Body and self in dolphins

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 526-545

  Herman, Louis M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b Dolphin Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Action representation; Agency and ownership; Body image; Body parts; Body schema; Consciousness; Mirror neurons; Self awareness; Self imitation; Social imitation

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL SOCIETY; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR; BODY IMAGE; BODY WEIGHT; BRAIN WEIGHT; CONSCIOUSNESS; DOLPHIN; GESTURE; HUMAN; IMITATION; MEMORY; MIRROR NEURON; NONHUMAN; PERCEPTION; REVIEW; SELF CONCEPT; SKILL; VISUAL ACUITY;

ANIMALS; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BODY IMAGE; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN; CONSCIOUSNESS; IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR; INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CONTROL; MIRROR NEURONS; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84857506092     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.10.005     Document Type: Review

References (227)

1. Allman J.M., Watson K.K., Tetreault N.A., Hakeem A.Y. Intuition and autism: A possible role for Von Economo neurons. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005, 9:367-373.
2. Amsterdam B. Mirror self-image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiology 1972, 3:297-302.
3. Anderson J.R. Self-recognition in dolphins: Credible cetaceans, compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions. Consciousness and Cognition 1995, 4:239-243.
4. Arbib M.A. The mirror system, imitation, and the evolution of language. Imitation in animals and artifacts 2002, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. K. Dautenhahn, C. Nehaniv (Eds.).
5. Arzy S., Thut G., Mohr C., Michel C.M., Blanke O. Neural basis of embodiment: Distinct contributions of temporoparietal junction and extrastriate body area. The Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:8074-8081.
6. Asendorpf J.B. Self-awareness, other-awareness, and secondary representation. The imitative mind 2003, 63-73. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. A.N. Meltzoff, W. Prinz (Eds.).
7. Baars B.J. The cognitive revolution in psychology 1986, Guilford Press, New York.
8. Baars B.J. Subjective experience is probably not limited to humans: Evidence from neurobiology and behavior. Consciousness and Cognition 2005, 14:7-21.
9. Barth J., Povinelli D.J., Cant J.G.H. Bodily origins of self. Self and memory 2004, 3-43. Psychology Press, New York. D. Beike, J. Lampinen, D. Behrend (Eds.).
10. Bekoff, M., & Allen., C. (1997). Cognitive ethology: Slayers, skeptics, and proponents. In R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, & H. L. Miles (Eds.), Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals (pp. 313-334). Albany: State University of New York Press.
11. Bekoff M., Sherman P.W. Reflections on animal selves. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2004, 19:176-180.
12. Berlucchi G., Aglioti S. The body in the brain: Neural bases of corporeal awareness. Trends in Neurosciences 1997, 20:560-564.
13. Bermúdez J.G. Self-consciousness. The Oxford companion to consciousness 2009, 577-579. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. T. Bayne, A. Cleermans, P. Wilken (Eds.).
14. Bermudez J.L., Marcel A.J., Eilan N.M. The body and the self 1995, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
15. Blanke O., Metzinger T. Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2009, 13:7-13.
16. Botvinick M., Cohen J. Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see. Nature 1998, 391:756.
17. Braslau-Schneck, S. (1994). Innovative behaviors and synchronization in bottlenosed dolphins. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
18. Breathnach A.S. The cetacean central nervous system. Biological Reviews 1960, 35:187-230.
19. Broadbent D.E. Perception and communication 1958, Pergamon, New York.
20. Browne D. Do dolphins know their own minds?. Biology and Philosophy 2004, 19:633-653.
21. Buccino G., Binkofski F., Fink G.R., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V., et al. Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 13:400-404.
22. Buccino G., Lui F., Canessa N., Patteri I., Lagravinese G., et al. Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by non-conspecifics: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2004, 16:1-14.
23. Burghardt G.M. Animal awareness: Current perceptions and historical perspectives. American Psychologist 1985, 40:905-919.
24. Burghardt G.M., Bekoff M. Animal consciousness. The Oxford companion to consciousness 2009, 39-43. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, P. Wilken (Eds.).
