Cooperation beyond the dyad: On simple models and a complex society

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 365, Issue 1553, 2010, Pages 2687-2697

  Connor, Richard C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DARTMOUTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Alliances; By product mutualism; Cooperation; Pseudo reciprocity; Reciprocity

Indexed keywords

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DOLPHIN; ECOLOGICAL THEORY; GAME THEORY; HOMINID; MUTUALISM; PRISONER DILEMMA; RECIPROCITY;

ANIMALIA; AVES; DELPHINIDAE; MAMMALIA; TURSIOPS;

EID: 77957282057     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0150     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Alexander, R. D. 1989 Evolution of the human psyche. In Thehuman revolution: behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin of modern humans (eds P. Mellars & C. Stringer), pp. 455-513. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2. Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. 1981 The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390-1396 (doi:10.1126/science. 7466396).
3. Bartholomew, G. A. 1942 The fishing activities of double-crested cormorants on San Francisco Bay. Condor 44, 13-21. (doi:10.2307/1364192)
4. Bercovitch, F. B. 1988 Coalitions, cooperation, and reproductive tactics among adult male baboons. Anim. Behav. 36, 1198-1209. (doi:10.1016/S0003- 3472(88)80079-4)
5. Bergmüller, R., Johnstone, R. A., Russell, A. F. & Bshary, R. 2007 Integrating cooperative breeding and cooperation theory. Behav. Process. 76, 61-72. (doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.07.001) (Pubitemid 47464788)
6. Boyd, R., Gintis, H., Bowles, S. & Richerson, P. J. 2003 Theevolution of altruistic punishment. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3531-3535. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0630443100) (Pubitemid 36356618)
7. Brosnan, S. F., Salwiczek, L. & Bshary, R. 2010 The interplay of cognition and cooperation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2699-2710. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0154)
8. Brown, J. L. 1987 Helping and communal breeding in birds: ecology and evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9. Brown, C. R., Brown, M. B. & Shaffer, M. L. 1991 Food-sharing signals among socially foraging cliff swallows. Anim. Behav. 42, 551-564. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80239-8)
10. Clutton-Brock, T. 2009 Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies. Nature 462, 51-57. (doi:10.1038/nature08366)
11. Connor, R. C. 1986 Pseudoreciprocity: investing in mutualism. Anim. Behav. 34, 1562-1566. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80225-1)
12. Connor, R. C. 1992 Egg-trading in simultaneous hermaphrodites: an alternative to tit-for-tat. J. Evol. Biol. 5, 523-528. (doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101. 1992.5030523.x)
13. Connor, R. C. 1995a The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework. Biol. Rev. 70, 427-457. (doi:10.1111/j. 1469-185X.1995.tb01196.x)
14. Connor, R. C. 1995b Altruism among non-relatives: alternatives to the Prisoner's Dilemma. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 84-86. (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00) 88988-0)
15. Connor, R. C. 1995c Impalla allogrooming: tit-for-tat or parcelling? Anim. Behav. 49, 528-530. (doi:10.1006/ anbe.1995.0070)
16. Connor, R. C. 2000 Group living in whales and dolphins. In Cetacean societies: field studies of whales and dolphins (eds J. Mann, R. Connor, P. Tyack & H. Whitehead), pp. 199-218. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
17. Connor, R. C. 2007 Complex alliance relationships in bot-tlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 362, 587-602. (doi:10. 1098/rstb.2006.1997)
18. Connor, R. C. & Mann, J. 2006 Social cognition in the wild: Machiavellian dolphins? In Rational animals (eds S. Hurley & M. Nudd), pp. 329-367. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
19. Connor, R. C. & Smolker, R. A. 1985 Habituated dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Western Australia. J. Mammal. 36, 304-305.
