The new judicial deference

Boston University Law Review

Volumn 92, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 89-170

  Scheppele, Kim Lane ^a  

^a University Center for Human Values   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857514029     PISSN: 00068047     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. see DAVID COLE, JUSTICE AT WAR: THE MEN AND IDEAS THAT SHAPED AMERICA'S WAR ON TERROR 37-48(2008).
2. MARK LYNCH, CENTER FOR A NEW AMERICAN SECURITY, RHETORIC AND REALITY: COUNTERING TERROR IN THE AGE OF OBAMA 12 (2010), available at http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS-Rhetoric%20and%20Reality- Lynch.pdf.
3. John McCain. 2008 Presidential Election National Exit Poll, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polis/#val=USP00p6 (last visited Oct. 29,2011).
4. see John E. Finn, Sunset Clauses and Democratic Deliberation: Assessing the Significance of Sunset Provisions in Antiterrorism Legislation, 48 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 442, 462 n.84 (2010).
5. See USA Patriot Act, ELECTRONIC PRIVACY INFORMATION CENTER, http://epic.Org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/#news (last visited Oct. 29, 2011).
6. Glenn Greenwald, The Vindication of Dick Cheney, SALON, (Jan. 18, 2011,6: 19AM), http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn-greenwald/2011/01/18/cheney.
7. see JENNIFER ELSEA & MICHAEL JOHN GARCIA, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., RL 33180, ENEMY COMBATANT DETAINEES: HABEAS CORPUS CHALLENGES IN FEDERAL COURT (2010), available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33180.pdf.
8. A. W. BRIAN SIMPSON, IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE ODIOUS: DETENTION WITHOUT TRIAL IN WARTIME BRITAIN 418-421 (1992).
9. See Brian Farrell, From Westminster to the World: The Right to Habeas Corpus in International Constitutional Law, 17 MICH. ST. J. INT'L L. 551, 551 (2009).
10. Charkaoui v. Canada, 2007 SCC 9, [2007]1 S.C.R. 350, (Can.), available at http://scc.lexum.org/en/2007/2007scc9/2007scc9.html
11. Corte Constitucional [C.C.] [Constitutional Court], noviembre 16,2010, Sentencia C-913/10, Gaceta de la Corte Constitucional [G.C.C.] (Colom.), available at http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2010/c-913-10.htm
12. Joined Cases C-402 & C-415/05 P, Kadi v. Council, 2008 E.C.R. 1-6411, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX: 62005J0402:EN:HTML
13. Aviation Security Act Case, Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG] [Federal Constitutional Court] Feb. 15, 2006, 115 ENTSCHEIDUNGEN DES BUNDESVERFASSUNGSGERICHTS [BVerfGE] 118 (Ger.), summarized in English at http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/press/bvg06-011en.html
14. Simon Butt & David Hansell, Case Note, The Masykur Abdul Kadir Case: Indonesian Constitutional Court Decision No 013/PUU-I/2003,6AUSTL. J. ASIAN L. 176 (2004) , available at www.federationpress.com.au/pdfAJAL6(2)%20Butt.pdf (striking down the retroactivity provision of the post-9/11 anti-terrorism law prospectively
15. A and others v. Sec'y of State for the Home Dep't, [2004] UKHL 56, [2005]2A.C. 68 (H.L.), available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ ld200405/ldjudgmt/jd041216/a&oth-1.htm
16. Kim Lane Scheppele, Constitutionalizing Abortion, in ABORTION POLITICS: PUBLIC POLICY IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE 29-54(Marianne Githens & Dorothy McBride Stetson eds., 1996).
17. see http://www.hamdanvrumsfeld.com (last visited Oct. 31,2011).
18. HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST MILITARY COMMISSION TRIAL OBSERVATION (Apr. 30, 2008), http://web.archive.org/web/20100827144110/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/blog/ gitmo/2008/04/anotherboycott-at-guantnamo-another.html.
19. Jenny S. Martinez, Process and Substance in the "War on Terror," 108 COLUM. L. REV. 1013, 1014-1015 (2008).
20. see generally CARL FRIEDRICH, CONSTITUTIONAL REASON OF STATE: THE SURVIVAL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER (1957).