25. Butti C., Sherwood C.C., Hakeem A.Y., Allman J.M., Hof P.R. Total number and volume of von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2009, 515:243-259.
26. Byrne R.W. Machiavellian intelligence. Evolutionary Anthropology 1996, 5:172-180.
27. Byrne R.W., Whiten A. Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans 1988, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
28. Caldwell D.K., Caldwell M.C. Individualized whistle contours in bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Nature 1965, 207:434-435.
29. Caldwell D.K., Caldwell M.C., Tyack P.L. Review of the signature whistle hypothesis for the bottlenosed dolphin. The bottlenosed dolphin 1990, 199-234. Academic Press, New York. S. Leatherwood, R. Reeves (Eds.).
30. Carruthers P. Meta-cognition in animals: A skeptical look. Mind and Language 2007, 22:58-89.
31. Cartmill M. Animal consciousness: Some philosophical, methodological, and evolutionary problems. American Zoologist 2000, 40:835-846.
32. Cermolacce M., Naudin J., Parnas J. The " minimal self" in psychopathology: Re-examining the self-disorders in the schizophrenia spectrum. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:703-714.
33. Chartrand R.L., van Baaren R. Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 2009, 41:219-274.
34. Clayton N.S., Dickinson A. Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 1998, 395:272-274.
35. Clayton N.S., Griffiths D.P., Emery N.J., Dickinson A. Elements of episodic-like memory in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 2001, 356:1483-1491.
36. Coello Y., Delevoye-Turrell Y. Embodiment, spatial categorisation and action. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:667-683.
37. Committee on Taxonomy (2009). List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy. [Consulted on 03/2011]. http://www.marinemammalscience.org.
38. Connor R.C. Dolphin social intelligence: Complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society B 2007, 362:587-602. 10.1098/rstb.2006.1997.
39. Connor R.C. Cooperation beyond the dyad: On simple models and a complex society. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2010, 365:2687-2697. 10.1098/rstb.2010.0150.
40. Connor R., Mann J. Social cognition in the wild: Machiavellian dolphins?. Rational animals? 2006, 329-367. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. S. Hurley, M. Nudds (Eds.).
41. Connor R.C., Smolker R.A., Bejder L. Synchrony, social behavior and alliance affiliations in Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Animal Behavior 2006, 72:1371-1378.
42. Connor R.C., Smolker R.A., Richards A.F. Two levels of alliance formation among male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 1992, 89:987-990.
43. Connor, R. C., Watson-Capps, J. J., Sherwin, W. B., & Krützen, M. (2010). A new level of complexity in the male alliance networks of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). Biology Letters. doi: [Published online 3 November 2010]. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2019.0852.
44. Connor R.C., Wells R.S., Mann J., Read A.J. The bottlenose dolphin: Social relationships in a fission-fusion society. Cetacean societies: Field studies of dolphins and whales 2000, 91-126. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. J. Mann, R.C. Connor, P.L. Tyack, H. Whitehead (Eds.).
45. Cowan, R. B. (2003). Short-term memory for behavior in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Unpublished master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
46. Cowey A., Stoerig P. Blindsight in monkeys. Nature 1995, 373:247-249.
47. Custance D.M., Whten A., Bard K.A. Can young chimpanzees imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes and Hayes (1952) revisited. Behaviour 1995, 132:839-858.
48. Cutting, A. E. (1997). Memory for self-selected behaviors in a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Unpublished master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
49. Darwin C. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex 1871, John Murray, London.
50. Body image and body schema 2005, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. H. de Preester, V. Knockaert (Eds.).
51. de Vignemont F. Embodiment, ownership, and disownership. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:82-93.
52. de Waal F.B.M., Tyack P.L. Social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies 2005, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
53. di Pellegrino G., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V., Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research 1992, 91:176-180.
54. Edelman D.B., Seth A.K. Animal consciousness: A synthetic approach. Trends in Neuroscience 2009, 32:476-484.
55. Ehrsson H.H., Spence C., Passingham R.E. That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science 2004, 305:875-877.
56. Eilan N., Marcel A., Bermüdez J.L. Self-consciousness and the body: An interdisciplinary introduction. The body and the Self 1995, 1-28. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. Bermüdez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (Eds.).
