Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Translating research into practice

ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 41-51

  Coogan, A N ^a   Dobrean, A ^b   Donev, R M ^c,d   Mateescu, L ^e   Muller U ^f   Thome, J ^c,d   Voinescu, B I ^b  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^b BABE BOLYAI UNIVERSITY   (Romania)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK   (Germany)

^d SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^e CAROL DAVILA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY   (Romania)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ADHD; Adult; Genetics; Guidelines; Sleep

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; ATOMOXETINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; METHYLPHENIDATE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT;

ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COUNSELING; DECREASED APPETITE; DEPRESSION; DEVELOPMENTAL GENE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG SAFETY; FAMILY THERAPY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP PATTERN; SLEEP QUALITY; SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT;

EID: 84857423254     PISSN: 18666116     EISSN: 18666647     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12402-012-0073-7     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Adler LA, Spencer TJ, Williams DW, Moore RJ, Michelson D (2008) Long-term, open-label safety and efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: final report of a 4-year study. J Atten Disord 12(3): 248-253. doi: 10. 1177/1087054708316250.
2. Adler LA, Liebowitz M, Kronenberger W, Qiao M, Rubin R, Hollandbeck M, Deldar A, Schuh K, Durell T (2009) Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 26(3): 212-221. doi: 10. 1002/da. 20549.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2010) DSM-5: options being considered for ADHD. American Psychiatric Association. http://www.dsm5.org/Proposed%20Revision%20Attachments/APA%20Options%20for%20ADHD. pdf. Accessed January 23 2012.
4. Asherson P, Adamou M, Bolea B, Müller U, Morua SD, Pitts M, Thome J, Young S (2010) Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? Yes. Br Med J 340: 736-737. doi: 10. 1136/bmj. c549.
5. Baird AL, Coogan AN, Siddiqui A, Donev RM, Thome J (2011) Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels. Mol Psychiatr. doi: 10. 1038/mp. 2011. 149.
6. Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Santosh P, Zuddas A, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Danckaerts M, Döpfner M, Faraone S, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen H-C, Sonuga-Barke E, Taylor E (2006) Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders. Eur Child Adoles Psychiatr 15(8): 476-495. doi: 10. 1007/s00787-006-0549-0.
7. Barkley RA (2006) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 3rd edn. Guilford Press, New York.
8. Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M (2007) ADHD in adults: what the science says. Guilford Press, New York.
9. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, van Someren EJ (2007) Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep 30(4): 433-442.
10. Borbely AA (1982) A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1(3): 195-204.
11. Boulanger LM (2009) Immune proteins in brain development and synaptic plasticity. Neuron 64(1): 93-109. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuron. 2009. 09. 001.
12. Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rigau D, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Vidal X, Casas M (2011) Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs 25(2): 157-169. doi: 10. 2165/11539440-000000000-00000.
13. Chamberlain SR, Hampshire A, Müller U, Rubia K, del Campo N, Craig K, Regenthal R, Suckling J, Raoiser J, Grant JE, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (2009) Atomoxetine modulates right inferior frontal activation during inhibitory control: a pharmacological fMRT study. Biol Psychiatr 65: 550-555. doi: 10. 1016/j. biopsych. 2008. 10. 014.
14. Chamberlain SR, Robbins TW, Winder-Rhodes S, Müller U, Sahakian BJ, Blackwell AD, Barnett JH (2011) Translational approaches to fronto-striatal dysfunction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using CANTAB. Biol Psychiatr 69: 1192-1203. doi: 10. 1016/j. biopsych. 2010. 08. 019.
15. Coghill D, Banaschewski T (2009) The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 9(10): 1547-1565. doi: 10. 1586/ern. 09. 78.
16. del Campo N, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW (2011) The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatr 69: e145-e157. doi: 10. 1016/j. biopsych. 2011. 02. 036.
17. Donev R, Thome J (2010) Inflammation: good or bad for ADHD? ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 2: 257-266. doi: 10. 1007/s12402-010-0038-7.
18. Emilsson B, Gudjonsson G, Sigurdsson JF, Baldursson G, Einarsson E, Olafsdottir H, Young S (2011) Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatr 11: 116. doi: 10. 1186/1471-244X-11-116.
