Therapeutic devices for epilepsy

Annals of Neurology

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 157-168

  Fisher, Robert S ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ALCOHOL; BICUCULLINE; BOTULINUM TOXIN E; DIAZEPAM; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; LIDOCAINE; MUSCIMOL; PLACEBO; PROPOFOL; RETINOIC ACID;

ACCELEROMETER; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COOLING; DEPRESSION; ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; EUROPE; FOCAL EPILEPSY; GENETICS; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; IMPLANT; LIGHT; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; MEDICAL DEVICE; MEMORY DISORDER; MULTICENTER STUDY; NEOCORTEX; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL EXCITABILITY; NERVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; OPTICS; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PARESTHESIA; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REFRACTORY PERIOD; REGIONAL PERFUSION; RISK; SEIZURE ALERT SYSTEM; SELF CONCEPT; THALAMUS ANTERIOR NUCLEUS; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; UNITED STATES; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

CRYOTHERAPY; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTRONICS, MEDICAL; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; IMPLANTABLE NEUROSTIMULATORS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRIC NERVE STIMULATION; VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION;

EID: 84857541143     PISSN: 03645134     EISSN: 15318249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ana.22621     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Carlson C, Arnedo V, Cahill M, Devinsky O,. Detecting nocturnal convulsions: efficacy of the MP5 monitor. Seizure 2009; 18: 225-227.
2. Karayiannis NB, Xiong Y, Frost JD Jr, et al. Automated detection of videotaped neonatal seizures based on motion tracking methods. J Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 23: 521-531. (Pubitemid 44901059)
3. Gotman J,. Automatic recognition of epileptic seizures in the EEG. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1982; 54: 530-540. (Pubitemid 13244246)
4. Elzawahry H, Do CS, Lin K, Benbadis SR,. The diagnostic utility of the ictal cry. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 18: 306-307.
5. Leutmezer F, Schernthaner C, Lurger S, Potzelberger K, Baumgartner C,. Electrocardiographic changes at the onset of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 348-354. (Pubitemid 36343765)
6. Walczak TS, Leppik IE, D'Amelio M, et al. Incidence and risk factors in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2001; 56: 519-525. (Pubitemid 32172879)
7. Conradsen I, Beniczky S, Wolf P, et al. Multi-modal intelligent seizure acquisition (MISA) system - a new approach towards seizure detection based on full body motion measures. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009; 2009: 2591-2595.
8. Cuppens K, Lagae L, Ceulemans B, et al. Detection of nocturnal frontal lobe seizures in pediatric patients by means of accelerometers: a first study. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009; 2009: 6608-6611.
9. Nijsen TM, Arends JB, Griep PA, Cluitmans PJ,. The potential value of three-dimensional accelerometry for detection of motor seizures in severe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2005; 7: 74-84. (Pubitemid 40975281)
10. Nijsen TM, Cluitmans PJ, Arends JB, Griep PA,. Detection of subtle nocturnal motor activity from 3-D accelerometry recordings in epilepsy patients. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2007; 54: 2073-2081. (Pubitemid 350006063)
11. Lockman J, Fisher RS, Olson DM,. Detection of seizure-like movements using a wrist accelerometer. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20: 638-641.
12. Kramer U, Kipervasser S, Shlitner A, Kuzniecky R,. A novel portable seizure detection alarm system: preliminary results. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 28: 36-38.
13. Schulze-Bonhage A, Sales F, Wagner K, et al. Views of patients with epilepsy on seizure prediction devices. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 18: 388-396.
14. Lehnertz K, Litt B,. The First International Collaborative Workshop on Seizure Prediction: summary and data description. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 493-505. (Pubitemid 40249817)
15. Balish M, Albert PS, Theodore WH,. Seizure frequency in intractable partial epilepsy: a statistical analysis. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 642-649.
16. Fisher RS, Vickrey BG, Gibson P, et al. The impact of epilepsy from the patient's perspective: I. Descriptions and subjective perceptions. Epilepsy Res 2000; 41: 39-51. (Pubitemid 30621400)
17. Haut SR, Hall CB, LeValley AJ, Lipton RB,. Can patients with epilepsy predict their seizures? Neurology 2007; 68: 262-266. (Pubitemid 46151648)
18. DuBois JM, Boylan LS, Shiyko M, et al. Seizure prediction and recall. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 18: 106-109.