21. JOHN LOCKE, TWO TREATISES OF GOVERNMENT 393(Peter Laslett ed., Cambridge University Press 1960) (1689).
22. WILLIAM H. REHNQUIST, ALL THE LAWS BUT ONE: CIVIL LIBERTIES IN WARTIME218(1998).
23. See Kim Lane Scheppele, Exceptions Prove the Rule: Embedding Emergency Government in Everyday Constitutional Life, in THE LIMITS OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY 124 ,130(Jeffrey K. Tulis & Stephen Macedo eds., 2010).
24. The Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001, 2001 (U.K.), available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013644.htm.
25. The Civil Contingencies Act, 2004, c. 36 (U.K.), available at http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga-20040036-en-l#Legislation-Preamble.
26. ERIC A. POSNER & ADRIAN VERMUELE, TERROR IN THE BALANCE: SECURITY, LIBERTY AND THE COURTS15 - 18(2007).
27. See Home Bldg. & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 (1934).
28. See JUSTIN WERT, HABEAS CORPUS IN AMERICA: THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 40(2011).
29. See Louis FISHER, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., RL 31 340, MILITARY TRIBUNALS: THE QUIRIN PRECEDENT1(2002.
30. see Joel Grossman, The Japanese American Cases and the Vagaries of Constitutional Adjudication in Wartime: An Institutional Perspective, 19 U. HAW. L. REV. 649 (1997).
31. Peter Irons, Politics and Principle: An Assessment of the Roosevelt Record on Civil Rights and Liberties, 59WASH. L. REV. 693, 719 (1984).
32. The United States launched a war in Afghanistan in fall 2001 and in Iraq in spring 2003. For a timeline of the Afghan war, see COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, U.S. War in Afghanistan, http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/us-war- afghanistan/p20018. For a timeline of the Iraq war.
33. see COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, The Iraq War, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/ timeline-iraq-war/p18876 (last visited Dec. 2, 2011).
34. For a description of the rendition, detention and interrogation program, see Kim Lane Scheppele, Hypothetical Torture in the "War on Terrorism,"1 J. NAT. SEC. L. & POL. 285, 295-303(2005), available at http://www.mcgeorge.edu/documents/publications/jnslp/04-Scheppele-Master-c.pdf.
35. See Dan Eggen, Bush Authorized Domestic Spying, WASH. POST, Dec. 16, 2005 , at A01.
36. See Memorandum from Steven G. Bradbury, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Re: Status of Certain OLC Opinions Issued in the Aftermath of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, Memorandum for the Files (Jan. 15, 2009), available at http://www.gwu.edU/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy//documents/ 20090115.pdf.
37. see Kim Lane Scheppele, Law in a Time of Emergency, 6 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 1001 , 1034-1047 (2004).
38. See their list at AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, Index of Bush-Era OLC Memoranda Relating to Interrogation, Detention, Rendition and/or Surveillance (Mar. 5, 2009), http://www.aclu.org/pdfs/safefree/olcmemos-2009-0305.pdf.
39. See OFFICE OF THE ATT'Y GEN., DEPT. OF JUSTICE, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S GUIDELINES ON GENERAL CRIMES, RACKETEERING ENTERPRISE AND TERRORISM ENTERPRISE INVESTIGATIONS, 15-18, 21-23 (2002).
40. T.J. HALSTED, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., RL 3366 7 , PRESIDENTIAL SIGNING STATEMENTS: CONSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATIONS 9-12 (2007).
41. See Memorandum from Patrick Philbin and John Yoo, Deputy Assistant Attorneys General, to William Haynes II, General Counsel, Department of Defense, Re: Possible Habeas Jurisdiction over Detainees Held at Guantánamo Bay (Dec. 28, 2001), available at http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/bitstream/2041/70946/ 00125-011228-001display.pdf.
42. See Muneer Ahmad, Resisting Guantanamo: Rights at the Brink of Dehumanization, 103 Nw. U.L. REV. 1683, 1705-1706 (2009).