57. Emery N.J., Clayton N.S. The mentality of crows: Convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes. Science 2004, 306(5703):1903-1907. 10.1126/science.1098410.
58. Farrer C., Frith C.D. Experiencing oneself vs. another person as being the cause of action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. Neuroimage 2002, 15:596-603.
59. Faw B. Consciousness, modern scientific study of. The Oxford companion to consciousness 2009, 182-188. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, P. Wilken (Eds.).
60. Foote A.L., Crystal J.D. Metacognition in the rat. Current Biology 2007, 17:551-555.
61. Fujita K. Metamemory in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Animal Cognition 2009, 12:575-585.
62. Gallagher S. Body image and body schema: A conceptual clarification. Journal of Mind and Behavior 1986, 7:541-554.
63. Gallagher S. Body schema and intentionality. The body and the self 1995, 226-244. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. Bermüdez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (Eds.).
64. Gallagher S. Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Science 2000, 4:14-21.
65. Gallagher S. Body image and body schema. The Oxford companion to consciousness 2009, 117-119. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, P. Wilken (Eds.).
66. Gallese V. Before and below 'theory of mind': Embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2007, 362:659-669. doi:1098/rstb.2005.2002.
67. Gallese V. Mirror neurons and the social nature of language: The neural exploitation hypothesis. Social Neuroscience 2008, 3:317-333.
68. Gallese V., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Rizzolatti G. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 1996, 119:593-609.
69. Gallup G.G. Chimpanzees: Self-awareness. Science 1970, 167:86-87.
70. Gallup G.G. Self-recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness. American Psychologist 1977, 32:329-338.
71. Gallup G.G. Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 1982, 2:237-248.
72. Gallup G.G. Self-recognition: Research strategies and experimental design. Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives 1994, 35-50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
73. Gallup G.G., Anderson J.R., Shillito D.J. The mirror test. The cognitive animal 2001, 325-333. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. M. Bekoff, C. Allen, G.M. Burghardt (Eds.).
74. Greenspan R.J., Baars B.J. Consciousness eclipsed: Jacques Loeb, Ivan P. Pavlov and the rise of reductionistic biology after 1900. Consciousness and Cognition 2005, 14:219-230.
75. Griffin D.R. The question of animal awareness: Evolutionary continuity of mental experience 1976, Rockefeller University Press, New York.
76. Griffin D.R. The question of animal awareness: Evolutionary continuity of mental experience 1981, Rockefeller University Press, New York. 2nd edition.
77. Griffin D.R. Animal thinking 1984, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
78. Griffin D.R. Animal minds 1992, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
79. Griffin D.R. Animal minds: Beyond cognition to consciousness 2001, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
80. Gross B.G. Donald R. Griffin 1915-2003. Biographical Memoirs, National Academy o Sciences 2005, 86:1-20.
81. Hampton R.R. Rhesus monkeys know when they remember. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 2001, 98:5359-5536.
82. Hart D., Fegley S. Social imitation and the emergence of a mental model of self. Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives 1994, 149-165. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
83. Hayes K.J., Hayes C. Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. Physiological Psychology 1952, 45:450-459.
84. Heilman K.M., Watson R.T., Valenstein E. Neglect and related disorders. Clinical neuropsychology 1985, 243-293. Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd ed. K.M. Heilman, E. Valenstein (Eds.).
85. Herman L.M. Cognitive characteristics of dolphins. Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions 1980, 363-430. Wiley Interscience, New York. L.M. Herman (Ed.).
86. Herman L.M. Cognition and language competencies of bottlenosed dolphins. Dolphin cognition and behavior: A comparative approach 1986, 221-252. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. R.J. Schusterman, J. Thomas, F.G. Wood (Eds.).
87. Herman, L. M. (1987). Receptive competencies of language-trained animals. In Rosenblatt, J.S. (Ed.), C. Beer, M. C. Busnel, & P. J. B. Slater (Assoc. Eds.), Advances in the study of behavior (Vol. 17, pp. 1-60). Petaluma, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
88. Herman L.M. Cognitive performance of dolphins in visually guided tasks. Sensory abilities of cetaceans: Laboratory and field evidence 1990, 455-462. Plenum, New York. J.A. Thomas, R.A. Kastelein (Eds.).