19. Penfield W,. The evidence for a cerebral vascular mechanism in epilepsy. Ann Int Med 1933; 7: 303-310.
20. Weinand ME, Carter LP, Patton DD, et al. Long-term surface cortical cerebral blood flow monitoring in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 657-664. (Pubitemid 24299899)
21. Viglione SS, Walsh GO,. Proceedings: Epileptic seizure prediction. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975; 39: 435-436.
22. Mormann F, Andrzejak RG, Kreuz T, et al. Automated detection of a preseizure state based on a decrease in synchronization in intracranial electroencephalogram recordings from epilepsy patients. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 67: 021912.
23. Hughes JR, Fino JJ, Patel K, Domarad W,. Factors in the interictal record predicting an ictal episode: a case study. Clin EEG Neurosci 2004; 35: 158-164. (Pubitemid 38828895)
24. Iasemidis LD, Sackellares JC, Zaveri HP, Williams WJ,. Phase space topography and the Lyapunov exponent of electrocorticograms in partial seizures. Brain Topogr 1990; 2: 187-201. (Pubitemid 20237635)
25. Iasemidis LD, Shiau DS, Pardalos PM, et al. Long-term prospective on-line real-time seizure prediction. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 532-544. (Pubitemid 40249821)
26. Drury I, Smith B, Li D, Savit R,. Seizure prediction using scalp electroencephalogram. Exp Neurol 2003; 184 (suppl 1): S9-S18. (Pubitemid 37338699)
27. Le Van Quyen M, Soss J, Navarro V, et al. Preictal state identification by synchronization changes in long-term intracranial EEG recordings. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 559-568. (Pubitemid 40249824)
28. Lehnertz K, Andrzejak RG, Arnhold J, et al. Nonlinear EEG analysis in epilepsy: its possible use for interictal focus localization, seizure anticipation, and prevention. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18: 209-222. (Pubitemid 32896031)
29. Navarro V, Martinerie J, Le Van Quyen M, et al. Seizure anticipation: do mathematical measures correlate with video-EEG evaluation? Epilepsia 2005; 46: 385-396. (Pubitemid 40365644)
30. Winterhalder M, Maiwald T, Voss HU, et al. The seizure prediction characteristic: a general framework to assess and compare seizure prediction methods. Epilepsy Behav 2003; 4: 318-325. (Pubitemid 37184607)
31. Esteller R, Echauz J, D'Alessandro M, et al. Continuous energy variation during the seizure cycle: towards an on-line accumulated energy. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 517-526. (Pubitemid 40249819)
32. Osorio I, Frei MG, Giftakis J, et al. Performance reassessment of a real-time seizure-detection algorithm on long ECoG series. Epilepsia 2002; 43: 1522-1535. (Pubitemid 35429771)
33. Zandi AS, Dumont GA, Javidan M, Tafreshi R,. An entropy-based approach to predict seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy using scalp EEG. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009; 2009: 228-231.
34. Davis KA, Sturges BK, Vite CH, et al. A novel implanted device to wirelessly record and analyze continuous intracranial canine EEG. Epilepsy Res 2011; 96: 116-122.
35. Javedan SP, Fisher RS, Eder HG, et al. Cooling abolishes neuronal network synchronization in rat hippocampal slices. Epilepsia 2002; 43: 574-580. (Pubitemid 34627715)
36. Burton JM, Peebles GA, Binder DK, et al. Transcortical cooling inhibits hippocampal-kindled seizures in the rat. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 1881-1887. (Pubitemid 44921998)
37. Hill MW, Wong M, Amarakone A, Rothman SM,. Rapid cooling aborts seizure-like activity in rodent hippocampal-entorhinal slices. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 1241-1248.
38. Vastola EF, Homan R, Rosen A,. Inhibition of focal seizures by moderate hypothermia. A clinical and experimental study. Arch Neurol 1969; 20: 430-439.
39. Sourek K, Travnicek V,. General and local hypothermia of the brain in the treatment of intractable epilepsy. J Neurosurg 1970; 33: 253-259.
40. Ommaya AK, Baldwin M,. Extravascular local cooling of the brain in man. J Neurosurg 1963; 20: 8-20.
41. Corry JJ, Dhar R, Murphy T, Diringer MN,. Hypothermia for refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care 2008; 9: 189-197.