43. See Peter Jan Honigsberg, Chasing "Enemy Combatants" and Circumventing International Law: A License for Sanctioned Abuse, 12 UCLAJ. INT'LL. &FOR. AFF. 1,22-26(2007).
44. The Obama Administration's disavowal of the enemy combatant designation came in Respondents' Memorandum Regarding the Government's Detention Authority Relative to Detainees Held at Guantanamo Bay at 8-10, In re: Guantanamo Bay Litigation, 581 F. Supp. 2d 33(D.D.C. 2008), available at http://www.justice. gov/opa/documents/memo-redet-auth.pdf.
45. See Joanna Woolman, Enemy Combatants: The Legal Origins of the Term "Enemy Combatant" Do Not Support Its Present Day Use, 7 J.L. & Soc. CHALLENGES 145,154-160(2005).
46. Allison Danner, Defining Unlawful Enemy Combatants: A Centripetal Story, 43 TEX. INT'L L.J. 1, 8-12 (2007)
47. These earlier proceedings are summarized in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 243F. Supp. 2d 527, 528-529 (E.D. Va. 2002).
48. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 296 F.3d 278,279, 283(4th Cir. 2002).
49. The "Mobbs Declaration," as it came to be called after its affiant, Michael Mobbs, can be seen in its entirety at Declaration of Michael H. Mobbs, Special Advisor to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 243F. Supp. 2d 527 (E.D. Va. 2002) (No. 2:02-CV-439) [hereinafter Mobbs Declaration I], available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/sleeper/tools/mobbshamdi.html.
50. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 316 F.3d 450,459 (4th Cir. 2003).
51. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 507 (2004).
52. Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, 426 (2004). Both opinions were decided on June 28,2004.
53. Padilla ex rei. Newman v. Bush, 233F. Supp. 2d 564, 573 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
54. Declaration of Michael H. Mobbs, Special Adviser to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy at 2-4.
55. Padilla v. Bush, 233F. Supp. 2d 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (No. 02CIV445(MBM)) [hereinafter Mobbs Declaration II], available at http://web.archive.org/web/ 20100217092812/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/us-law/inthecourts/ padilla-briefs/Joint-Submissions/Joint-Appendix/Declaration-of-Mobbs,-Bush.pdf.
56. HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST, http://web.archive.org/ web/20100217085312/http:// www.humanrightsfirst.org/us-law/inthecourts/supreme-court-padilla.aspx (last visited October 13,2011).
57. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Padilla v. United States, 233F. Supp. 2d 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (No. 02CIV445(MBM)), available at http://news.findlaw. com/hdocs/docs/padilla/padillaus61102pet.pdf.
58. Padilla v. Bush, 233F. Supp. 2d 564, 575-578, 600-05 (S.D.N.Y. 2002).
59. Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 352 F.3d 695, 724 (2d Cir. 2003).
60. Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. 426,451 (2004).
61. See Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 517 (2004).
62. See Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus, reprinted in THE MYTH OF SISYPHUS 1 (Justin O'Brien trans., 1991).
63. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, Padilla v. Hanft, 389 F. Supp. 2d 678 (D.S.C. 2005) (No. Civ.A. 2:04-2221-26).
64. Padilla v. Hanft, 389 F. Supp. 2d 678, 692 (D.D.C. 2005).
65. Padilla v. Hanft, 423F.3d 386, 397 (4th Cir. 2005).
66. José Padilla, U.S. Citizen, HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST, http://web.archive.Org/web/20100217085312/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/ us-law/inthe courts/supreme-court-padilla.aspx (last visited Oct. 21,2011).
67. Padilla v. Hanft, 432 F.3d 582, 587 (4th Cir. 2005).
68. Jerry Markon, Appeals Court Judge Leaves Life Appointment for Boeing, WASH. POST, May 11 , 2006 , at A11.
69. Hanft v. Padilla, 546 U.S. 1084 (2006).
70. Padilla v. Hanft, 547 U.S. 1062 (2006).
71. See Molly McDonough, Terror Plotter Padilla Sent to Supermax, A.B.A. J., Apr. 21, 2008, http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/terror-plotter-padilla- sent-to-supermax.
