Na incorporation into Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on polyimide: Impact on the chemical and electronic surface structure

Journal of Applied Physics

Volumn 111, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Song, X ^a   Caballero, R ^a,b   Felix R ^a   Gerlach, D ^a   Kaufmann, C A ^a   Schock, H W ^a   Wilks, R G ^a   Bar M ^a,c  

^a HAHN MEITNER INSTITUT   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

^c BRANDENBURG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACK CONTACT; BANDBENDING; CU(IN , GA)SE; CU-POOR; ELECTRONIC SURFACE; FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATE; HIGH NA; LOW TEMPERATURES; NA CONTENT; PHOTOEMISSION LINES; THICK LAYERS; THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS; X-RAY PHOTOELECTRONS;

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; BINDING ENERGY; COPPER; COPPER COMPOUNDS; GALLIUM; GALLIUM ALLOYS; MOLYBDENUM; POLYIMIDES; SODIUM; SURFACE DEFECTS; SURFACE STRUCTURE;

SODIUM COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84857382071     PISSN: 00218979     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.3679604     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. K. Otte, L. Makhova, A. Braun, and I. Konovalov, Thin Solid Films 511-512, 613 (2006). 10.1016/j.tsf.2005.11.068 (Pubitemid 43728895)
2. A. Chiril, P. Blsch, S. Seyrling, A. Uhl, S. Buecheler, F. Pianezzi, C. Fella, J. Perrenoud, L. Kranz, R. Verma, D. Guettler, S. Nishiwaki, Y. E. Romanyuk, G. Bilger, D. Brmaud, and A. N. Tiwari, Prog. Photovoltaics 19, 560 (2011); 10.1002/pip.1077 A. Chiril, S. Buecheler, F. Pianezzi, P. Blsch, Ch. Gretener, A. R. Uhl, C. Fella, L. Kranz, J. Perrenoud, S. Seyrling, R. Verma, S. Nishiwaki, Y. E. Romanyuk, G. Bilger, A. N. Tiwari, Nature Mater. 10.1038/nmat3122 10, 857 (2011).
3. P. Jackson, D. Hariskos, E. Lotter, S. Paetel, R. Wuerz, R. Menner, W. Wischmann, and M. Powalla, Prog. Photovoltaics 10.1002/pip.1078 19, 894 (2011).
4. D. Bremaud, D. Rudmann, G. Bilger, H. Zogg, and A. N. Tiwari, Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, Lake Buena Vista, FL (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ 2005), pp. 223-226.
5. M. Bodegard, L. Stolt, and J. Hedstrom, Proc. 12th European Solar Energy Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (HS Stephens, Bedford, UK, 1994), pp. 1743-1746.
6. C. Heske, R. Fink, E. Umbach, W. Riedl, and F. Karg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3431 (1996). 10.1063/1.115783 (Pubitemid 126684321)
7. A. Rockett, K. Granath, S. Asher, M. M. Al Jassim, F. Hasoon, R. Matson, B. Basol, V. Kapur, J. S. Britt, T. Gillespie, and C. Marshall, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 59, 255 (1999). 10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00026-4
8. M. B. Zellner, R. W. Birkmire, E. Eser, W. N. Shafarman, and J. G. Chen, Prog. Photovoltaics 11, 543 (2003). 10.1002/pip.v11:8
9. V. Probst, J. Rimmasch, W. Riedl, W. Stetter, J. Holz, H. Harms, F. Karg, and H. W. Schock, Proc. 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 1994 (IEEE, New York, 1995), p. 144.
10. J. E. Granata, J. R. Sites, S. Asher, and R. J. Matson, Proc 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (1997), p. 387.
11. R. W. Birkmire and E. Eser, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 27, 625 (1997). 10.1146/annurev.matsci.27.1.625
12. T. Watanabe, H. Nakazawa, and M. Matsui, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37, L1370 (1998). 10.1143/JJAP.37.L1370
13. M. A. Contreras, B. Egaas, P. Dippo, J. Granata, K. Ramanathan, S. Asher, A. Swartzlander, and R. Noui, Proc. 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ 1997), p. 359.
14. R. Caballero, C. A. Kaufmann, T. Eisenbarth, T. Unold, R. Klenk, and H. W. Schock, Prog. Photovoltaics 19, 547 (2011). 10.1002/pip.1064
