS Med. 2011, 8:e1000396.
3. Anon A research agenda for malaria eradication: drugs. PLoS Med. 2011, 8:e1000402.
4. Allen S., O'Donnell A., Alexander N. Causes of coma in children with malaria in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 1996, 348:1168-1169.
5. Allen S.J., O'Donnell A., Alexander N.D., Alpers M.P., Peto T.E., Clegg J.B., Weatherall D.J. alpha+-Thalassemia protects children against disease caused by other infections as well as malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:14736-14741.
6. Allen S.J., O'Donnell A., Alexander N.D., Clegg J.B. Severe malaria in children in Papua New Guinea. QJM 1996, 89:779-788.
7. Allen S.J., Raiko A., O'Donnell A., Alexander N.D., Clegg J.B. Causes of preterm delivery and intrauterine growth retardation in a malaria endemic region of Papua New Guinea. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998, 79:F135-F140.
8. Alpers M.P., al-Yaman F., Beck H.P., Bhatia K.K., Hii J., Lewis D.J., Paru R., Smith T.A. The Malaria Vaccine Epidemiology and Evaluation Project of Papua New Guinea: rationale and baseline studies. P. N. G. Med. J. 1992, 35:285-297.
9. Baird J.K. Resistance to therapies for infection by Plasmodium vivax. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2009, 22:508-534.
10. Baird J.K., Hoffman S.L. Primaquine therapy for malaria. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2004, vol. 39. pp. 1336-1345.
11. Barcus M.J., Basri H., Picarima H., Manyakori C., Sekartuti, Elyazar I., Bangs M.J., Maguire J.D., Baird J.K. Demographic risk factors for severe and fatal vivax and falciparum malaria among hospital admissions in northeastern Indonesian Papua. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 77:984-991.
12. Barnadas C., Koepfli C., Karunajeewa H.A., Siba P.M., Davis T.M.E., Mueller I. Characterization of Treatment Failure in Efficacy Trials of Drugs against Plasmodium vivax by Genotyping Neutral and Drug Resistance-Associated Markers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, (epub ahead of print).
13. Beebe N.W., Cooper R.D., Morrison D.A., Ellis J.T. A phylogenetic study of the Anopheles punctulatus group of malaria vectors comparing rDNA sequence alignments derived from the mitochondrial and nuclear small ribosomal subunits. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2000, 17:430-436.
14. Beebe N.W., Saul A. Discrimination of all members of the Anopheles punctulatus complex by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995, 53:478-481.
15. Benet A., Mai A., Bockarie F., Lagog M., Zimmerman P., Alpers M.P., Reeder J.C., Bockarie M.J. Polymerase chain reaction diagnosis and the changing pattern of vector ecology and malaria transmission dynamics in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2004, 71:277-284.
16. Brabin B.J., Ginny M., Sapau J., Galme K., Paino J. Consequences of maternal anaemia on outcome of pregnancy in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1990, 84:11-24.
17. Bruce M.C., Donnelly C.A., Alpers M.P., Galinski M.R., Barnwell J.W., Walliker D., Day K.P. Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans. Science 2000, 287:845-848.
18. Bruce M.C., Donnelly C.A., Packer M., Lagog M., Gibson N., Narara A., Walliker D., Alpers M.P., Day K.P. Age- and species-specific duration of infection in asymptomatic malaria infections in Papua New Guinea. Parasitology 2000, 121(Pt 3):247-256.
19. Burkot T.R., Graves P.M., Paru R., Wirtz R.A., Heywood P.F. Human malaria transmission studies in the Anopheles punctulatus complex in Papua New Guinea: sporozoite rates, inoculation rates, and sporozoite densities. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1988, 39:135-144.
20. Burkot T.R., Narara A., Paru R., Graves P.M., Garner P. Human host selection by anophelines: no evidence for preferential selection of malaria or microfilariae-infected individuals in a hyperendemic area. Parasitology 1989, 98(Pt. 3):337-342.
21. Cattani J.A. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Human Biology in Papua New Guinea: The Small Cosmos 1992, 302-312. Clarendon Press, Oxford. R. Attenborough, M. Alpers (Eds.).