19. Faraone SV, Glatt SJ (2010) A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adults attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatr 71: 754-763. doi: 10. 4088/JCP. 08m04902pur.
20. Favorite B (1995) Coaching for adults with ADHD: the missing link between the desire for change and achievement of success. ADHD Report 3: 11-12.
21. Fox AT, Hand DJ, Reilly MP (2008) Impulsive choice in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 187(1): 146-152.
22. Franke B, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Bau CH, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Mick E, Grevet EH, Johansson S, Haavik J, Lesch KP, Cormand B, Reif A (2011) The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review. Mol Psychiatr. doi: 10. 1038/mp. 2011. 138.
23. Frodl T, Skokaukas N (2011) Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Epub ahead of print].
24. Gainetdinov RR (2010) Strengths and limitations of genetic models of ADHD. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2(1): 21-30. doi: 10. 1007/s12402-010-0021-3.
25. Gong R, Ding C, Hu J, Lu Y, Liu F, Mann E, Xu F, Cohen MB, Luo M (2011) Role for the membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase-C in attention deficiency and hyperactive behavior. Science 333(6049): 1642-1646.
26. Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, Chan KA, Fireman BH, Arbogast PG, Cheetham TC, Quinn VP, Dublin S, Boudreau DM, Andrade SE, Pawloski PA, Raebel MA, Smith DH, Achacoso N, Uratsu C, Go AS, Sidney S, Nguyen-Huynh MN, Ray WA, Selby JV (2011) ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. JAMA 306: 2673-2683. doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2011. 1830.
27. Hesslinger B, Tebartz van Elst L, Nyberg E, Dykiere P, Richter H, Berner M, Ebert D (2002) Psychotherapy of attention deficit hyper-activity disorder in adults-a pilot study using a structured skills training program. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 252(4): 177-184.
28. Hoebert M, van der Heijden KB, van Geijlswijk IM, Smits MG (2009) Long-term follow-up of melatonin treatment in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia. J Pineal Res 47(1): 1-7. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1600-079X. 2009. 00681. x.
29. Iversen L (2008) Speed, Ecstacy, Ritalin: the science of amphetamines. OUP, Oxford.
30. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, van Brunt DL (2007) Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 16(2): 52-65. doi: 10. 1002/mpr. 208.
31. Kissling C, Retz W, Wiemann S, Coogan AN, Clement RM, Hunnerkopf R, Conner AC, Freitag CM, Rosler M, Thome J (2008) A polymorphism at the 3′-untranslated region of the CLOCK gene is associated with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147(3): 333-338. doi: 10. 1002/ajmg. b. 30602.
32. Kooij SJ (2010) Adult ADHD. Diagnostic assessment and treatment. Pearson Assessment and Information BV, Amsterdam.
33. Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, Edvinsson D, Fayyad J, Foeken K, Fitzgerald M, Gaillac V, Ginsberg Y, Henry C, Krause J, Lensing MB, Manor I, Niederhofer H, Nunes-Filipe C, Ohlmeier MD, Oswald P, Pallanti S, Pehlivanidis A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rastam M, Ryffel-Rawak D, Stes S, Asherson P (2010) European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: the European network adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatr 10: 67. doi: 10. 1186/1471-244X-10-67.
34. Kubik JA (2010) Efficacy of ADHD coaching for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 13(5): 442-453. doi: 10. 1177/1087054708329960.
35. Langley K, Fowler TA, Grady DL, Moyzis RK, Holmans PA, van den Bree MB, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A (2009) Molecular genetic contribution to the developmental course of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr 18(1): 26-32. doi: 10. 1007/s00787-008-0698-4.
36. Larriviere D, Williams MA, Rizzo M, Bonnie RJ (2009) Responding to requests from adult patients for neuroenhancements: guidance of the Ethics, law and humanities committee. Neurology 73(17): 1406-1412. doi: 10. 1212/WNL. 0b013e3181beecfe.
37. Leucht S, Heres S, Davis JM (2011) Überlegungen zur Wirksamkeit von Psychopharmaka. Nervenarzt 82: 1425-1430. doi: 10. 1007/s00115-011-3349-9.
38. Mahoney MJ, Arnkoff DB (1978) Cognitive and self-control therapies. In: Garfield SL, Bergin AE (eds) Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change: an empirical analysis. Wiley, New York, pp 689-722.