15. M. Bodegrd, K. Granath and L. Stolt, Thin Solid Films 361-362, 9 (2000) and references therein. 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00828-7 (Pubitemid 30552352)
16. D. Rudmann, A. F. da Cunha, M. Kaelin, F. Kurdesau, H. Zogg, A. N. Tiwari, and G. Bilger, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1129 (2004). 10.1063/1.1646758
17. A. N. Tiwari, M. Krejci, F.-J. Haug and H. Zogg, Prog. Photovoltaics 7, 393 (1999). 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199909/10)7:5<>1.0.CO;2-6
18. L. Kronik, D. Cahen, and H.-W. Schock, Adv. Mater. 10, 31 (1998). 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199801)10:1<>1.0.CO;2-7
19. U. Rau and H.-W. Schock, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sc. Process. 69, 131 (1999). 10.1007/s003390050984
20. S.-H. Wei, S. B. Zhang, and A. Zunger, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 7214 (1999). 10.1063/1.370534
21. M. Kemell, M. Ritala, and M. Leskel, Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 30, 1 (2005). 10.1080/10408430590918341 (Pubitemid 41670386)
22. U. P. Singh and S. P. Patra, Int. J. Photoenergy 2010, 468147 (2010).
23. D. Schmid, M. Ruckh, and H.-W. Schock, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 41-42, 281 (1996).
24. J. H. Scofield, S. Asher, D. Albin, J. Tuttle, M. Contreras, D. Niles, R. Reedy, A. Tennant, and R. Noufi, Proc. 24th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (IEEE, New York, 1995), pp. 164-167.
25. D. W. Niles, M. Al-Jassim, and K. Ramanathan, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17, 291 (1999). 10.1116/1.581583
26. O. Cojocaru-Mirdin, P. Choi, R. Wuerz, and D. Raabe, Ultramicroscopy 111, 552 (2011). 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.034
27. A. Kylner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 1816 (1999). 10.1149/1.1391849
28. M. Br, M. Rusu, S. Lehmann, S. Sokoll, A. Grimm, I. M. Ktschau, I. Lauermann, P. Pistor, L. Weinhardt, O. Fuchs, C. Heske, Ch. Jung, W. Gudat, Th. Schedel-Niedrig, M. C. Lux-Steiner, and Ch. -H. Fischer, Proc. 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Boca Raton, FL (IEEE, Piscataway, 2005), pp. 307-310.
29. D. Braunger, D. Harsikas, G. Bilger, U. Rau, and H.-W. Schock, Thin Solid Films 361-362, 161 (2000). 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00777-4 (Pubitemid 30552382)
30. F. Hergert, R. Hock, A. Weber, M. Purwins, J. Palm, and V. Probst, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 66, 1903 (2005). 10.1016/j.jpcs.2005.09.025 (Pubitemid 41795732)
31. F. Hergert, S. Jost, R. Hock, M. Purwins, and J. Palm, Thin Solid Films 515, 5843 (2007). 10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.037 (Pubitemid 46635594)
32. J. Hedstrm, H. Ohlsn, M. Bodegrd, A. Kylner, L. Stolt, D. Hariskos, M. Ruckh, and H. W. Schock, Proc. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Louisville, KY (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1993), p. 364.
33. V. Probst, J. Rimmasch, W. Stetter, H. Harms, W. Riedl, J. Holz, and F. Karg, Proc. 13th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Nice, France (HS Stephens, Bedford, UK, 1995), p. 2126.
34. D. W. Niles, K. Ramanathan, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi, B. J. Tielsch, and J. E. Fulghum, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 15, 3044 (1997). 10.1116/1.580902
35. M. Ruckh, D. Schmid, M. Kaiser, R. Schaffler, T. Walter, and H.-W. Schock, Proc. 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 1994 (IEEE, New York, 1995), p. 156.
36. K. Fukuzaki, S. Kohiki, H. Yoshikawa, S. Fukushima, T. Watanabe, and I. Kojima, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1385 (1998). 10.1063/1.122168 (Pubitemid 128671859)
