Prognostic Factors and Staging for Soft Tissue Sarcomas: An Update

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 187-200

  Jones, Natalie B ^a   Iwenofu, Hans ^a   Scharschmidt, Thomas ^a   Kraybill, William ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Genomic markers; Soft tissue sarcoma; Staging systems

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LEIOMYOSARCOMA; LIPOSARCOMA; MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; MESENCHYME CELL; NEEDLE BIOPSY; NERVE SHEATH TUMOR; NERVOUS TISSUE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIMARY TUMOR; RADIATION DOSE; RECURRENT CANCER; RETROPERITONEAL SARCOMA; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOSARCOMA; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SMOOTH MUSCLE; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; SYNOVIAL SARCOMA; TREATMENT PLANNING; TUMOR BIOPSY; TUMOR VOLUME; VASCULAR TISSUE;

BIOPSY; FORECASTING; HUMANS; NEOPLASM GRADING; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PROGNOSIS; SARCOMA; SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASMS;

EID: 84857382962     PISSN: 10553207     EISSN: 15585042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., et al. Cancer Statistics 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009, 59:225-249.
2. Cancer facts and figures 2010. American Cancer Society Web site. Available at: Accessed May 27, 2011. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-026238.pdf.
3. Heslin M.J., Lewis J.J., Nadler E., et al. Prognostic factors associated with long-term survival for retroperitoneal sarcoma: implications for management. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15(8):2832-2839.
4. Mendenhall W.M., Zlotecki R.A., Hochwald S.N., et al. Retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 2005, 104(4):669-675.
5. Brennan M.F., Singer S., Maki R.G. Sarcomas of the soft tissue and bone. Principles and practice of oncology 2008, Vols. 1 and 2:1741-1833. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 8th edition. V.T. DeVita, S. Hellman, S.A. Rosenberg (Eds.).
6. Lewis J.J., Leung D., Woodruff J.M., et al. Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 500 patients treated and followed at a single institution. Ann Surg 1998, 228(3):355-365.
7. Russell W.O. The pathologic diagnosis of cancer-a crescendo of importance in current and future therapies. Ward Burdick Award Lecture. Am J Clin Pathol 1980, 73(1):3-11.
8. Russel W.O., Cohen J., Enzinger F.M., et al. A clinical and pathological staging system for soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 1977, 40:1562.
9. Cormier J.M., Pollock R.E. Soft tissue sarcomas. CA Cancer J Clin 2004, 54:94-109.
10. Coindre J.M., Terrier P., Guillou L., et al. Predictive value of grade for metastasis development in the main histologic types of adult soft tissue sarcomas: a study of 1240 patients from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group. Cancer 2001, 91:1914-1926.
11. Fong Y., Coit D.G., Woodruff J.M., et al. Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients. Ann Surg 1993, 217:72-77.
12. Kotilingam D., Lev D.C., Lazar A.J., et al. Staging soft tissue sarcoma: evolution and change. CA Cancer J Clin 2006, 56:282-291.
13. Brady M.S., Gaynor J.J., Brennan M.F. Radiation-induced sarcoma of bone and soft tissue. Arch Surg 1992, 127:1379.
14. Zahm S.H., Faumeni J.F. The epidemiology of soft tissue sarcoma. Semin Oncol 1997, 24:504-514.
15. Hardell L., Sandstron A. A case-control study: soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyacetic acids or chlorophenols. Br J Cancer 1979, 39:711-717.
16. Smith A.H., Pearce N.E., Fisher D.O. Soft tissue sarcoma and exposure to phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols in New Zealand. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984, 73:1111.
17. Golshan M., Smith B. Prevention and management of arm lymphedema in the patient with breast cancer. J Support Oncol 2006, 4(8):381-386.
18. Muller R., Hajdu S.I., Brennan M.F. Lymphangiosarcoma associated with chronic filarial lymphedema. Cancer 1987, 59:179.
19. Levine E.A. Prognostic factors in soft tissue sarcoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1999, 17:23-32.