22. Cattani J.A., Gibson F.D., Alpers M.P., Crane G.G. Hereditary ovalocytosis and reduced susceptibility to malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1987, 81:705-709.
23. Cattani J.A., Moir J.S., Gibson F.D., Ginny M., Paino J., Davidson W., Alpers M.P. Small-area variations in the epidemiology of malaria in Madang Province. P. N. G. Med. J. 1986, 29:11-17.
24. Cattani J.A., Tulloch J.L., Vrbova H., Jolley D., Gibson F.D., Moir J.S., Heywood P.F., Alpers M.P., Stevenson A., Clancy R. The epidemiology of malaria in a population surrounding Madang, Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1986, 35:3-15.
25. Cockburn I.A., Mackinnon M.J., O'Donnell A., Allen S.J., Moulds J.M., Baisor M., Bockarie M., Reeder J.C., Rowe J.A. A human complement receptor 1 polymorphism that reduces Plasmodium falciparum rosetting confers protection against severe malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101:272-277.
26. Cole-Tobian J.L., Michon P., Dabod E., Mueller I., King C.L. Dynamics of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections and Duffy binding protein polymorphisms in relation to parasitemia levels in Papua New Guinean children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 77:955-962.
27. Cooper R.D., Waterson D.G., Frances S.P., Beebe N.W., Pluess B., Sweeney A.W. Malaria vectors of Papua New Guinea. Int. J. Parasitol. 2009, 39:1495-1501.
28. Cooper R.D., Waterson D.G.E., Frances S.P., Beebe N.W., Sweeney A.W. Speciation and distribution of members of the Anopheles punctulatus (Diptera: Cuclicidae) group in Papua New Guinea. J. Med. Entomol. 2002, 39:16-27.
29. Darlow B., Vrbova H., Stace J., Heywood P., Aalpers M. Fansidar-resistant falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea. Lancet 1980, 2:1243.
30. Desowitz R.S., Alpers M.P. Placental Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in East Sepik (Papua New Guinea) women of different parity: the apparent absence of acute effects on mother and foetus. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1992, 86:95-102.
31. Doolan D.L., Dobano C., Baird J.K. Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2009, 22:13-36. (Table of Contents).
32. Duke T., Michael A., Mgone J., Frank D., Wal T., Sehuko R. Etiology of child mortality in Goroka, Papua New Guinea: a prospective two-year study. Bull. World Health Organ. 2002, 80:16-25.
33. Fowkes F.J., Michon P., Pilling L., Ripley R.M., Tavul L., Imrie H.J., Woods C.M., Mgone C.S., Luty A.J., Day K.P. Host erythrocyte polymorphisms and exposure to Plasmodium falciparum in Papua New Guinea. Malar J. 2008, 7:1.
34. Genton B., al-Yaman F., Beck H.P., Hii J., Mellor S., Narara A., Gibson N., Smith T., Alpers M.P. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. I. Malariometric indices and immunity. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1995, 89:359-376.
35. Genton B., al-Yaman F., Beck H.P., Hii J., Mellor S., Rare L., Ginny M., Smith T., Alpers M.P. The epidemiology of malaria in the Wosera area, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, in preparation for vaccine trials. II. Mortality and morbidity. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 1995, 89:377-390.
36. Genton B., al-Yaman F., Mgone C.S., Alexander N., Paniu M.M., Alpers M.P., Mokela D. Ovalocytosis and cerebral malaria. Nature 1995, 378:564-565.
37. Genton B., Baea K., Lorry K., Ginny M., Wines B., Alpers M.P. Parasitological and clinical efficacy of standard treatment regimens against Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae in Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 2005, 48:141-150.
38. Genton B., D'Acremont V., Rare L., Baea K., Reeder J.C., Alpers M.P., Muller I. Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e127.
39. Grimmond T.R., Donovan K.O., Riley I.D. Chloroquine resistant malaria in Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 1976, 19:184-185.