89. Herman L.M. What the dolphin knows, or might know, in its natural world. Dolphin societies: Discoveries and puzzles 1991, 349-364. University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA. K. Pryor, K.S. Norris (Eds.).
90. Herman L.M. Vocal, social, and self-imitation by bottlenosed dolphins. Imitation in animals and artifacts 2002, 63-108. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. C. Nehaniv, K. Dautenhahn (Eds.).
91. Herman L.M. Intelligence and rational behaviour in the bottlenosed dolphin. Rational animals? 2006, 439-467. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. S. Hurley, M. Nudds (Eds.).
92. Herman L.M., Tavolga W.N. The communication systems of cetaceans. Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions 1980, 149-210. Wiley Interscience, New York. L.M. Herman (Ed.).
93. Herman L.M., Matus D.S., Herman E.Y., Ivancic M., Pack A.A. The bottlenosed dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of gestures as symbolic representations of its body parts. Learning & Behavior 2001, 29:250-264.
94. Herman L.M., Morrel-Samuels P., Pack A.A. Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1990, 119:215-230.
95. Herman L.M., Pack A.A., Hoffmann-Kuhnt M. Seeing through sound: Dolphins perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1998, 112:292-305.
96. Herman L.M., Pack A.A., Morrel-Samuels P. Representational and conceptual skills of bottlenosed dolphins. Language and communication: A comparative perspective 1993, 403-442. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. H.R. Roitblat, L.M. Herman, P. Nachtigall (Eds.).
97. Herman L.M., Pack A.A., Wood A. Bottlenosed dolphins can generalize rules and develop abstract concepts. Marine Mammal Science 1994, 10:70-80.
98. Herman L.M., Uyeyama R.K., Pack A.A. Bottlenose dolphins understand relationships between concepts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2008, 31:139-140.
99. Herman L.M., Peacock M.F., Yunker M.P., Madsen C.J. Bottlenosed dolphin: Double-slit pupil yields equivalent aerial and underwater acuity. Science 1975, 139:650-652.
100. Herman L.M., Richards D.G., Wolz J.P. Comprehension of sentences by the bottlenosed dolphin. Cognition 1984, 16:129-219.
101. Hof P.R., Chanis R., Marino L. Cortical complexity in cetacean brains. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology 2005, 287A:1142-1152. 10.1002/ar.a.20258.
102. Holloway R.L. On the meaning of brain size. Science 1974, 184:677-679.
103. Humphrey N. The social function of intellect. Growing points in ethology 1976, 301-317. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. P.P.G. Bateson, R.A. Hinde (Eds.).
104. Humphrey N. Consciousness regained 1983, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK.
105. Hutcheon J.M., Kirsch J.A.W., Garland T. A comparative analysis of brain size in relation to foraging ecology and phylogeny in the chiroptera. Brain Behavior and Evolution 2002, 60:165-180.
106. Janik V.M. Whistle matching in wild bottlenose dolphins. Science 2000, 289(5483):1355-1357.
107. Janik V.M. Acoustic communication in delphinids. Advances in the Study of Behavior 2009, 40:123-157.
108. Jeannerod M. The mechanism of self-recognition in humans. Behavioural Brain Research 2003, 142:1-15.
109. Jerison H.J. Evolution of the brain and intelligence 1973, Academic Press, New York.
110. Johnson D. Self-recognition in infants. Infant behavior and development 1983, 8:211-222.
111. Jirak D., Menz M.M., Buccino G., Borghi A.M., Binkofski F. Grasping language - A short story on embodiment. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19:711-720.
112. Jolly A. Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science 1966, 153:501-506.
113. Jozefowiez J., Staddon J.E.R., Cerutti D.T. Metacognition in animals: How do we know that they know?. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 2009, 4:29-39. 10.3819/ccbr.3009.4003.