20. Vorburger S.A., Hunt K.K. Experimental approaches. Soft tissue sarcomas 2002, 89-109. BC Decker, Inc, Hamilton, Ontario (Canada). R.E. Pollock (Ed.).
21. Borden E.C., Baker L.H., Bell R.S., et al. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: state of the translational science. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9:1941-1956.
22. Latres E., Drobnjak M., Pollack D., et al. Chromosome 17 abnormalities and TP53 mutations in adult soft tissue sarcomas. Am J Pathol 1994, 145:345-355.
23. Hieken T.J., Das Gupta T.K. Mutant p53 expression: a marker of diminished survival in well-differentiated soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 1996, 2:1391-1395.
24. Noria S., Davis A., Kandel R., et al. Residual disease following unplanned excision of soft tissue sarcoma of an extremity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996, 78(5):650-655.
25. Tzeng C.W., Smith J.K., Heslin M.J. Soft tissue sarcoma: preoperative and postoperative imaging for staging. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007, 16:389-402.
26. Demas B.E., Heelan R.T., Lane J., et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities: comparison of MR and CT in determining the extent of disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988, 150(3):615-620.
27. Pettersson H., Gillespy T., Hamlin D.J., et al. Primary musculoskeletal tumors: examination with MR imaging compared with conventional modalities. Radiology 1987, 164(1):237-241.
28. Bland K.I., McCoy D.M., Kinard R.E., et al. Application of magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography as an adjunct to the surgical management of soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg 1987, 205(5):473-481.
29. Panick D.M., Gatsonis C., Rosenthal D.I., et al. CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1997, 202(1):237-246.
30. Benz M.R., Dry S.M., Eilber F.C., et al. Correlation between glycolytic phenotype and tumor grade in soft-tissue sarcomas by 18F-FDG PET. J Nucl Med 2010, 51(8):1174-1181.
31. Benz M.R., Tcheckmedyian N., Eilber F.C., et al. Utilization of positron emission tomography in the management of patients with sarcoma. Curr Opin Oncol 2009, 21(4):345-351.
32. Tateishi U., Kawai A., Chuman H., et al. PET/CT allows stratification of responders to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade sarcoma: a prospective study. Clin Nucl Med 2011, 36(7):526-532.
33. Tong T.R., Chow T., Chan O.W., et al. Clear-cell sarcoma diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration: cytologic, histologic, and ultrastructural features; potential pitfalls; and literature review. Diagn Cytopathol 2002, 26:174-180.
34. Ng V.Y., Thomas K., Crist M., et al. Fine needle aspiration for clinical triage of extremity soft tissue masses. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010, 468(4):1120-1128.
35. Heslin M.J., Lewis J.J., Woodruff J.M., et al. Core needle biopsy for diagnosis of extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1997, 4:425-431.
36. Domanski H.A., Akerman M., Carlén B., et al. Core-needle biopsy performed by the cytopathologist: a technique to complement fine-needle aspiration of soft tissue and bone lesions. Cancer 2005, 105(4):229-239.
37. Soft tissue sarcoma. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual 2010, Springer, New York. 7th edition. S.B. Edge, D.R. Byrd, C.C. Compton (Eds.).
38. Broders A., Hargrave R., Meyerding H.W. Pathological features of soft tissue fibrosarcoma with special reference to the grading of its malignancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1939, 69:267-280.
39. Coindre J.M., Trojani M., Contesso G., et al. Reproducibility of a histopathological grading system for adult soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 1986, 58:306-309.
40. Coindre J.M. Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: review and update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006, 130(10):1448-1453.
41. Brown F.M., Fletcher C.D. Problems in grading soft tissue sarcomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2000, 114(Suppl):S82-S89.
42. Deyrup A.T., Weiss S.W. Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: the challenge of providing precise information in an imprecise world. Histopathology 2006, 48:42-50.
