The Role of Inflammation in the Cardio-Renal Syndrome: A Focus on Cytokines and Inflammatory Mediators

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 70-78

  Rosner, Mitchell H ^a   Ronco, Claudio ^b   Okusa, Mark D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^b SAN BORTOLO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute kidney injury; Cardio renal; Heart failure; Inflammation

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYTOKINE; ETANERCEPT; INFLIXIMAB; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ARTICLE; CARDIORENAL SYNDROME; CARDITIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION;

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; CARDIO-RENAL SYNDROME; CYTOKINES; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS;

EID: 84857438129     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: 15584488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2011.11.010     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Cardiovascular disease 2008 [cited 2010 December 23]. http://www.americanheart.org.
2. Coresh J., Selvin E. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298:2038-2047.
3. Foley R.N., Murray A.M. Chronic kidney disease and the risk for cardiovascular disease, renal replacement and death in the United States Medicare population 1998-1999. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:489-495.
4. Logar C.M., Herzog C.A. Diagnosis and therapy of coronary heart disease in renal failure, end-stage renal disease and transplant populations. Am J Med Sci 2003, 325:214-227.
5. Heywood J.T., Fonarow G.C. High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Card Fail 2007, 13:422-430.
6. Ronco C., McCullough P., Anker S.D., Anand I., et al. Cardio-renal syndromes: an executive summary from the consensus conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative. Contrib Nephrol 2010, 165:54-67. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) consensus group.
7. Heymans S., Hirsch E., Anker S.D., Aukrust P., et al. Inflammation as a therapeutic target in heart failure?. A scientific statement from the Translational Research Committee of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2009, 11:119-129.
8. Gong K.Z., Song G., Spiers J.P., Kelso E.J., Zhang Z.G. Activation of immune and inflammatory systems in chronic heart failure: novel therapeutic approaches. Int J Clin Pract 2007, 61:611-621.
9. Celis R., Torres-Martinez G., Torre-Amione G. Evidence for activation of immune system in heart failure: is there a role for anti-inflammatory therapy?. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008, 23:254-260.
10. Anker S.D., von Halehling S. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart 2004, 90:464-470.
11. Jankowski E.A., Ponikowski P., Piepolo M.F., Banasiak W., et al. Autonomic imbalance and immune activation in chronic heart failure- pathophysiological links. Cardiovasc Res 2006, 70:434-445.
12. Li X., Hassoun H.T., Santora R., Rabb H. Organ crosstalk: the role of the kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care 2009, 15:481-487.
13. Levine B., Kalman J., Mayer L., et al. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:236-241.
14. Mann D.L. Recent insights into the role of tumor necrosis factor in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev 2001, 6:71-80.
15. von Haehling S., Jankowska E.A., Anker S.D. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and the failing heart-pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Basic Res Cardiol 2004, 99:8-28.
16. Mann D.L. Stress-activated cytokines and the heart: from adaptation to maladaptation. Annu Rev Physiol 2003, 65:81-101.
17. Blum A., Sclarovsky S., Rehavia E., et al. Levels of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, interleukin-1 beta, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1994, 127:1226-1230.
18. Munger M.A., Johnson B., Amber I.J., et al. Circulating concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in mild or moderate heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:723-727.
19. Frangogiannis N.G., Smith C.W., Entman M.L. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2002, 53:31-47.
20. Kosmala W., Derzhko R., Przewlocka-Kosmala M., Orda A., Mazurek W. Plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 and their relationship with left ventricular diastolic function in patients with stable angina pectoris and preserved left ventricular systolic performance. Coron Artery Dis 2008, 19:375-382.
21. Nishimura Y., Inoue T., Nitto T., Morooka T., Node K. Increased interleukin-13 levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2009, 131:421-423.
22. Mallat Z., Heymes C., Corbaz A., Logeart D., et al. Evidence for altered interleukin (IL)-18 pathway in human heart failure. FASEB J 2004, 18:1752-1754.
23. Hayashidani S., Tsutsui H., Shiomi T., Ikeuchi M., et al. Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003, 108:2134-2140.
24. Aukrust P., Ueland T., Muller F., Andreassen A.K., et al. Elevated circulating levels of C-C chemokines in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1998, 97:1136-1143.
25. Torre-Amione G., Kapadia S., Benedict C., et al. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: a report from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 5:1201-1206.
26. Anker S.D., Egerer K.R., Volk H.D., et al. Elevated soluble CD14 receptors and altered cytokines in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:1426-1430.
27. Kourea K., Parissis J.T., Farmakis D., Panou F., et al. Effects of darbopoetin-alpha on plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and soluble Fas/Fas ligand system in anemic patients with chronic heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2008, 199:215-221.
28. Torre-Amione G., Kapadia S., Lee J., et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor receptors in the failing human heart. Circulation 1996, 93:704-711.