72. Emily Bazelon, Here We Go Again, SLATE, Mar. 3,2009, http://www.slate. com/id/2212793.
73. A record of all those held at Guantánamo can be found in The Guantánamo Docket, N . Y . TIMES, http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo (last visited Dec. 2, 2011).
74. see The Guantanamo Trials, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, http://www.hrw.org/ features/guantanamo (last visited Jan. 5, 2012).
75. see NEW YORK UNIVERSITY CENTER ON LAW AND SECURITY, TERRORIST TRIAL REPORT CARD: SEPTEMBER 11, 2001-SEPTEMBER 11, 2010, available at http://www.lawandsecurity.Org/Portals/0/Documents/01-TTRC2010Final1.pdf (2010).
76. Charlie Savage, Guantánamo Detainee Pleads Guilty in Terrorism Case, N. Y. TIMES, July 8, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/us/08gitmo. html.
77. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 533(2004).
78. Settlement Agreement at 3, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, No. 2:02-cv-00439243(E.D. Va. Sept. 17, 2004), available at http://news.findlaw.com/wp/docs/hamdi/ 91704stlagrmnt.html.
79. Jerry Markon, Hamdi Returned to Saudi Arabia, WASH. POST, Oct. 12, 2004, at A02.
80. see KAREN GREENBERG, THE LEAST WORST PLACE: GUANTANAMO'S FIRST 100 DAYS 23, 74 (2009).
81. Neil A . Lewis, Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantánamo, N . Y . TIMES, NOV. 30,2004, http://www.nytimes.eom/2004/ll/30/politics/30gitmo.htm? -r=l.
82. INT'L COMM. OF THE RED CROSS, I C R C REPORT ON THE TREATMENT OF FOURTEEN "HIGH VALUE DETAINEES" IN C I A CUSTODY5(Feb. 2007), available at http://www.nybooks.com/media/doc/2010/04/22/icrc-report.pdf.
83. See Memorandum from Patrick Philbin and John Yoo, Deputy Assistant Attorneys General, to William J. Haynes, General Counsel, Department of Defense, Possible Habeas Jurisdiction over Aliens Held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Dec. 28, 2001, available at http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/bitstream/2041/70946/00125- 011228-001display.pdf.
84. Lord Johan Steyn, Guantánamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole, 53INT'L & COMP. L.Q. 1,2(2004), available at http://joumals.cambridge.org/action/ displayFulltext?type=l&fid=1523520&jid=ILQ&volumeId=53&issueld= 01&aid=l523512&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession.
85. Michelle Faul, Gitmo Detainees Say They Were Sold, COMMON DREAMS, May 31, 2005, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/053l-10.htm.
86. Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees § 1-6 (Oct. 1, 1997), available at http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/ awcgate/law/arl90-8.pdf.
87. see Erin Chlopak, Dealing with the Detainees at Guantanamo Bay: Humanitarian and Human Rights Obligations Under the Geneva Conventions,9 HUM. RTS. BRIEF 6, Spring 2002, at 6, available at http://www.wcl.american.edu/ hrbrief709/3guantanamo.cfm.
88. Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466,466 (2004).
89. See Al Odah v. United States, 321 F.3d 1134, 1145 (D.C. Cir. 2003).
90. Rasul v. Bush, 215 F. Supp. 2d 55, 73(D.D.C. 2002).
91. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006).
92. See David Glazier, A Self-inflicted Wound: A Half-Dozen Years of Turmoil over the Guantánamo Military Commissions, 12 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 131,147-185 (2008).
93. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 344 F. Supp. 2d 152,152 (D.D.C. 2004).
94. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 415 F.3d 33, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2005).
95. See Jonathan Hafetz, What the Detainee Treatment Act Really Means for Guantanamo Detainees, JURIST (Apr. 20, 2006), http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/forumy/ 2006/04/what-detainee-treatment-act-really.php.
96. see David J. R. Frakt, An Indelicate Imbalance: A Critical Comparison of the Rules and Procedures for Military Commissions and Courts-Martial, 34 AM. J. CRIM. L. 315(2007).
97. JENNIFER ELSEA, CONG. RESEARCH SERV., R L 33688, THE MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006 : ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURAL RULES AND COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS D O D RULES AND THE UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE (2007), available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33688.pdf.
98. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld website, http://www.hamdanvrumsfeld.com/index (last visited Oct. 12,2011).
99. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 569 (2006).
100. The charge sheet issued under the MCA 2006, which adds material support to the conspiracy count, can be found at http://www.defense.gov/news/May2007/ Hamdan-Charges.pdf.
101. Guantanamo Pair's Charges Dropped, BBC, June 5, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6720315.stm.
102. United States v. Hamdan, (Feb. 1, 2008), available at http://humanrights.ucdavis.edu/projects/the-guantanamo-testimonialsproject/ testimonies/testimomies-of-lawyers/prasow-hamdan-declaration.pdr.pdf.
103. Deborah Colson, Another Boycott at Guantanamo, Another Test for the Military Commission System, HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST BLOG (Apr. 30, 2008), http://web.archive.org/web/20100827144110/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/blog/ gitmo/2008/04/another-boycott-at-guantnamo-another.html.
104. William Glaberson & Eric Lichtblau, Military Trial Begins for Guantanamo Detainee, N.Y. TIMES, July 22, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/ 22/washington /22detain.html.
105. see the compilation of news reports of the trial, compiled by Ben Winograd, Hamdan Military Commission Coverage, SCOTUSBLOG, http://www. scotusblog.com/2008/07/hamdan-military-commission-coverage.
106. William Glaberson, Bin Laden Driver Sentenced to a Short Term, N . Y . TIMES, Aug. 7, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/washington/08gitmo.html.
107. Jess Bravin, Bin Laden Driver's Sentence Signals Doubts About Cases, WALL ST. J., Aug. 8,2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121811582864120531.html.
108. Bin Laden Driver Arrives in Yemen, AL JAZEERA, Nov. 26, 2008, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2008/ll/20081126185525992378.html.
109. Boumediene v. Bush, 553U.S. 723(2008).
110. Guantanamo: Boumediene v. Bush, WILMERHALE, http://www.wilmerhale.com/ boumediene (last visited Oct. 17, 2011).
111. see Jack Balkin, What Hamdan Hath Wrought, BALKJNIZATION (Sept. 29, 2006), http://balkin.blogspot.com/2006/09/ whathamdan- hath-wrought.html.
112. Jack Balkin, Has Congress Unconstitutionally Suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus?, BALKINIZATION (Oct. 3, 2006), http://balkin.blogspot.com/2006/10/has- congress-unconstitutionally.html.
113. Boumediene v. Bush, 553U.S. 723, 732-733(2008).
114. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 536 (2004).
115. Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15,44 (1885).
116. Marbury v. Madison,5U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803)).
117. INS v. St. Cyr, 533U.S. 289, 302 (2001).
118. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 577, 636 (2006)
119. see BEN WITTES, BOBBY CHESNEY & LARKIN REYNOLDS, THE EMERGING LAW OF DETENTION 2.0: THE GUANTÁNAMO HABEAS CASES AS LAWMAKING 3 (2011), available at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/201l/05- guantanamo-wittes/05-guantanamo-wittes.pdf
120. HUMAN RIGHTS FIRST & THE CONSTITUTION PROJECT, HABEAS WORKS: FEDERAL COURTS' PROVEN CAPACITY TO HANDLE GUANTÁNAMO CASES: A REPORT FROM FORMER FEDERAL JUDGES 1 (2010), available at http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/wpcontent/ uploads/pdf/Habeas-Works-final-web.pdf
121. Guantanamo: Boumediene v. Bush, WILMERHALE, http://www.wilmerhale.com/ boumediene/ (last visited Oct. 10,2011).
122. Dalia Lithwick, Supreme Chickens? The High Court's Gitmo Confusion Comes Home to Roost, SLATE (Feb. 1, 2005, 5:56 PM), http://www.slate.com/id/2113003.
123. Boumediene v. Bush, 579 F. Supp. 2d 191, 199 (D.D.C. 2008).
124. Del Quentin Wilber, Guantanamo Ordered Released; Men Not Considered Enemy Combatants, WASH. POST, Nov. 21, 2008, at A2.