114. Kastelein R.A., Schooneman N.M., Au W.W.L., Verboom W.C., Vaughan N. The ability of the porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to discriminate between objects buried in the sand. The biology of the harbour porpoise 1997, 329-342. De Spil Publishers, Woerda, The Netherlands. A.J. Read, P.R. Wiepkema, P.E. Nachtigall (Eds.).
115. Kellogg W.N., Rice C.E. Visual problem solving in a bottlenose dolphin. Science 1964, 143:1052-1055.
116. Kilian A., Yaman S., Von Fersen L., Gunturkun O. A bottlenose dolphin discriminates visual stimuli differing in numerosity. Learning and Behavior 2003, 31:133-142.
117. Kinsbourne M. Awareness of one's own body: An attentional theory of its nature, development, and brain basis. The body and the self 1995, 205-223. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. Bermüdez, A. Marcel, N. Eilan (Eds.).
118. Kornell N., Son L., Terrace H. Transfer of metacognitive skills and hint seeking in monkeys. Psychological Science 2007, 18:64-71.
119. Kuhn T.S. The structure of scientific revolutions 1962, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
120. Krützen M., Mann J., Heithus M.R., Connor R.C., Bejder L., Sherwin W.B. Cultural transmission of tool use in bottlenose dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2005, 102(25):8939-8943. 10.1073/pnas.0500232102.
121. Legrand D. Subjectivity and the body: Introducing basic forms of self-consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:577-582.
122. Legrand D. Pre-reflective self-as-subject from experiential and empirical perspectives. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:583-599.
123. Lenggenhager B., Tadi T., Metzinger T., Blanke O. Video ergo sum: Manipulating bodily self-consciousness. Science 2007, 317:1096-1099. 10.1126/Science.1143439.
124. Lewis M. The origins and uses of self-awareness or the mental representation of me. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:120-129.
125. Lilly J.C. Man and dolphin 1961, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
126. Lilly J.C. The mind of the dolphin: A nonhuman intelligence 1967, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
127. Lindsay P.H., Norman D.A. Human information processing 1977, Academic Press, New York.
128. Lingnau A., Gesierich B., Caramazza A. Asymmetric fMRI adaptation reveals no evidence for mirror neurons in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 2009, 106:9925-9930.
129. MacWhinney K., Cermak S.A., Fisher A. Body-part identification in 1- to 4-year-old children. American journal of Occupational Therapy 1987, 41:454-459.
130. Madsen C.J., Herman L.M. Social and ecological correlates of cetacean vision and visual appearance. Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions 1980, 101-147. Wiley Interscience, New York. L.M. Herman (Ed.).
131. Manger P.R. An examination of cetacean brain structure with a novel hypothesis correlating thermogenesis to the evolution of a big brain. Biological Review 2006, 81:293-338.
132. Marino L. A comparison of encephalization between odontocete cetaceans and anthropoid primates. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 1998, 51:230-238.
133. Marino L. Convergence of complex cognitive abilities in cetaceans and primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2002, 59:21-32.
134. Marino L. Brain size evolution. Encyclopedia of marine mammals 2009, 149-152. Academic Press, New York. 2nd ed. W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, J.B.M. Thewissen (Eds.).
135. Marino L., McShea D., Uhen M.D. The origin and evolution of large brains in toothed whales. The Anatomical Record Part A 2004, 281A:1247-1255.
136. Marino L., Butti C., Connor R.C., Fordyce R., Herman L.M., Hof P.R., et al. A claim in search of evidence: Reply to Manger's thermogenesis hypothesis of cetacean brain structure. Biological Review 2008, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00049.x.
137. Marino L., Connor R.C., Fordyce R., Herman L.M., Hof P.R., Lefebvre L., et al. Cetaceans have complex brains for complex cognition. PLoS Biology 2007, 5:966-972. e139. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050139.
138. Marino L., Sudheimer K.D., Murphy T.L., Davis K.K., Pabst D.A., McLellan W.A., et al. Anatomy and three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from magnetic resonance images. The Anatomical Record 2001, 264:397-414.
139. Marten K., Psarakos S. Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Consciousness and Cognition 1995, 4:205-224.