39. Mehta MA, Krause J (2011) Emission tomography in ADHD. In: Buitelaar JK, Kan CC, Asherson P (eds) ADHD in adults. Characterization, diagnosis and treatment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 75-90.
40. Mill J, Sagvolden T, Asherson P (2005) Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains. Behav Brain Funct 1: 24. doi: 1744-9081-1-24.
41. Murphy K (2005) Psychosocial treatments for ADHD in teens and adults: a practice-friendly review. J Clin Psychol 61: 607-619. doi: 10. 1002/jclp. 20123.
42. Nakao T, Radua J, Rubia K, Mataix-Cols D (2011) Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. Am J Psychiatr 168(11): 1154-1163. doi: 10. 1176/appi. ajp. 2011. 11020281.
43. O'Keeffe SM, Thome J, Coogan AN (2011) The noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine phase-shifts the circadian clock in mice. Neuroscience.
44. Oosterloo M, Lammers GJ, Overeem S, de Nord I, Kooij JJ (2006) Possible confusion between primary hypersomnia and adult attentions-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Res 143: 293-297. doi: 10. 1016/j. psychres. 2006. 02. 009.
45. Philipsen A, Graf E, Tebartz van Elst L, Jans T, Warnke A, Hesslinger B, Ebert D, Gerlach M, Matthies S, Colla M, Jacob C, Sobanski E, Alm B, Rösler M, Ihorst G, Gross-Lesch S, Gentschow L, Kis B, Huss M, Lieb K, Schlander M, Berger M (2010) Evaluation of the efficacy and effectiveness of a structured disorder tailored psychotherapy in ADHD in adults: study protocol of a randomized controlled multicentre trial. ADHD Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2: 203-212. doi: 10. 1007/s12402-010-0046-7.
46. Proal E, Reiss PT, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, Gotimer K, Ramos-Olazagasti MA, Lerch JP, He Y, Zijdenbos A, Kelly C, Milham MP, Castellanos FX (2011) Brain gray matter deficits at 33-year follow-up in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder established in childhood. Arch Gen Psychiatr 68(11): 1122-1134. doi: 68/11/1122.
47. Ramsay JR, Rostain AL (2007) Psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: Current evidence and future directions. Prof Psychol Res Pract 38: 338-346. doi: 10. 1037/0735-7028. 38. 4. 338.
48. Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Hengesch G, Schneider M, Thome J, Pajonk FG, Salahi-Disfan A, Rees O, Wender PH, Rosler M (2004) Psychometric and psychopathological characterization of young male prison inmates with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 254(4): 201-208. doi: 10. 1007/s00406-004-0470-9.
49. Retz W, Freitag CM, Retz-Junginger P, Wenzler D, Schneider M, Kissling C, Thome J, Rosler M (2008) A functional serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism increases ADHD symptoms in delinquents: interaction with adverse childhood environment. Psychiatr Res 158(2): 123-131. doi: 10. 1016/j. psychres. 2007. 05. 004.
50. Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, Rosler M (2011) Pharmacological treatment of adult ADHD in Europe. World J Biol Psychiatr 12(Suppl 1): 89-94. doi: 10. 3109/15622975. 2011. 603229.
51. Rodriguez PD, Simon-Dack SL (2011) Factor analysis of five adult ADHD self-report measures: are they all the same? J Atten Disord. doi: 1087054711423627.
52. Rogers ES, Spalding SL, Eckard AA, Wallace LS (2009) Are patient-administered attention deficit hyperactivity disorder scales suitable for adults? J Atten Disord 13(2): 168-174. doi: 1087054708323017.
53. Romanos M, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Fölster-Holst R, Gerlach M, Weidinger S, Schmitt J (2011) Itches and scratches-is there a link between eczema, ADHD, sleep disruption and food hypersensitivity? Allergy 66(11): 1407-1409. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1398-9995. 2011. 02705. x.
54. Rosler M, Retz W, Thome J, Schneider M, Stieglitz RD, Falkai P (2006) Psychopathological rating scales for diagnostic use in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 256(Suppl 1): i3-i11. doi: 10. 1007/s00406-006-1001-7.