125. William Glaberson, U.S. Is Set to Release 3Detainees from Base, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 16,2008, at A28.
126. See Steven Erlanger, France: Algerian Freed from Guantánamo Prison, N.Y. TIMES, Dec. 2, 2009, at A10.
127. France to Accept Guantánamo Detainee, N.Y. TIMES, May 7, 2009, at A12.
128. Bensayah v. Obama, 610 F.3d 718, 727 (D.C. Cir. 2010).
129. see Guantanamo Bay Habeas Decision Scorecard, CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, http://ccijustice.org/GTMOscorecard (last visited Oct. 10,2011).
130. Robert Barnes, Supreme Court Declines to Clarify Rights of Guantanamo Bay Detainees, WASH. POST, Apr. 10, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ supremecourt-declines-to-clarify-rights-of-guantanamo-detainees/2011/04/07/ AFGNlVGD-story.html.
131. Jonathan Hafetz, The Unraveling of Boumediene: Habeas Still a Right Without a Remedy, BALKINIZATION, Apr. 18, 2011, http://balkin.blogspot.com/201l/ 04/unraveling-of-boumediene-habeas-still-l8.html.
132. Stephen I. Vladeck, The D.C. Circuit After Boumediene, 42SETON HALL L. REV. 1451,1456 (2011).
133. See Lyle Dennison, A Judge Blasts the Court, SCOTUSBLOG, Apr. 8, 2011, http://www.scotusblog.com/2011/04/a-judge-blasts-the-court.
134. Andy Worthington, More Judicial Interference on Guantánamo, FUTURE OF FREEDOM FOUNDATION, Apr. 18, 2001, http://www.fff.org/comment/comi104k.asp.
135. William Glaberson, Judge Declares Five Detainees Held Illegally, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 21,2008, at A1.
136. see Petition for Writ of Certiorari at 7, al Odah v. U.S., 611 F.3d8(D.C. Cir. 2010) (No. 10-439), available at http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/ uploads/2010/09/Al-Odah-cert-petition-9-28- 10.pdf
137. Robert Wood, Dep't of State, Appointment of Ambassador Daniel Fried (March 12, 2009), http://www.state.gOv/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/03/120298.htm.
138. Guantanamo Detainee Transfer Policy and Recidivism: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Oversight and Investigations of the H. Armed Serv. Comm., 112th Cong. 3(2011) (testimony of Ambassador Daniel Fried, Special Envoy for the Closure of the Guantanamo Detainee Facility), available at http://armedservices. house.gov/index.cfm/files/serve?File-id=8e786aeb-a0c0-4651-bb54-40a9e98775aa.
139. LAUREL FLETCHER & ERIC STOVER, THE GUANTANAMO EFFECT: EXPOSING THE CONSEQUENCES OF U . S . DETENTION AND INTERROGATION PRACTICES 122-23(2009).
140. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, LOCKED UP ALONE: DETENTION CONDITIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH AT GUANTANAMO 2(2008) , available at http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/ files/reports/us0608-l.pdf.
141. Andrew Malcolm, Obama and Guantanamo: A Chronology of his Broken Promise, L.A. TIMES, July 2, 2010, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2010/07/ obamaguantanamo.html.
142. GUANTÁNAMO REVIEW TASK FORCE, FINAL REPORT ii (2010), available at http://www.justice.gov/ag/guantanamo-review-final-report.pdf.
143. Michael Stransky, Releasing Terrorists, or Bringing Them to the US, U . S . SENATE, REPUBLICAN POLICY COMM. BLOG (July 6, 2011), http://rpc.senate.gov/ public/index.cfm?p=Blog&ContentRecord-id=70572cc8-1afB-4fc6-b8b6- 3a25e79d51be.
144. Warren Richey, Obama Blasts Congress's Limits on Guantánamo Transfers, CHRISTIAN SCI. MONITOR, Jan. 7, 2011, available at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Justice/2011/0107/Obama-blasts-Congress-s-limits- on-Guantanamo-transfers.
145. GUANTÁNAMO REVIEW TASK FORCE, FINAL REPORT 15, Jan. 22, 2010, available at http://www.justice.gov/ag/guantanamo-review-final-report.pdf.