140. Mead G.H. Mind, self and society 1962, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
141. Meltzoff A., Moore K. Imitation of facial and manual gestures by newborn infants. Science 1977, 198:75-78.
142. Mercado E., Murray S.O., Uyeyama R.K., Pack A.A., Herman L.M. Memory for recent actions in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Repetition of arbitrary behaviors using an abstract rule. Animal Learning & Behavior 1998, 26:210-218.
143. Mercado E., Uyeyama R.K., Pack A.A., Herman L.M. Memory for action events in the bottlenosed dolphin. Animal Cognition 1999, 2:17-25.
144. Miall R.C. Connecting mirror neurons and forward models. Neuroreport 2003, 14:2135-2137.
145. Miller G.A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 1956, 63:81-97.
146. Miller G.A. The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive sciences 2003, 7:141-144.
147. Mitchell R.W. Multiplicities of self. Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives 1994, 81-107. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
148. Mitchell R.W. Kinesthetic-visual matching and the self-concept as explanations of mirror-self-recognition. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 1997, 27:101-123.
149. Morgane P.J., Jacobs M.S., Galaburda A. Evolutionary aspects of cortical organization in the dolphin brain. Research on dolphins 1986, 71-98. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. M.M. Bryden, R. Harrison (Eds.).
150. Moseley G.L., Brugger P. Interdependence of movement and anatomy persists when amputees learn a physiologically impossible movement of their phantom limb. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences United States of America 2009, 106:18798-18802.
151. Mukamel R., Ekstrom A.D., Kaplan J., Iacoboni M., Fried I. Single-neuron responses in humans during execution and observation of actions. Current Biology 2010, 20:750-756.
152. Northoff G., Panksepp J. The trans-species concept of self and the subcortical-cortical midline system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12:259-264.
153. Oelschlager H.A. The dolphin brain-A challenge for synthetic neurobiology. Brain Research Bulletin 2008, 75:450-459.
154. Oelschlager H.A., Oelschlager J.S. Brain. Encyclopedia of marine mammals 2009, 134-149. Academic Press, New York. 2nd ed. W.F. Perrin, B. Würsig, J.G.M. Thewissen (Eds.).
155. Ogden J.A. Autotopagnosia: Occurrence in a patient without nominal aphasia and with an intact ability to point to parts of animals and objects. Brain 1985, 108:1009-1022.
156. Oztop E., Kewato M., Arbib M. Mirror neurons and imitation: A computationally guided review. Neural Networks 2006, 19:254-271.
157. Pack A.A., Herman L.M., Hoffmann-Kuhnt M., Branstetter B.K. The object behind the echo: Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive object shape globally through echolocation. Behavioural Processes 2002, 58:1-26.
158. 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
159. Patterson F.G.P., Cohen R.H. Self-recognition and self-awareness in lowland gorillas. Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives 1994, 273-300. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. S.T. Parker, R.W. Mitchell, M.L. Boccia (Eds.).
160. Platek S.M., Levin S.L. Monkeys, mirrors, mark tests, and minds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2004, 19:406-407.
161. Plotnick J.M., de Waal F.B.M., Reiss D. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2006, 103:17043-17057.
162. Posada S., Colell M. Another gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in the mirror. American Journal of Primatology 2007, 68:576-583.
163. Povinelli D.J., Cant J.G.H. Arboreal clambering and the evolution of self-conception. The Quarterly Review of Biology 1995, 70:393-421.
164. Povinelli D.J., Prince C.G. When self met other. Self-awareness: Its nature and development 1998, 37-107. Guilford, New York. M. Ferrari, R.J. Sternberg (Eds.).
165. Premack D., Woodruff G. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1978, 1(4):515-526.
166. Prior H., Schwarz A., Güntürkün O. Mirror-induced behavior in the magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of self-recognition. PLoS Biology 2008, 6(8):e202. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202.
167. Ramachandran V.S., Rogers-Ramachandran D. Phantom limbs and neural plasticity. Archives of Neurology 2000, 57:317-320.
168. Reiss D., Marino L. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2001, 98:5937-5942.
169. Reiss D., McCowan B. Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for vocal learning. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1993, 3:301-312.