20. Connor, R. C. & Vollmer, N. 2009 The puzzle of sexual coercion in chimpanzees. In Sexual coercion in primates: an evolutionary perspective on male aggression against females (eds M. N. Muller & R. W. Wrangham), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
21. Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A. & Richards, A. F. 1992a Two levels of alliance formation among male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 987-990. (doi:10.1073/pnas.89.3.987)
22. Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A. & Richards, A. F. 1992b Dolphin alliances and coalitions. In Coalitions and alliances in animals and humans (eds A. H. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal), pp. 415-443. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
23. Connor, R. C., Richards, A. F., Smolker, R. A. & Mann, J. 1996 Patterns of female attractiveness in Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins. Behaviour 133, 37-69. (doi:10. 1163/156853996X00026)
24. Connor, R. C., Heithaus, R. M. & Barre, L. M. 1999 Super-alliance of bottlenose dolphins. Nature 371, 571-572.
25. Connor, R. C., Heithaus, M. R. & Barre, L. M. 2001 Complex social structure, alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin 'super-alliance'. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 263-267. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2000. 1357) (Pubitemid 32154505)
26. Connor, R. C., Bejder, L., Randic, S., Heithaus, M. & Mann, J. Submitted. The number of social relationships in Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.).
27. de Waal, F. B. M. & Suchak, M. 2010 Prosocial primates: selfish and unselfish motivations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2711-2722. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0119)
28. Doebeli, M. & Hauert, C. 2005 Models of cooperation based on the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Snowdrift game. Ecol. Lett. 8, 748-766. (doi:10.1111/j.1461- 0248.2005.00773.x)
29. Dugatkin, L. A. 1988 Do guppies play tit for tat during predator inspection visits? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23, 395-399.(doi:10.1007/BF00303714)
30. Dugatkin, L. A. 2009 Principles of animal behavior, 2nd edn.New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.
31. Dunn, D. G., Barco, S. G., Pabst, D. A. & McLellan, W. A.2002 Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins of the Western North Atlantic. J. Wildl. Dis. 38, 505-510.
32. Earley, R. L. 2010 Social eavesdropping and the evolution of conditional cooperation and cheating strategies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2675-2686. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0147)
33. Fischer, E. A. 1980 The relationship between mating system and simultaneous hermaphroditism in the coral reef fish, Hypoplectus nigricans (Serranidae). Anim. Behav. 28, 620-633. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80070-4)
34. Fischer, E. A. 1984 Egg trading in the Chalk Bass, Serranus tortugarum, a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Z. Tierpsychol. 66, 143-151.
35. Fischer, E. A. 1988 Simultaneous hermaphroditism, tit-for-tat, and the evolutionary stability of social systems. Ethol. Socio-biol. 9, 119-136. (doi:10.1016/0162-3095(88)90017-9)
36. Flinn, M. V., Geory, D. C. & Ward, C. V. 2005 Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races: why humans evolved extraordinary intelligence. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 10-46.(doi:10.1016/j. evolhumbehav.2004.08.005) (Pubitemid 40071325)
37. Friedman, J. W. & Hammerstein, P. 1991 To trade, or not to trade, that is the question. In Game equilibrium models (ed.I. R. Selten), pp. 257-275. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
38. Gore, J., Youk, H. & van Oudenaarden, A. 2009 Snowdrift game dynamics and facultative cheating in yeast. Nature 459, 253-256. (doi:10.1038/ nature07921)
39. Hakkarainen, H., Ilmonen, P., Koivunen, V. & Korpimaki, E. 1998 Blood parasites and nest defense behavior of Tengmalm's owls. Oecologia 114, 574-577. (doi:10.1007/s004420050482) (Pubitemid 28268769)
40. Hamilton, W. D. 1964 The genetical evolution of social behaviour. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1-52. (doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4)
41. Hamilton, W. D. 1972 Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in the social insects. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 3, 193-232. (doi:10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172. 001205)
42. Hammerstein, P. 2003 Why is reciprocity so rare in social animals? A protestant appeal. In Genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation (ed. P. Hammerstein), pp. 83-93.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Harcourt, A. H. 1992 Coalitions and alliances: are primates more complex than non-primates? In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals (eds A. H. Harcourt & F. B. M. de Waal), pp. 445-471. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
44. Hart, B. L. & Hart, L. A. 1989 Reciprocal allogrooming in impala, Aepyceros melampus. Anim. Behav. 44, 1073-1084. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05) 80319-7)
45. Hauert, C. & Doebeli, M. 2004 Spatial structure of ten inhibits the evolution of cooperation in the snowdrift game. Nature 428, 643-646. (doi:10.1038/nature02360)