40. Hay S.I., Snow R.W. The malaria Atlas Project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Med. 2006, 3:e473.
41. Hii J.L., Smith T., Mai A., Mellor S., Lewis D., Alexander N., Alpers M.P. Spatial and temporal variation in abundance of Anopheles (Diptera:Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area in Papua New Guinea. J. Med. Entomol. 1997, 34:193-205.
42. Hill A.V., Bowden D.K., O'Shaughnessy D.F., Weatherall D.J., Clegg J.B. Beta thalassemia in Melanesia: association with malaria and characterization of a common variant (IVS-1 nt 5 G----C). Blood 1988, 72:9-14.
43. Jayatilaka K.D., Taviri J., Kemiki A., Hwaihwanje I., Bulungol P. Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine or amodiaquine in combination with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 2003, 46:125-134.
44. Karunajeewa H.A., Mueller I., Senn M., Lin E., Law I., Gomorrai P.S., Oa O., Griffin S., Kotab K., Suano P., Tarongka N., Ura A., Lautu D., Page-Sharp M., Wong R., Salman S., Siba P., Ilett K.F., Davis T.M. A trial of combination antimalarial therapies in children from Papua New Guinea. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:2545-2557.
45. Kasehagen L.J., Mueller I., Kiniboro B., Bockarie M.J., Reeder J.C., Kazura J.W., Kastens W., McNamara D.T., King C.H., Whalen C.C., Zimmerman P.A. Reduced Plasmodium vivax erythrocyte infection in PNG Duffy-negative heterozygotes. PLoS One 2007, 2:e336.
46. Kasehagen L.J., Mueller I., McNamara D.T., Bockarie M.J., Kiniboro B., Rare L., Lorry K., Kastens W., Reeder J.C., Kazura J.W., Zimmerman P.A. Changing patterns of Plasmodium blood-stage infections in the Wosera region of Papua New Guinea monitored by light microscopy and high throughput PCR diagnosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 75:588-596.
47. Lampah D.A., Yeo T.W., Hardianto S.O., Tjitra E., Kenangalem E., Sugiarto P., Price R.N., Anstey N.M. Coma associated with microscopy-diagnosed Plasmodium vivax: a prospective study in Papua, Indonesia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2011, 5:e1032.
48. Lehmann D. Demography and causes of death among the Huli in the Tari Basin. P. N. G. Med. J. 2002, 45:51-62.
49. Lehmann D., Howard P., Heywood P. Nutrition and morbidity: acute lower respiratory tract infections, diarrhoea and malaria. P. N. G. Med. J. 1988, 31:109-116.
50. Lin E., Kiniboro B., Gray L., Dobbie S., Robinson L., Laumaea A., Schopflin S., Stanisic D., Betuela I., Blood-Zikursh M., Siba P., Felger I., Schofield L., Zimmerman P., Mueller I. Differential patterns of infection and disease with P. falciparum and P. vivax in young Papua New Guinean children. PLoS One 2010, 5:e9047.
51. Lin E., Michon P., Richards J.S., Tavul L., Dabod E., Beeson J.G., King C., Zimmerman P.A., Mueller I. Minimal association of common red blood cell polymorphisms with P. falciparum infection and uncomplicated malaria in Papua New Guinean children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2010, 83:828-833.
52. Marfurt J., Smith T.A., Hastings I.M., Muller I., Sie A., Oa O., Baisor M., Reeder J.C., Beck H.P., Genton B. Plasmodium falciparum resistance to anti-malarial drugs in Papua New Guinea: evaluation of a community-based approach for the molecular monitoring of resistance. Malar J. 2010, 9:8.
53. Mehlotra R.K., Kasehagen L.J., Baisor M., Lorry K., Kazura J.W., Bockarie M.J., Zimmerman P.A. Malaria infections are randomly distributed in diverse holoendemic areas of Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 67:555-562.
54. Mehlotra R.K., Lorry K., Kastens W., Miller S.M., Alpers M.P., Bockarie M., Kazura J.W., Zimmerman P.A. Random distribution of mixed species malaria infections in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2000, 62:225-231.