170. Rendell L., Whitehead H. Culture in whales and dolphins. Brain and Behavioral Sciences 2001, 24:309-324.
171. Richards D.G. Dolphin vocal mimicry and object labeling. Dolphin cognition and behavior: A comparative approach 1986, 273-288. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. R.J. Schusterman, J.A. Thomas, F.G. Wood (Eds.).
172. Richards D.G., Wolz J.P., Herman L.M. Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Psychology 1984, 98:10-28.
173. Richardson A.W. The scientific world conception: Logical positivism. The Cambridge history of philosophy, 1870-1945 2003, 391-400. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. T. Baldwin (Ed.).
174. The Cambridge companion to logical positivism 2007, Cambridge University Press, New York. A. Richardson, T. Uebel (Eds.).
175. Ridgway S.H. Physiological observations on dolphin brains. Dolphin cognition and behavior: A comparative approach 1986, 31-59. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. R.J. Schusterman, J.A. Thomas, F.G. Wood (Eds.).
176. Ridgway S.H. Dolphin brain size. Research on dolphins 1986, 59-70. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK. M.M. Bryden, R. Harrison (Eds.).
177. Ridgway S.H. The central nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin. The bottlenosed dolphin 1990, 69-97. Academic Press, New York. S. Leatherwood, R.R. Reeves (Eds.).
178. Ridgway S., Houser D., Finneran J., Carder D., Keogh M., Van Bonn W., et al. Functional imaging of dolphin brain metabolism and blood flow. Journal of Experimental Biology 2006, 209:2902-2910. 10.1242/jeb.02348.
179. Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals; Essays in honor of Donald R. Griffin 1991, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. C.A. Ristau (Ed.).
180. Ritchie J.B., Carlson T. Mirror, mirror on the wall, is that even my hand at all? Changes in the afterimage of one's reflection in a mirror in response to bodily movement. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:1495-1500.
181. Rizzolatti G., Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2004, 27:169-192.
182. Rizzolatti G., Sinigaglia C. The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: Interpretations and misinterpretations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2010, 11:264-274.
183. Rizzolatti G., Fadiga L., Gallese V., Fogassi L. Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research 1996, 3:131-141.
184. Rizzolatti G., Fogassi L., Gallese V. Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2001, 2:661-670.
185. Rochat P., Zahavi D. The uncanny mirror: A reframing of mirror self-exoerience. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:204-213.
186. Rollin, B. E. (1990). How the animals lost their minds: Animal mentation and scientific ideology. In M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson (Eds.), Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior. I: Interpretation, intentionality, and communication (pp. 375-393). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
187. Sato A., Yasuda A. Illusion of sense of self-agency: Discrepancy between the predicted and actual sensory consequences of actions modulates the sense of self-agency, but not the sense of self-ownership. Cognition 2005, 94:241-255. 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.04.003.
188. Savage-Rumbaugh E.S. Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol 1986, Columbia University Press, New York.
189. Savage-Rumbaugh E.S., Murphy J., Sevcik R.A., Brakke K.E., Williams S.L., Rumbaugh D.M. Language comprehension in ape and child. Monographs for the Society for Research in Child Development 1993, 58:1-221. [Serial No. 233].
190. Sayigh L.S., Tyack P.L., Wells R.S., Scott M. Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus: Stability and mother-offspring comparisons. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 1990, 26:247-360.
191. Sayigh L.S., Tyack P.L., Wells R.S., Solow A., Scott M., Irvine A.B. Individual recognition in wild bottlenose dolphins: A field test using playback experiments. Animal Behaviour 1999, 57:41-50.
192. Scepkowski L.A., Cronin-Golomb A. The alien hand: Cases, categorizations, and anatomical correlates. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2003, 2:261-277. 10.1177/1534582303260119.
193. Schütz-Bosbach S., Mancini B., Aglioti S.M., Haggard P. Self and other in the human motor system. Current Biology 2006, 16(8):1830-1834.
194. Seth K., Baars B.J., Edelman D.B. Criteria for consciousness in humans and other mammals. Consciousness and Cognition 2005, 14:119-139.
195. Seyfarth R.M., Cheney D.L., Marler P. Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behaviour 1980, 28:1070-1094.