46. Hauert, C., Michor, F., Nowak, M. A. & Doebeli, M. 2006 Synergy and discounting of cooperation in social dilemmas. J. Theor. Biol. 239, 195-202. (doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.040)
47. Hauser, M. D., Chen, M. K., Chen, F. & Chuang, E. 2003Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 2363-2370. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2509) (Pubitemid 37464020)
48. Hauser, M., McAuliffe, K. & Blake, P. R. 2009 Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 3255-3266. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0116)
49. Heinsohn, R. & Packer, C. 1995 Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science 269, 1260-1262. (doi:10.1126/science. 7652573)
50. Herman, L. 2006 Intelligence and rational behavior in the bottlenose dolphin. In Rational animals? (eds S. Nudds & S. Hurley). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
51. Jaeggi, A. V., Burkart, J. M. & Van Schaik, C. P. 2010 On the psychology of cooperation in humans and other primates: combining the natural history and experimental evidenceof prosociality. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2723-2735.(doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0118)
52. Janik, V. 2009 Acoustic communication in delphinids. Adv. Study Behav. 40, 123-157. (doi:10.1016/S0065-3454(09)40004-4)
53. Jensen, K. 2010 Punishment and spite, the dark side of cooperation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2635-2650.(doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0146)
54. Kokko, H., Johnstone, R. A. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2001The evolution of cooperative breeding through group augmentation. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268, 187-196(doi:10.1098/rspb/2000.1349)
55. Krams, I., Krama, T., Igaune, K. & Mand, R. 2008 Experimental evidence of reciprocal altruism in the pied flycatcher. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 62, 599-605. (doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0484-1)
56. Krützen, M., Sherwin, W. B., Connor, R. C., Barre, L. M., Van de Casteele, T., Mann, J. & Brooks, R. 2003 Contrasting relatedness patterns in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) with different alliance strategies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270, 497-502. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2229) (Pubitemid 36308226)
57. Leimar, O. & Connor, R. 2003 Byproduct benefits, reciprocity and pseudo-reciprocity in mutualism. In Genetic & cultural evolution of cooperation, Dahlem Workshop Report 90 (ed. P. Hammerstein), pp. 203-222. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
58. Leimar, O. & Hammerstein, P. 2010 Cooperation for direct fitness benefits. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2619-2626. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0116)
59. Marino, L. 1998 A comparison of encephalization between odontocete cetaceans and anthropoid primates. Brain Behav. Evol. 51, 230-238. (doi:10.1159/000006540)
60. Marino, L. et al. 2007 Cetaceans have complex brains forcomplex cognition. PLoS ONE 5, 966-972.
61. Melis, A. P. & Semmann, D. 2010 How is humancooperation different? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2663-2674. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0157)
62. Melis, A., Hare, B. & Tomasello, M. 2008 Do chimpanzeesreciprocate received favours? Anim. Behav. 76, 951-962.(doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.014)
63. Milinski, M. 1987 Tit for tat in sticklebacks and the evol-ution of cooperation. Nature 325, 433-435. (doi:10.1038/325433a0)
64. Noë, R. 1990 A veto game played by baboons: a challenge to the use of the Prisoner's Dilemma as a paradigm for reciprocity and cooperation. Anim. Behav. 39, 78-90. (doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80728-6)
65. Noë, R. & Hammerstein, P. 1995 Biological markets. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10, 336-339. (doi:10.1016/S0169- 5347(00)89123-5)
66. Noë, R., Schaik, C. P. V. & Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. V. 1991 The market effect: an explanation for pay-offasymmetries among collaborating animals. Ethology 87, 97-118. (doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01192.x)
67. Nowak, M. A. & Sigmund, K. 2005 Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 437, 1291-1298. (doi:10.1038/nature04131) (Pubitemid 41568670)
68. Packer, C. 1977 Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature265, 441-443. (doi:10.1038/265441a0) (Pubitemid 8023601)
69. Packer, C. & Pusey, A. E. 1987 Intrasexual cooperation and the sex-ratio in African lions. Am. Nat. 130, 636-642.(doi:10.1086/284735)
70. Packer, C. & Ruttan, L. 1988 The evolution of cooperativehunting. Am. Nat. 132, 159-198. (doi:10.1086/284844) (Pubitemid 19324501)
71. Patterson, I. A. P., Reid, R. J., Wilson, B., Grellier, K., Ross, H. M. & Thompson, P. M. 1998 Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins: an explanation for violent interactions with harbour porpoises? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B265, 1167-1170. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0414) (Pubitemid 28340095)
72. Pressley, P. H. 1981 Pair formation and joint territoriality in a simultaneous hermaphrodite: the coral reef fish Serranus tigrinus. Z. Tierpsychol. 56, 33-46.