42. Osorio I, Chang F, Gopalsami N,. Seizure control with thermal energy? Modeling of heat diffusivity in brain tissue and computer-based design of a prototype mini-cooler. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 16: 203-211.
43. Boyden ES, Zhang F, Bamberg E, et al. Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 1263-1268. (Pubitemid 43348147)
44. Deisseroth K,. Optogenetics. Nat Methods 2011; 8: 26-29.
45. Tønnesen J, Sorensen AT, Deisseroth K, et al. Optogenetic control of epileptiform activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106: 12162-12167.
46. Antonucci F, Bozzi Y, Caleo M,. Intrahippocampal infusion of botulinum neurotoxin E (BoNT/E) reduces spontaneous recurrent seizures in a mouse model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50: 963-966.
47. Chapman AG, Nanan K, Yip P, Meldrum BS,. Anticonvulsant activity of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 preferential agonist, (R,S)-4- phosphonophenylglycine. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 383: 23-27. (Pubitemid 29509818)
48. Dean P, Gale K,. Anticonvulsant action of GABA receptor blockade in the nigrotectal target region. Brain Res 1989; 477: 391-395. (Pubitemid 19026978)
49. Gallego JM, Ortiz L, Gutierrez R, Barcia JA,. Continuous bilateral infusion of GABA in the dorsomedian nucleus of the thalamus elevates the generalized seizure threshold in amygdala-kindled rats. Seizure 2009; 18: 537-540.
50. Gasior M, White NA, Rogawski MA,. Prolonged attenuation of amygdala-kindled seizure measures in rats by convection-enhanced delivery of the N-type calcium channel antagonists omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-conotoxin MVIIA. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323: 458-468. (Pubitemid 350005132)
51. Myhrer T, Nguyen NH, Enger S, Aas P,. Anticonvulsant effects of GABA(A) modulators microinfused into area tempestas or substantia nigra in rats exposed to soman. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80: 502-507. (Pubitemid 43979678)
52. Myhrer T, Enger S, Aas P,. Modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors microinfused into perirhinal cortex: anticonvulsant effects in rats challenged with soman. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 636: 82-87.
53. Sayyah M, Rezaie M, Haghighi S, Amanzadeh A,. Intra-amygdala all-trans retinoic acid inhibits amygdala-kindled seizures in rats. Epilepsy Res 2007; 75: 97-103. (Pubitemid 47048651)
54. Silva-Barrat C, Brailowsky S, Riche D, Menini C,. Anticonvulsant effects of localized chronic infusions of GABA in cortical and reticular structures of baboons. Exp Neurol 1988; 101: 418-427.
55. Smith DC, Krahl SE, Browning RA, Barea EJ,. Rapid cessation of focally induced generalized seizures in rats through microinfusion of lidocaine hydrochloride into the focus. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 43-53. (Pubitemid 23045066)
56. Eder HG, Jones DB, Fisher RS,. Local perfusion of diazepam attenuates interictal and ictal events in the bicuculline model of epilepsy in rats. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 516-521. (Pubitemid 27199904)
57. Stein AG, Eder HG, Blum DE, et al. An automated drug delivery system for focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2000; 39: 103-114. (Pubitemid 30089582)
58. Anschel DJ, Ortega EL, Kraus AC, Fisher RS,. Focally injected adenosine prevents seizures in the rat. Exp Neurol 2004; 190: 544-547. (Pubitemid 39505008)
59. Ludvig N, Baptiste SL, Tang HM, et al. Localized transmeningeal muscimol prevents neocortical seizures in rats and nonhuman primates: therapeutic implications. Epilepsia 2009; 50: 678-693.
60. Ludvig N, Kuzniecky RI, Baptiste SL, et al. Epidural pentobarbital delivery can prevent locally induced neocortical seizures in rats: the prospect of transmeningeal pharmacotherapy for intractable focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1792-1802. (Pubitemid 44730048)
61. Rogawski MA,. Convection-enhanced delivery in the treatment of epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6: 344-351.
62. Serralta A, Barcia JA, Ortiz P, et al. Effect of intracerebroventricular continuous infusion of valproic acid versus single i.p. and i.c.v. injections in the amygdala kindling epilepsy model. Epilepsy Res 2006; 70: 15-26. (Pubitemid 43947512)
63. Oommen J, Kraus AC, Fisher RS,. Intraventricular administration of gabapentin in the rat increases flurothyl seizure threshold. Neurosci Lett 2007; 417: 308-311. (Pubitemid 46589784)
64. Graves NM, Fisher RS,. Neurostimulation for epilepsy, including a pilot study of anterior nucleus stimulation. Clin Neurosurg 2005; 52: 127-134.