29. Bryant D., Becker I., Richardson J., et al. Cardiac failure in transgenic mice with myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Circulation 1998, 97:1375-1381.
30. Liu L., Zhao S.P. The changes of circulating tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with congestive heart failure influenced by therapy. Int J Cardiol 1999, 69:77-82.
31. Blum A. Heart failure-new insights. IMAJ 2009, 11:105-111.
32. Bolger A.P., Anker S.D. Tumor necrosis factor in chronic heart failure: a peripheral view on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapeutic implications. Drugs 2000, 60:1245-1257.
33. Mann D.L., McMurray J.L., Packer M., Swedberg K., Borer J.S., et al. Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL). Circulation 2004, 109:1594-1602.
34. Chung E.S., Packer M., Lo K.H., Fasanmade A.A., Willerson J.T. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with moderate to severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Health Failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation 2003, 107:3133-3140.
35. Rattazzi M., Puato M., Faggin E., Bertipaglia B., et al. C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in vascular disease: culprits of passive bystanders?. J Hypertens 2003, 21:1787-1803.
36. Lommi J., Pulkki K., Koskinen P., et al. Haemodynamic, neuroendocrine and metabolic correlates of circulating cytokine concentrations in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:1620-1625.
37. Gweenberger M., Mendoza L.H., Youker K.A., et al. Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarction. Circulation 1999, 99:546-551.
38. Yamauchi-Takihata K., Ihara Y., Ogata A., et al. Hypoxic stress induces cardiac myocyte-derived interleukin-6. Circulation 1995, 91:1520-1524.
39. Tsutamoto T., Hisanaga T., Wada A., et al. Interleukin-6 spillover in the peripheral circulation increases with the severity of heart failure and the high plasma level of interleukin-6 is an important prognostic predictor in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:391-398.
40. Finkel M.S., Oddis C.V., Jacob T.D., et al. Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 1992, 257:387-389.
41. Kinugawa K., Takahashi T., Kohmoto O., et al. Nitric oxide mediated effects of interleukin-6 on [Ca+2]i and cell contraction in cultured chick ventricular myocytes. Circ Res 1994, 75:285-295.
42. Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Hilfiker A., Fuchs M., et al. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is required for myocardial capillary growth, control of interstitial matrix deposition and heart protection from ischemic injury. Circ Res 2004, 95:187-195.
43. Yue P., Massie B.M., Simpson P.C., Long C.S. Cytokine expression increases in nonmyocytes from rats with postinfarction heart failure. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:H250-H258.
44. Shioi T., Matsumori A., Kihara Y., Inoko M., et al. Increased expression of interleukin-1 beta and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the hypertrophied and failing heart with pressure overload. Circ Res 1997, 81:664-671.
45. Stein B., Frank P., Schmitz W., Scholz H., Thoenes M. Endotoxin and cytokines induce direct cardiodepressive effects in mammalian cardiomyocytes via induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1996, 28:1631-1639.
46. Harada E., Nakagawa O., Yoshimura M., Harada M., et al. Effect of interleukin-1 beta on cardiac hypertrophy and production of natriuretic peptides in rat cardiocyte culture. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999, 31:1997-2006.
47. Kumar A., Thota V., Dee L., Olson J., et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta are responsible for in vitro myocardial cell depression induced by human septic shock serum. J Exp Med 1996, 183:949-958.
48. Prabhu S.D. Cytokine-induced modulation of cardiac function. Circ Res 2004, 95:1140-1153.
49. Bolger A.P., Sharma R., von Haeling S., et al. Effect of interleukin-10 on the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:384-389.
50. Francis S.E., Holden H., Holt C.M., Duff G.W. Interleukin-1 in myocardium and coronary arteries of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998, 30:215-223.
51. Miettinen K.H., Lassus J., Harjola V.P., Siirilä-Waris K., et al. Prognostic role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and their polymorphisms in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart Fail J 2008, 10:396-403.
52. Kaneko K., Kanda T., Yamauchi Y., et al. C-reactive protein in dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiology 1999, 91:215-219.
53. Fujii H., Li S.H., Szmitko P.E., Fedak P.W., Verma S. C-reactive protein alters antioxidant defenses and promotes apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006, 26:2476-2482.
54. Tsutamoto T., Hisanaga T., Fukai D., et al. Prognostic value of plasma soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelin-1 concentration in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1995, 76:803-808.
55. Andreassen A.K., Nordoy I., Simonsen S., et al. Levels of circulating adhesion molecules in congestive heart failure and after heart transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:604-608.
56. Devaux B., Scholz D., Hirche A., et al. Upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and the presence of low grade inflammation in human chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1997, 18:470-479.
57. Uchino S., Kellum J.A., Bellomo R., et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA 2005, 294:813-818.
58. Bellomo R., Ronco C., Kellum J.A., et al. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004, 8:R204-R212.
59. Liano F., Pascual J. Outcomes in acute renal failure. Semin Nephrol 1998, 18:541-550.
60. Hoste E.A., Schurgers M. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury: how big is the problem?. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:S146-S151.