43. Guillou L., Coindre J.M., Bonichon F., et al. Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15:350-362.
44. Rubin B.P., Fletcher C.D., Inwards C., et al. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with soft tissue tumors of indeterminate malignant potential, malignant soft tissue tumors, and borderline/locally aggressive and malignant bone tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006, 130(11):1616-1629.
45. Narvani A.A., Tsiridis E., Saifuddin A., et al. Does image guidance improve accuracy of core needle biopsy in diagnosis of soft tissue tumours?. Acta Orthop Belg 2009, 75(2):239-244.
46. Enneking W.F., Spanier S.S., Goodman M.A. A system for surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1980, 153:106-120.
47. Beahrs O.H., Hensen D.E., Hunter R.V., et al. Manual for staging of cancer 1992, JB Lippincott, Philadelphia. 4th edition.
48. Riad S., Griffin A.M., Liberman B., et al. Lymph node metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma in an extremity. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004, (426):129-134.
49. Behranwala K.A., A'Hern R., Omar A.M., et al. Prognosis of lymph node metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11:714-719.
50. Blazer D.G., Sabel M.S., Sondak V.K. Is there a role for sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of sarcoma?. Surg Oncol 2003, 12:201-206.
51. Zagars G.K., Ballo M.T., Pisters P.W., et al. Prognostic factors for disease-specific survival after first relapse of soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 402 patients with disease relapse after initial conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 57:739-747.
52. Stojadinovic A., Leung D.H., Hoos A., et al. Analysis of the prognostic significance of microscopic margins in 2,084 localized primary adult soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg 2002, 235:424-434.
53. Zagars G.K., Ballo M.T., Pisters P.W., et al. Prognostic factors for patients with localized soft-tissue sarcoma treated with conservation surgery and radiation therapy: an analysis of 225 patients. Cancer 2003, 97:2530-2543.
54. Anaya D.A., Lev D.C., Pollock R.E. The role of surgical margin status in retroperitoneal sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 2008, 98:607-610.
55. Eilber F.C., Rosen G., Nelson S.D., et al. High-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas: factors predictive of local recurrence and its effect on morbidity and mortality. Ann Surg 2003, 237:218-226.
56. Ramanathan R.C., A'Hern R., Fisher C., et al. Modified staging system for extremity soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg Oncol 1999, 6:57-69.
57. Packeisen J., Korsching E., Herbst H., et al. Demystified...tissue microarray technology. Mol Pathol 2003, 56:198-204.
58. Hoos A., Stojadinovic A., Mastorides S., et al. High Ki-67 proliferative index predicts disease specific survival in patients with high-risk soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2001, 92:869-874.
59. Lopez-Guerrero J.A., Navarro S., Noguera R., et al. Mutational analysis of the c-KIT and PDGFRalpha in a series of molecularly well-characterized synovial sarcomas. Diagn Mol Pathol 2005, 14:134-139.
60. Kuhnen C., Herter P., Muller O., et al. Beta-catenin in soft tissue sarcomas: expression is related to proliferative activity in high-grade sarcomas. Mod Pathol 2000, 13:1005-1013.
61. Huan H.Y., Kang H.Y., Li C.F., et al. Skp2 overexpression is highly representative of intrinsic biological aggressiveness and independently associated with poor prognosis in primary localized myxofibrosarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2006, 12:487-498.
62. Jain S., Xu R., Prieto V.G., et al. Molecular classification of soft tissue sarcomas and its clinical applications. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2010, 3(4):416-428.
63. Beck A.H., Lee C.H., Witten D.M., et al. Discovery of molecular subtypes in leiomyosarcoma through integrative molecular profiling. Oncogene 2010, 29(6):1-18.
64. Ylipää A., Hunt K.K., Yang J., et al. Integrative genomic characterization and a genomic staging system for gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer 2011, 117(2):380-389.