65. Lockman J, Fisher RS,. Therapeutic brain stimulation for epilepsy. Neurol Clin 2009; 27: 1031-1040.
66. Fisher RS, Handforth A,. Reassessment: vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1999; 53: 666-669. (Pubitemid 29448282)
67. Ben-Menachem E, Manon-Espaillat R, Ristanovic R, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group. Epilepsia 1994; 35: 616-626. (Pubitemid 24217765)
68. Handforth A, DeGiorgio CM, Schachter SC, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy for partial-onset seizures: a randomized active-control trial. Neurology 1998; 51: 48-55. (Pubitemid 28345358)
69. Morris GL III, Mueller WM,. Long-term treatment with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group E01-E05. Neurology 1999; 53: 1731-1735. (Pubitemid 29530347)
70. Elliott RE, Morsi A, Kalhorn SP, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation in 436 consecutive patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: long-term outcomes and predictors of response. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 20: 57-63.
71. Elliott RE, Rodgers SD, Bassani L, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for children with treatment-resistant epilepsy: a consecutive series of 141 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7: 491-500.
72. Helmers SL, Wheless JW, Frost M, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy: retrospective study. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 843-848. (Pubitemid 33150421)
73. Hornig GW, Murphy JV, Schallert G, Tilton C,. Left vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory epilepsy: an update. South Med J 1997; 90: 484-488. (Pubitemid 27376942)
74. Labar D, Murphy J, Tecoma E,. Vagus nerve stimulation for medication-resistant generalized epilepsy. E04 VNS Study Group. Neurology 1999; 52: 1510-1512. (Pubitemid 29190555)
75. Tecoma ES, Iragui VJ,. Vagus nerve stimulation use and effect in epilepsy: what have we learned? Epilepsy Behav 2006; 8: 127-136. (Pubitemid 43103840)
76. DeGiorgio C, Heck C, Bunch S, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: randomized comparison of three stimulation paradigms. Neurology 2005; 65: 317-319. (Pubitemid 41022385)
77. El Tahry R, De Herdt V, Raedt R, et al. Evolution in VNS therapy for refractory epilepsy, experience with Demipulse devices at Ghent University Hospital. Seizure 2010; 19: 531-535.
78. Gorny KR, Bernstein MA, Watson RE Jr,. 3 Tesla MRI of patients with a vagus nerve stimulator: initial experience using a T/R head coil under controlled conditions. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 475-481.
79. El Tahry R, Raedt R, Mollet L, et al. A novel implantable vagus nerve stimulation system (ADNS-300) for combined stimulation and recording of the vagus nerve: pilot trial at Ghent University Hospital. Epilepsy Res 2010; 92: 231-239.
80. Harreby KR, Sevcencu C, Struijk JJ,. Early seizure detection in rats based on vagus nerve activity. Med Biol Eng Comput 2011; 49: 143-151.
81. Comfort S,. VNS therapy update: a look into the future. Paper presented at: Antiepileptic Drug and Device Trials XI Conference; April 27-29, 2011; Aventura, FL.
82. Ghaemi K, Elsharkawy AE, Schulz R, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation: outcome and predictors of seizure freedom in long-term follow-up. Seizure 2010; 19: 264-268.
83. Yang AC, Zhang JG, Rong PJ, et al. A new choice for the treatment of epilepsy: electrical auricula-vagus-stimulation. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77: 244-245.
84. La Marca R, Nedeljkovic M, Yuan L, et al. Effects of auricular electrical stimulation on vagal activity in healthy men: evidence from a three-armed randomized trial. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 118: 537-546.
85. Dietrich S, Smith J, Scherzinger C, et al. A novel transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation leads to brainstem and cerebral activations measured by functional MRI [in German]. Biomed Tech (Berl) 2008; 53: 104-111. (Pubitemid 351822214)
86. DeGiorgio CM, Murray D, Markovic D, Whitehurst T,. Trigeminal nerve stimulation for epilepsy: long-term feasibility and efficacy. Neurology 2009; 72: 936-938.