37. B. J. Stanbery, C.-H. Chang, and T. J. Anderson, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 152, 915 (1997).
38. V. Nadenau, G. Lippold, U. Rau, and H.-W. Schock, J. Cryst. Growth 233, 13 (2001). 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01554-8 (Pubitemid 32779919)
39. R. Caballero, Ch. A. Kaufmann, V. Efimova, T. Rissom, V. Hoffmann, and H.-W. Schock, Prog. Photovoltaics, published online: 30 DEC 2011, DOI: 10.1002/pip.1233 10.1002/pip.1233 (2011).
40. D. Briggs and M. P. Seah, Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Practical Surface Analysis (Wiley, New York, 1990), Vol. 1, Appendix 1.
41. S. Tougaard, QUASES-IMP-TPP2M, Version 2.2, http://www.quases. com/; S. Tanuma, C. J. Powell, and D. R. Penn, Surf. Interface Anal. 21, 165 (1993). 10.1002/sia.v21:3
42. J. Chastain, J. F. Moulder, W. F. Stickle, P. E. Sobol and K. D. Bomben, eds., Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer, Minnesota, 1992).
43. NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, Version 3.5 (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2003) http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/.
44. J. H. Scofield, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 8, 129 (1976). 10.1016/0368-2048(76)80015-1
45. The transmission function was determined by normalizing a survey spectrum of a clean Ag foil so that it agreed with (the background of) an absolute reference Ag survey spectrum taken from M. P. Seah, G. C. Smith, Surf. Interface Anal. 15, 751 (1990). 10.1002/sia.v15:12
46. J. R. Tuttle, D. S. Albin, and R. Noufi, Sol. Cells 30, 21 (1991). 10.1016/0379-6787(91)90034-M
47. D. Schmid, M. Ruckh, F. Grunwald, and H.-W. Schock, J. Appl. Phys. 73, 2902 (1993). 10.1063/1.353020
48. M. Br, I. Repins, M. A. Contreras, L. Weinhardt, R. Noufi, and C. Heske, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 052106 (2009). 10.1063/1.3194153
49. C. Heske, G. Richter, Z. Chen, R. Fink, E. Umbach, W. Riedl, and F. Karg, J. Appl. Phys. 82, 2411 (1997). 10.1063/1.366096
50. A. Klein, T. Lher, C. Pettenkofer, and W. Jaegermann, J. Appl. Phys. 80, 5039 (1996). 10.1063/1.363549
51. D. Liao and A. Rockett, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2829 (2003). 10.1063/1.1570516
52. H. Mnig, Ch.-H. Fischer, R. Caballero, Ch. A. Kaufmann, N. Allsop, M. Gorgoi, R. Klenk, H.-W. Schock, S. Lehmann, M. C. Lux-Steiner, and I. Lauermann, Acta Mater. 57, 3645 (2009). 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.04.029
53. S. B. Zhang, S.-H. Wei, A. Zunger, and H. Katayama-Yoshida, Phys. Rev. B 57, 9642 (1998). 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.9642
54. S. B. Zhang and S.-H. Wei, Phys. Rev. B 65, 081402(R) (2002).
55. J. E. Jaffe and A. Zunger, Phys. Rev. B 64, 241304(R) (2001). 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.241304
56. M. Morkel, L. Weinhardt, B. Lohmller, C. Heske, E. Umbach, W. Riedl, S. Zweigart, and F. Karg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 4482 (2001). 10.1063/1.1428408 (Pubitemid 34047735)
57. A. Klein and W. Jaegermann, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2283 (1999). 10.1063/1.123825
58. M. Br, S. Nishiwaki, L. Weinhardt, S. Pookpanratana, O. Fuchs, M. Blum, W. Yang, J. D. Denlinger, W. N. Shafarman, and C. Heske, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 244103 (2008). 10.1063/1.3046780
59. R. Klenk, Thin Solid Films 387, 135 (2001). 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01736-3 (Pubitemid 32272939)
60. R. J. Matson, J. E. Granata, S. E. Asher, and M. R. Young, Proc. 15th NCPV Photovoltaic Program Review, Denver, CO, 1998 (AIP, Melville, NY, 1999), Vol. 462, 542.
61. A. Rockett, J. S. Britt, T. Gillespie, C. Marshall, M. M. Al Jassim, F. Hasoon, R. Matson, and B. Basol, Thin Solid Films 372, 212 (2000). 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01028-2