196. Shettleworth S.J. Cognition, evolution, and behavior 1998, Oxford University Press, New York.
197. Shea N., Heyes C. Metamemory as evidence of animal consciousness: The type that does the trick. Biology and Philosophy 2010, 25:95-110.
198. Skinner B.F. The behavior of organisms 1938, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
199. Sinigaglia C., Rizzolatti G. Through the looking glass: Self and others. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:64-74.
200. Sirigu A., Grafman J., Bressler K., Sunderland T. Multiple representations contribute to body knowledge processing: Evidence from a case of autotopagnosia. Brain 1991, 114:629-642.
201. Smith J.D. The study of animal metacognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2009, 13(9):389-396.
202. Smith J.D., Beran M.J., Couchman J.J., Coutinho M.V.C., Boomer J.B. Animal metacognition: Problems and prospects. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews 2009, 4:40-53.
203. Smith J.D., Shields W., Washburn D. The comparative psychology of uncertainty monitoring and metacognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2003, 26:317-373.
204. Smith J.D., Schull J., Strote J., McGee K., Egnor R., Erb L. The uncertain response in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1995, 124:391-408.
205. Smolker R., Pepper J. Whistle convergence among allied male bottlenose dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.). Ethology 1999, 105:595-617.
206. Smolker R., Richards A.F., Connor R.C., Mann J., Berggren P. Sponge carrying by dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.) A foraging specializing involving tool use?. Ethology 1997, 103:456-4665.
207. Speck G.B. In memorium: Donald R. Griffin. Consciousness and Cognition 2005, 14:4-6.
208. Stern D.N. The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and development 1985, Basic Books, New York.
209. Suddendorf T., Collier-Baker E. The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: Evidence of absence in lesser apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2009, 276:1671-1677. 10.1098/rspb.2008.1754.
210. Synofzik M., Vosgerau G., Newen A. I move, therefore I am: A new theoretical framework to investigate agency and ownership. Consciousness and Cognition 2008, 17:411-424.
211. Terrace H.S. Nim 1979, Knopf, New York.
212. Tinbergen N. The study of instinct 1951, Clarendon, Oxford, England.
213. Tsakiris M., Frith C.D. Self, scientific perspectives. The Oxford companion to consciousness 2009, 585-588. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. T. Bayne, A. Cleermans, P. Wilken (Eds.).
214. Tsakiris M., Haggard P. Experimenting with the acting self. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2005, 22:387-407.
215. Tsakiris M., Schütz-Bosbach S., Gallagher S. On agency and body-ownership: Phenomenological and neurocognitive reflections. Consciousness and Cognition 2007, 16:645-660.
216. Tulving E. Elements of episodic memory 1983, Clarendon, Oxford.
217. Tyack P.L. Whistle repertoires of two bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus: Mimicry of signature whistles?. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1986, 18:251-257.
218. Tyack P.L. Dolphins whistle a signature tune. Science 2000, 289(5483):1310-1311.
219. Visalberghi E., Fragazy D. " Do monkeys ape?": Ten years after. Imitation in animals and artifacts 2002, 471-499. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. C. Nehaniv, K. Dautenhahn (Eds.).
220. Watson Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 1913, 20:158-177.
221. Watwood S.I., Tyack P.I., Wells R.L. Whistle sharing in paired male bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2004, 55:531-543.
222. Wells, R. S. (2003). Dolphin social complexity: Lessons from long-term study and life history. In F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies (pp. 32-56). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
223. Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. A. Whiten, R.W. Byrne (Eds.).
224. Witt A., Cermak S., Coster W. Body-part identification in 1-to 2-year-old children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1990, 44:147-153.
225. Xitco, M. J., Jr. (1988). Mimicry of modeled behaviors by bottlenose dolphins. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
226. Xitco M.J., Gory J.D., Kuczaj S.A.I.I. Spontaneous pointing by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Animal Cognition 2001, 4:115-123.
227. Zentall T.R. An analysis of imitative learning in animals. Social learning in animals: The roots of culture 1996, 221-243. Academic Press, New York. B.G. Galef, C.M. Heyes (Eds.).