61. Scheel P.J., Liu M., Rabb H. Uremic lung: new insights into a forgotten condition. Kidney Int 2008, 74:849-851.
62. Okusa M.D. The changing pattern of acute kidney injury: from one to multiple organ failure. Contrib Nephrol 2010, 165:153-158.
63. Faubel S. Acute kidney injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2009, 61:171-188.
64. Zhang Y., Woodward V.K., Shelton J.M., et al. Ischemia-reperfusion induces G-CSF gene expression by renal medullary thick ascending limb cells in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004, 286:F1193-F1201.
65. Hoke T.S., Douglas I.S., Klein C.L., et al. Acute renal failure after bilateral nephrectomy is associated with cytokine-mediated pulmonary injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18:155-164.
66. Kelly K.J. Distant effects of experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:1549-1558.
67. Kelly K.J., Williams W.W., Colvin R.B., et al. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient mice are protected against ischemic renal injury. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:1056-1063.
68. Kielar M.L., John R., Bennett M., et al. Maladaptive role of IL-6 in ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16:3315-3325. J Am Soc Nephrol.
69. Molls R.R., Savransky V., Liu M., et al. Keratinocyte-derived chemokine is an early biomarker of ischemic acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 290:F1187-F1193.
70. Simmons E.M., Himmelfarb J., Sezer M.T., et al. Plasma cytokine levels predict mortality in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004, 65:1357-1365.
71. Rosin D.L., Okusa M.D. Dangers within: DAMP responses to damage and cell death in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 22:416-425.
72. Kinsey G.R., Li L., Okusa M.D. Inflammation in acute kidney injury. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2008, 109:e102-e107.
73. Jang H.R., Rabb H. The innate immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury. Clin Immunol 2009, 130:41-50.
74. Li L., Okusa M.D. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Semin Nephrol 2010, 30:268-277.
75. Li L., Okusa M.D. Blocking the immune respone in ischemic acute kidney injury: the role of adenosine 2A agonists. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006, 2:432-444.
76. Okusa M.D. The inflammatory cascade in acute ischemic renal failure. Nephron 2002, 90:133-138.
77. Soos T.J., Sims T.N., Barisoni L., et al. CX3CR1+ interstitial dendritic cells form a contiguous network throughout the entire kidney. Kidney Int 2006, 70:591-596.
78. Li L., Huang L., Sung S.S., et al. The chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 mediate monocyte/macrophage trafficking in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2008, 74:1509-1511.
79. Kaissling B., Le Hir M. Characterization and distribution of interstitial cell types in the renal cortex of rats. Kidney Int 1994, 45:709-720.
80. Matzinger P. The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 2002, 296:301-305.
81. Dong X., Swaminathan S., Bachman L.A., et al. Resident dendritic cells are the predominant TNF-secreting cell in early renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Kidney Int 2007, 71:619-628.
82. Li L., Huang L., Sung S.J., et al. NKT cell activation mediates neutrophil IFN-gamma production and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol 2007, 178:5899-5911.
83. Li L., Huang L., Vergis A.L., et al. IL-17 produced by neutrophils regulates IFN-gamma-mediated neutrophil migration in mouse kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:331-342.
84. Ricardo S.D., van Goor H., Eddy A.A. Macrophage diversity in renal injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2008, 118:3522-3530.
85. Day Y.J., Huang L., Ye H., et al. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and adenosine 2A receptor-mediated tissue protection: role of macrophages. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005, 288:F722-F731.
86. Burne-Taney M.J., Ascon D.B., Daniels F., et al. B cell deficiency confers protection from renal ischemia reperfusion injury. J Immunol 2003, 171:3210-3215.
87. Burne M.J., Daniels F., El Ghandour A., et al. Identification of the CD4+ T cell as a major pathogenic factor in ischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 2001, 108:1283-1290.
88. Day Y.-J., Huang L., Ye H., et al. Renal ischemia-reperfusion and adenosine 2A receptor-mediated tissue protection: the role of CD4+ T cells and inteferon gamma. J Immunol 2006, 176:3108-3114.
89. Gandolfo M.T., Jang H.R., Bagnasco S.M., et al. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells participate in repair of ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2009, 76:717-729.
90. Kinsey G.R., Sharma R., Huang L., et al. Regulatory T cells suppress innate immunity in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:1744-1753.
91. Thurman J.M., Lucia M.S., Ljubanovic D., et al. Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int 2005, 67:524-530.
92. Thurman J.M., Ljubanovic D., Edelstein C.L., et al. Lack of a functional alternative complement pathway ameliorates ischemic acute renal failure in mice. J Immunol 2003, 170:1517-1523.
93. Ronco C., Haapio M., House A.A., et al. Cardio-Renal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:1527-1539.
94. Tokuyama H., Kelly D.J., Zhang Y., et al. Macrophage infiltration and cellular proliferation in the non-ischemic kidney and heart following prolonged unilateral renal ischemia. Nephron Physiol 2007, 106:54-62.
95. Burchill L., Velkoska E., Dean R.G., et al. Acute kidney injury in the rat causes cardiac remodelling and increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression. Exp Physiol 2008, 93:622-630.
96. Sutton T.A., Fisher C.J., Molitoris B.A. Microvascular endothelial injury and dysfunction during ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2002, 62:1539-1549.