55. Mehlotra R.K., Mattera G., Bhatia K., Reeder J.C., Stoneking M., Zimmerman P.A. Insight into the early spread of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum infections in Papua New Guinea. J. Infect. Dis. 2005, 192:2174-2179.
56. Mgone C.S., Koki G., Paniu M.M., Kono J., Bhatia K.K., Genton B., Alexander N.D., Alpers M.P. Occurrence of the erythrocyte band 3 (AE1) gene deletion in relation to malaria endemicity in Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1996, 90:228-231.
57. Michon P., Cole-Tobian J.L., Dabod E., Schoepflin S., Igu J., Susapu M., Tarongka N., Zimmerman P.A., Reeder J.C., Beeson J.G., Schofield L., King C.L., Mueller I. The risk of malarial infections and disease in Papua New Guinean children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76:997-1008.
58. Mueller I., Galinski M.R., Baird J.K., Carlton J.M., Kochar D.K., Alonso P.L., del Portillo H.A. Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2009, 9:555-566.
59. Mueller I., Kaiok J., Reeder J.C., Cortes A. The population structure of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax during an epidemic of malaria in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2002, 67:459-464.
60. Mueller I., Kundi J., Bjorge S., Namuigi P., Saleu G., Riley I.D., Reeder J.C. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 3. Simbu Province. P. N. G. Med. J. 2004, 47:159-173.
61. Mueller I., Namuigi P., Kundi J., Ivivi R., Tandrapah T., Bjorge S., Reeder J.C. Epidemic malaria in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 72:554-560.
62. Mueller I., Ousari M., Yala S., Ivivi R., Sie A., Reeder J.C. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 4. Enga Province. P. N. G. Med. J. 2006, 49:115-125.
63. Mueller I., Rogerson S., Mola G.D., Reeder J.C. A review of the current state of malaria among pregnant women in Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 2008, 51:12-16.
64. Mueller I., Sie A., Ousari M., Iga J., Yala S., Ivivi R., Reeder J.C. The epidemiology of malaria in the Papua New Guinea highlands: 5. Aseki, Menyamya and Wau-Bulolo, Morobe Province. P. N. G. Med. J. 2007, 50:111-122.
65. Mueller I., Taime J., Ibam E., Kundi J., Lagog M., Bockarie M., Reeder J.C. Complex patterns of malaria epidemiology in the highlands region of Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 2002, 45:200-205.
66. Mueller I., Widmer S., Michel D., Maraga S., McNamara D.T., Kiniboro B., Sie A., Smith T.A., Zimmerman P.A. High sensitivity detection of Plasmodium species reveals positive correlations between infections of different species, shifts in age distribution and reduced local variation in Papua New Guinea. Malar J. 2009, 8:41.
67. Muller I., Bockarie M., Alpers M., Smith T. The epidemiology of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:253-259.
68. O'Donnell A., Allen S.J., Mgone C.S., Martinson J.J., Clegg J.B., Weatherall D.J. Red cell morphology and malaria anaemia in children with Southeast-Asian ovalocytosis band 3 in Papua New Guinea. Br. J. Haematol. 1998, 101:407-412.
69. O'Meara W.P., Bejon P., Mwangi T.W., Okiro E.A., Peshu N., Snow R.W., Newton C.R., Marsh K. Effect of a fall in malaria transmission on morbidity and mortality in Kilifi, Kenya. Lancet 2008, 372:1555-1562.
70. Patel S.S., Mehlotra R.K., Kastens W., Mgone C.S., Kazura J.W., Zimmerman P.A. The association of the glycophorin C exon 3 deletion with ovalocytosis and malaria susceptibility in the Wosera, Papua New Guinea. Blood 2001, 98:3489-3491.
71. Poespoprodjo J.R., Fobia W., Kenangalem E., Lampah D.A., Hasanuddin A., Warikar N., Sugiarto P., Tjitra E., Anstey N.M., Price R.N. Vivax malaria: a major cause of morbidity in early infancy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 48:1704-1712.
72. Ratcliff A., Siswantoro H., Kenangalem E., Maristela R., Wuwung R.M., Laihad F., Ebsworth E.P., Anstey N.M., Tjitra E., Price R.N. Two fixed-dose artemisinin combinations for drug-resistant falciparum and vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia: an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 2007, 369:757-765.