87. Merton PA, Morton HB,. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature 1980; 285: 227. (Pubitemid 10051018)
88. Deng ZD, Peterchev AV, Lisanby SH,. Coil design considerations for deep-brain transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2008; 2008: 5675-5679.
89. Theodore WH, Fisher RS,. Brain stimulation for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 111-118. (Pubitemid 38121314)
90. Tergau F, Naumann U, Paulus W, Steinhoff BJ,. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intractable epilepsy. Lancet 1999; 353: 2209. (Pubitemid 29295256)
91. Graff-Guerrero A, Gonzales-Olvera J, Ruiz-Garcia M, et al. rTMS reduces focal brain hyperperfusion in two patients with EPC. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 109: 290-296. (Pubitemid 38406507)
92. Menkes DL, Gruenthal M,. Slow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 240-242. (Pubitemid 30097071)
93. Misawa S, Kuwabara S, Shibuya K, et al. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation for epilepsia partialis continua due to cortical dysplasia. J Neurol Sci 2005; 234: 37-39. (Pubitemid 40910341)
94. Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A,. Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120: 2008-2039.
95. Rotenberg A, Depositario-Cabacar D, Bae EH, et al. Transient suppression of seizures by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a case of Rasmussen's encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13: 260-262.
96. Morales OG, Henry ME, Nobler MS, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children and adolescents: a review and report of two cases of epilepsia partialis continua. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2005; 14: 193-210, viii-ix. (Pubitemid 39572416)
97. Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH,. Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 1367-1377. (Pubitemid 32673705)
98. Daniele O, Brighina F, Piazza A, et al. Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with cortical dysplasia a a preliminary study. J Neurol 2003; 250: 761-762. (Pubitemid 36718370)
99. Fregni F, Otachi PT, Do Valle A, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006; 60: 447-455. (Pubitemid 44684981)
100. Cantello R, Rossi S, Varrasi C, et al. Slow repetitive TMS for drug-resistant epilepsy: clinical and EEG findings of a placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 366-374. (Pubitemid 46213891)
101. Theodore WH, Hunter K, Chen R, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of seizures: a controlled study. Neurology 2002; 59: 560-562. (Pubitemid 34919990)
102. Kratz O, Studer P, Barth W, et al. Seizure in a nonpredisposed individual induced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. J ECT 2011; 27: 48-50.
103. Schrader LM, Stern JM, Koski L, et al. Seizure incidence during single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in individuals with epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 2728-2737. (Pubitemid 39531335)
104. Gildenberg PL,. Evolution of neuromodulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2005; 83: 71-79. (Pubitemid 41264839)
105. Heath RG,. Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man. Am J Psychiatry 1963; 120: 571-577.
106. Delgado JM, Hamlin H, Chapman WP,. Technique of intracranial electrode implacement for recording and stimulation and its possible therapeutic value in psychotic patients. Confin Neurol 1952; 12: 315-319.
107. Cooper IS, Amin I, Gilman S,. The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation upon epilepsy in man. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1973; 98: 192-196.
108. Cooper IS, Upton AR, Amin I,. Reversibility of chronic neurologic deficits. Some effects of electrical stimulation of the thalamus and internal capsule in man. Appl Neurophysiol 1980; 43: 244-258. (Pubitemid 12199373)
109. Krauss GL, Fisher RS,. Cerebellar and thalamic stimulation for epilepsy. Adv Neurol 1993; 63: 231-245.
110. Velasco F, Velasco M, Ogarrio C, Fanghanel G,. Electrical stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus in the treatment of convulsive seizures: a preliminary report. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 421-430. (Pubitemid 17125332)
111. Velasco AL, Velasco F, Jimenez F, et al. Neuromodulation of the centromedian thalamic nuclei in the treatment of generalized seizures and the improvement of the quality of life in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia 2006; 47: 1203-1212. (Pubitemid 44086756)
112. Fisher RS, Uematsu S, Krauss GL, et al. Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures. Epilepsia 1992; 33: 841-851.
113. Graber KD, Fisher RS,. Deep brain stimulation for epilepsy: animal models. In:, Noebels J, Avoli M, Rogawski M, Olson R, eds. Jasper's basic mechanisms of the epilepsies (Contemporary Neurology Series). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012, in press.
114. Fisher R, Salanova V, Witt T, et al. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 2010; 51: 899-908.
115. Morrell MJ,. Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy. Neurology 2011; 77: 1295-1304.