55. Rosler M, Retz W, Stieglitz RD (2010) Psychopathological rating scales as efficacy parameters in adult ADHD treatment investigations-benchmarking instruments for international multicentre trials. Pharmacopsychiatry 43(3): 92-98. doi: 10. 1055/s-0029-1242819.
56. Rostain AL, Ramsay JR (2006) A combined treatment approach for adults with ADHD-Results of an open study of 43 patients. J Atten Disord 10: 150-159. doi: 10. 1177/1087054706288110.
57. Russell VA (2011) Overview of animal models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Curr Protoc Neurosci Chapter 9: Unit9 35. doi: 10. 1002/0471142301. ns0935s54.
58. Safren SA (2006) Cognitive-behavioral approaches to ADHD treatment in adulthood. J Clin Psychiatr 67(Suppl 8): 46-50.
59. Safren SA, Otto MW, Sprich S, Winett CL, Wilens TE, Biederman J (2005) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for ADHD in medication-treated adults with continued symptoms. Behav Res Ther 43: 831-842. doi: 10. 1016/j. brat. 2004. 07. 001.
60. Safren SA, Sprich S, Mimiaga MJ, Surman C, Knouse L, Groves M, Otto MW (2010) Cognitive behavioral therapy vs relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 304: 875-880. doi: 10. 1001/jama. 2010. 1192.
61. Sagvolden T (2000) Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24(1): 31-39. doi: S0149-7634(99)00058-5.
62. Sagvolden T (2011) Impulsiveness, overactivity, and poorer sustained attention improve by chronic treatment with low doses of l-amphetamine in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Funct 7: 6. doi: 1744-9081-7-6.
63. Sagvolden T, Johansen EB (2011) Rat models of ADHD. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. doi: 10. 1007/7854_2011_126.
64. Sagvolden T, Russell VA, Aase H, Johansen EB, Farshbaf M (2005) Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatr 57(11): 1239-1247.
65. Schneider M, Retz W, Coogan A, Thome J, Rosler M (2006) Anatomical and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-a neurological view. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 256(Suppl 1): i32-i41. doi: 10. 1007/s00406-006-1005-3.
66. Schredl M, Alm B, Sobanski E (2007) Sleep quality in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 257(3): 164-168. doi: 10. 1007/s00406-006-0703-1.
67. Seixas M, Weiss M, Muller U (2011) Systematic review of national and international guidelines on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol. doi: 0269881111412095.
68. Shaw P, Sharp WS, Morrison M, Eckstrand K, Greenstein DK, Clasen LS, Evans AC, Rapoport JL (2009) Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatr 166(1): 58-63. doi: 10. 1176/appi. ajp. 2008. 08050781.
69. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC (1998) The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M. I. N. I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatr 59(Suppl 20): 22-33.
70. Siesser WB, Zhao J, Miller LR, Cheng SY, McDonald MP (2006) Transgenic mice expressing a human mutant beta1 thyroid receptor are hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive. Genes Brain Behav 5(3): 282-297. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1601-183X. 2005. 00161. x.
71. Simchon Y, Weizman A, Rehavi M (2010) The effect of chronic methylphenidate administration on presynaptic dopaminergic parameters in a rat model for ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20(10): 714-720.
72. Smith AK, Mick E, Faraone SV (2009) Advances in genetic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatr Rep 11(2): 143-148. doi: 10. 1007/s11920-009-0022-0.
73. Solanto MV (2011) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult ADHD: targeting executive dysfunction. Guilford Press, New York.
74. Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Mitchell KJ, Wasserstein J, Kofman MD (2008) Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 11: 728-736.
75. Sontag TA, Tucha O, Walitza S, Lange KW (2010) Animal models of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a critical review. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2(1): 1-20. doi: 10. 1007/s12402-010-0019-x.
76. Taylor E et al (2008) National institute for health and clinical excellence (NICE) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. NICE Clinical Guidelines 72.
77. Taylor E (2011) Antecedents of ADHD: a historical account of diagnostic concepts. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 3(2): 69-75. doi: 10. 1007/s12402-010-0051-x.
78. Taylor A, Deb S, Unwin G (2011) Scales for the identification of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Res Dev Disabil 32(3): 924-938. doi: 10. 1016/j. ridd. 2010. 12. 036.