73. Ratcliff A., Siswantoro H., Kenangalem E., Wuwung M., Brockman A., Edstein M.D., Laihad F., Ebsworth E.P., Anstey N.M., Tjitra E., Price R.N. Therapeutic response of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in southern Papua, Indonesia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 101:351-359.
74. Reeder J.C. Health research in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:241-245.
75. Rieckmann K.H., Davis D.R., Hutton D.C. Plasmodium vivax resistance to chloroquine?. Lancet 1989, 2:1183-1184.
76. Rudge J.W., Phuanakoonon S., Nema K.H., Mounier-Jack S., Coker R. Critical interactions between Global Fund-supported programmes and health systems: a case study in Papua New Guinea. Health Policy Plan. 2010, 25(Suppl. 1):i48-i52.
77. Schuurkamp G.J., Spicer P.E., Kereu R.K., Bulungol P.K., Rieckmann K.H. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1992, 86:121-122.
78. Senn N., Maraga S., Sie A., Rogerson S.J., Reeder J.C., Siba P., Mueller I. Population hemoglobin mean and anemia prevalence in Papua New Guinea: new metrics for defining malaria endemicity?. PLoS One 2010, 5:e9375.
79. Serjeantson S.W., Board P.G., Bhatia K.K. Population genetics in Papua New Guinea: a prespective on human evolution. Human Biology in Papua New Guinea: The Small Cosmos 1992, 198-233. Clarendon Press, Oxford. R.D. Attenborough, M.P. Alpers (Eds.).
80. Smith T., Genton B., Baea K., Gibson N., Narara A., Alpers M.P. Prospective risk of morbidity in relation to malaria infection in an area of high endemicity of multiple species of Plasmodium. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 64:262-267.
81. Smith T., Hii J.L., Genton B., Muller I., Booth M., Gibson N., Narara A., Alpers M.P. Associations of peak shifts in age-prevalence for human malarias with bednet coverage. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 95:1-6.
82. Stanisic D.I., Mueller I., Betuela I., Siba P., Schofield L. Robert Koch redux: malaria immunology in Papua New Guinea. Parasite Immunol. 2010, 32:623-632.
83. Taylor B. Observations on malaria vectors of the Anopheles punctulatus complex in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. J. Med. Entomol. 1975, 11:677-687.
84. Tjitra E., Anstey N.M., Sugiarto P., Warikar N., Kenangalem E., Karyana M., Lampah D.A., Price R.N. Multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax associated with severe and fatal malaria: a prospective study in Papua, Indonesia. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e128.
85. Van Dijk W.J.O.M., Parkinson A.D. Epidemiology of malaria in New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 1974, 17:17-21.
86. Wells T.N., Burrows J.N., Baird J.K. Targeting the hypnozoite reservoir of Plasmodium vivax: the hidden obstacle to malaria elimination. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26:145-151.
87. Whitby M., Wood G., Veenendaal J.R., Rieckmann K. Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax. Lancet 1989, 2:1395.
88. WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria 2010, World Health Organization, Geneva. second ed.
89. Yenchitsomanus P., Summers K.M., Chockkalingam C., Board P.G. Characterization of G6PD deficiency and thalassaemia in Papua New Guinea. P. N. G. Med. J. 1986, 29:53-58.
90. Yung A.P., Bennett N.M. Chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria acquired in Papua New Guinea. Med. J. Aust. 1976, 2:845.
91. Zimmerman P.A., Patel S.S., Maier A.G., Bockarie M.J., Kazura J.W. Erythrocyte polymorphisms and malaria parasite invasion in Papua New Guinea. Trends Parasitol. 2003, 19:250-252.
92. Zimmerman P.A., Woolley I., Masinde G.L., Miller S.M., McNamara D.T., Hazlett F., Mgone C.S., Alpers M.P., Genton B., Boatin B.A., Kazura J.W. Emergence of FY*A(null) in a Plasmodium vivax-endemic region of Papua New Guinea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999, 96:13973-13977.