146. See Guantanamo Bay Habeas Decision Scorecard, CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, http://ccijustice.org/GTMOscorecard (last visited Oct. 10,2011).
147. Peter Finn & Del Quentin Wilber, On Appeals, Detainees Have Never Won, WASH. POST, July 6, 2011, at A1.
148. Letter from William Clinton, President of the U.S. (October 1, 1993), available at http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/clinton.html. Congress gave an apology and reparations in 1988.
149. Joe Leo, An Apology to Japanese Americans, TIME, May 2, 1988, at 70, available at http://www.time.eom/time/magazine/article/0,9171,149131,00.html.
150. See The Japanese American Legacy Project, Timeline, DENSHO, http://www.densho.org/causes/default.asp (follow "Timeline" hyperlink on left-hand menu under "Related Content") (last visited Oct. 19, 2011).
151. see also PETER IRONS, JUSTICE AT WAR: THE STORY OF THE JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNMENT CASES 38, 358 (1983).
152. Susan S. Silbey, The Law and Society Movement, in LEGAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD: A POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 860, 861 (Herbert M. Kritzer, ed., 2000), available at http://web.mit.edu/anthropology/faculty- staff7silbey/pdf710kritzer.pdf.
153. RICHARD LEO, POLICE INTERROGATION AND AMERICAN JUSTICE 196 (2008).
154. See Marc Galanter, The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts,1 J. EMP. LEG. STUD. 459, 525-526(2004).
155. H. LAURENCE ROSS, SETTLED OUT OF COURT: THE SOCIAL PROCESS OF INSURANCE CLAIMS ADJUSTMENT182(1980).
156. Christine Vestal, Abortion Rates Down, Restrictions Up, STATELINE (Jan. 18, 2008), http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentld=272870.
157. CENTER FOR REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, DEFENDING HUMAN RIGHTS: ABORTION PROVIDERS FACING THREATS, RESTRICTIONS AND HARASSMENT 15 (2000), available at http://reproductiverights.org/sites/ crr.civicactions.net/files/documents/ DefendingHumanRights.pdf.
158. This may be more rather than less true after national health care reform goes into effect. GUTTMACHER INSTITUTE, RESTRICTING INSURANCE COVERAGE OF ABORTION (2011) , available at http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib- RICA.pdf.
159. Mary Anne Case, Perfectionism and Fundamentalism in the Application of the German Abortion Laws, in CONSTITUTING EQUALITY: GENDER EQUALITY AND COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 93, 103 (Susan Williams ed., 2011).
160. See CASS SUNSTEIN, ONE CASE AT A TIME: JUDICIAL MINIMALISM ON THE SUPREME COURT ix (1999).
161. Cass Sunstein, National Security, Liberty, and the D.C. Circuit, 73 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 693, 702 (2005).
162. Cass Sunstein, Clear Statement Principles and National Security: Hamdan and Beyond, 2006 SUP. CT. REV. 1, 6.
163. Linda Greenhouse, Court Overrules Bush on Enemy Combatants, INT'L HERALD TRIB., June 30, 2004, at 4.
164. David G. Savage, The Guantanamo Decision; High Court Rejects Bush's Claim That He Alone Sets Detainee Rules, L.A. TIMES, June 29,2006, at A1.
165. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 535 (2004).
166. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557,637 (2006) (plurality opinion).
167. Marbury v. Madison,5U.S. (1 Cranch) 137,168-180 (1803).
168. see generally Sanford Levinson & Jack M. Balkin, What Are the Facts of Marbury v. Madison?, 20 CONST. COMMENT. 255 (2003).
169. Michael W. McConnell, The Story of Marbury v. Madison, in CONSTITUTIONAL LAW STORIES 16 (Michael C. Dorfed., 2004).
170. See Sanford Levinson, Why I Do Not Teach Marbury (Except to Eastern Europeans) and Why You Shouldn't Either, 38 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 55 3, 554-559 (2003) (explaining that first year law students generally do not have the historical knowledge to understand the importance of Marbury).
171. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 572-573 (2006).