79. Thome J, Jacobs KA (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a 19th century children's book. Eur Psychiatr 19(5): 303-306. doi: 10. 1016/j. eurpsy. 2004. 05. 004. S0924933804001063.
80. Valenzuela M, Bartrés-Faz D, Beg F, Fornito A, Merlo-Pich E, Müller U, Öngür D, Toga AW, Yücel M (2011) Neuroimaging as endpoints in clinical trials: are we there yet? Perspectives from the first Provence workshop. Mol Psychiatr 16: 1064-1066.
81. van den Bergh FS, Bloemarts E, Chan JS, Groenink L, Olivier B, Oosting RS (2006) Spontaneously hypertensive rats do not predict symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 83(3): 380-390.
82. van der Heijden KB, Smits MG, van Someren EJ, Gunning WB (2005) Idiopathic chronic sleep onset insomnia in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. Chronobiol Int 22(3): 559-570. doi: 10. 1081/CBI-200062410.
83. van Veen MM, Kooij JJ, Boonstra AM, Gordijn MC, van Someren EJ (2010) Delayed circadian rhythm in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic sleep-onset insomnia. Biol Psychiatr 67(11): 1091-1096.
84. van Voorhees EE, Hardy KK, Kollins SH (2011) Reliability and validity of self- and other-ratings of symptoms of ADHD in adults. J Atten Disord 15(3): 224-234. doi: 1087054709356163.
85. Veerhuis R, Nielsen HM, Tenner AJ (2011) Complement in the brain. Mol Immunol 48(14): 1592-1603.
86. Virta M, Vedenpää A, Grönroos N, Chydenius E, Partinen M, Vataja R, Kaski M, Iivanainen M (2008) Adults with ADHD benefit from cognitive-behaviorally oriented group rehabilitation-a study of 29 participants. J Atten Disord 12: 218-226. doi: 10. 1177/1087054707311657.
87. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn J, Telang F, Solanto MV, Fowler JS, Logan J, Ma Y, Schulz K, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM (2007) Depressed dopamine activity in caudate and preliminary evidence of limbic involvement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 64: 932-940. doi: 10. 1001/archpsyc. 64. 8. 932.
88. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang F, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM (2009) Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. JAMA 302(10): 1084-1091. doi: 302/10/1084.
89. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Newcorn JH, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Telang F, Fowler JS, Goldstein RZ, Klein N, Logan J, Wong C, Swanson JM (2011) Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. Mol Psychiatr 16(11): 1147-1154.
90. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, Telang FW, Fowler JS, Logan J, Wong CT, Swanson JM (2012) Methylphenidate-elicited dopamine increases in ventral striatum are associated with long-term symptom improvement in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci 32: 841-849. doi: 10. 1523/JNEUROSCI. 4461-11. 2012.
91. Weiss M, Vincent A (2011) CADDRA Canadian and resource alliance Canadian ADHD practice guidelines (CAP-Guidelines), 3rd edn.
92. Weiss MD, Weiss JR (2004) A guide to the treatment of adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatr 65(Suppl. 3): 23-37.
93. Won H, Mah W, Kim E, Kim JW, Hahm EK, Kim MH, Cho S, Kim J, Jang H, Cho SC, Kim BN, Shin MS, Seo J, Jeong J, Choi SY, Kim D, Kang C (2011) GIT1 is associated with ADHD in humans and ADHD-like behaviors in mice. Nat Med 17(5): 566-572.
94. Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Johnson GE (1976) Diagnosis and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in adults: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatr 33(12): 1453-1460.
95. Wulff K, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Foster RG (2010) Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 11(8): 589-599.
96. Xu X, Breen G, Chen CK, Huang YS, Wu YY, Asherson P (2010) Association study between a polymorphism at the 3′-untranslated region of CLOCK gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Funct 6: 48.
97. Yoon SY, Jain U, Shapiro C (2011) Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Past, present, and future. Sleep Med Rev (in press).
98. Young S, Gudjonsson GH (2005) Neuropsychological correlates of the YAQ-S and YAQ-I self- and informant-reported ADHD symptomatology, emotional and social problems and delinquent behaviour. Br J Clin Psychol 44(Pt 1): 47-57. doi: 10. 1348/014466504X197769.