73. Randic, S., Connor, R. C., Sherwin, W. & Krutzen, M. In preparation. Ranging behavior of alliance forming male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia: a test of the open social network hypothesis.
74. Russell, A. F. & Wright, J. 2008 Avian mobbing: byproduct mutualism not reciprocal altruism. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 3-5. (doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008. 09.003)
75. Sachs, J. L., Mueller, U. G., Wilcox, T. P. & Bull, J. J. 2004The evolution of cooperation. Q. Rev. Biol. 79, 135-160.
76. Samuels, A. & Gifford, T. 1997 A quantitative assessment of dominance relations among bottlenose dolphins. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 13, 70-99. (doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692. 1997.tb00613.x)
77. Smith, T. G., Siniff, D. B., Reichle, R. & Stone, S. 1981 Coordinated behavior of killer whales, Orcinus orca, hunting a crabeater seal, Lobodon carcinophagus. Can. J. Zool. 59, 1185-1189. (doi:10.1139/z81-167)
78. Smolker, R. A., Richards, A. F., Connor, R. C. & Pepper, J. 1992 Association patterns among bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Behaviour 123, 38-69. (doi:10.1163/156853992X00101)
79. Stephens, D. W., McLinn, C. M. & Stevens, J. R. 2002 Discounting and reciprocity in an iterated Prisoner'sDilemma. Science 298, 2216-2218. (doi:10.1126/ science.1078498)
80. Trivers, R. L. 1971 The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Q. Rev. Biol. 46, 35-430-57. (doi:10.1086/406755)
81. Visser, I. N., Smith, T. G., Bullock, I. D., Green, G., Carlsson, O. G. L. & Imberti, S. 2008 Antarctic Peninsula killer whales (Orcinus orca) hunt seals and a penguin on floating ice. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 24, 225-234. (doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2007.00163.x) (Pubitemid 351239269)
82. West, S. A., Griffen, A. S. & Gardner, A. 2007 Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 415-432.
83. West-Eberhard, M. J. 1975 The evolution of social behavior by kin selection. Q. Rev. Biol. 50, 1-33.
84. Wheatcroft, D. J. & Krams, I. 2009 Response to Russell & Wright: avian mobbing. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 5-6.(doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.09.002) (Pubitemid 50338619)
85. Whitlock, M. C., Davis, B. H. & Yeaman, S. 2007 The costsand benefits of resource sharing: reciprocity requiresresource heterogeneity. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 1772-1782.(doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01387.x) (Pubitemid 47262861)
86. Wilkinson, G. S. 1984 Reciprocal food sharing in the vampirebat. Nature 308, 181-184. (doi:10.1038/308181a0)
87. Williams, G. C. 1966 Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
88. Wrangham, R. W. 2009 Catching fire: how cooking made ushuman. New York, NY: Basic Books.
89. Wrangham, R., Jones, J. H., Laden, G., Pilbeam, D. & Conklin-Brittain, N. L. 1999 The raw and the stolen:cooking and the ecology of human origins. Curr. Anthropol. 40, 567-594.