Combating Vehicle Theft in Arizona: A Randomized Experiment With License Plate Recognition Technology

Criminal Justice Review

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 24-50

  Taylor, Bruce ^a   Koper, Christopher ^b   Woods, Daniel ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Police Executive Research Forum   (United States)

Author keywords

crime prevention; evaluation research; law enforcement security

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857341080     PISSN: 07340168     EISSN: 15563839     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0734016811425858     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Arizona Automobile Theft Authority. (2006). The 2006 annual report on vehicle theft for Arizona website: http://www.aata.state.az.us/pdfs/ANNUAL%20REPORTS/2006%20ANNUAL%20REPORT.pdf.
2. Armitage P.The design and analysis for clinical trials.Design and analysis of experiments: Handbook of statistics. Ghosh S.Rao C.R., ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 1996:.
3. Barclay P.,Buckley J.,Brantingham P.L.,Brantingham P.J.,Whinn-Yates T.Preventing auto theft in suburban Vancouver commuter lots: Effects of a bike patrol.Crime prevention studies. Clarke R., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1995:.
4. Berk R.A.,Boruch R.F.,Chambers D.L.,Rossi P.H.,Witte A.D.Social policy experimentation: A position paper.Evaluation Review. 1985;9:387-429.
5. Boruch R.Randomized experiments for planning and evaluation: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; 1997:.
6. Boruch R.F.,McSweeny A.J.,Soderstrom E.J.Randomized field experiments for program planning, development, and evaluation.Evaluation Quarterly. 1978;2:655-695.
7. Braga A.The effects of hot spots policing on crime.Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2001;578:104-125.
8. Braga A.Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2005;13:317-342.
9. Braga A.,Bond B.J.Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial.Criminology. 2008;463:577-607.
10. Braga A.,Weisburd D.,Waring E.,Green Mazerolle L.,Spelman W.,Gajewski F.Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment.Criminology. 1999;37:541-580.
11. Brantingham P.L.,Brantingham P.J.Notes on the geometry of crime.Environmental criminology. Brantingham P.J.Brantingham P.L., ed. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE; 1981:.
12. Criminal victimization, 2004. National crime victimization survey. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2004:.
13. Burrows J.,Heal K.Police car security campaigns.Designing Out Crime. Clarke R.Mayhew P., ed. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1980:.
14. Campbell D.T.,Stanley J.S.Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1963:.
15. Cherbonneau M.,Copes H.'Drive it Like you Stole it': Auto theft and the illusion of normalcy.British Journal of Criminology. 2006;46:193-211.
16. Clarke R.V.Situational crime prevention.Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and justice. Tonry M.Farrington D.P., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1995:.
17. Clarke R.V.,Harris P.Auto theft and its prevention.Crime and justice: An annual review of research. Tonry M.Morris N., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1992:.
18. Cohen L.E.,Fleson M.Social change and crime-rate trends: A routine activity approach.American Sociological Review. 1979;44:588-608.
19. Copes H.Routine activities and motor vehicle theft: A crime specific approach.Journal of Crime and Justice. 1999;222:125-146.
20. Copes H.Streetlife and the rewards of vehicle theft.Deviant Behavior. 2003;24:309-332.
21. Costanzo M.C.,Halperin W.C.,Criminal mobility and the directional component of journey to crimeGale NMetropolitan crime patterns. Figlio R.M.Hakim S.Rengert G.F., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1986:73-93.
22. Craglia M.,Haining R.,Wiles P.A comparative evaluation of approaches to urban crime pattern analysis.Urban Studies. 2000;374:711-729.
23. Davis R.C.,Taylor B.G.Does batterer treatment reduce violence? A synthesis of the literature.Women & Criminal Justice. 1999;102:69-93.
24. Decker S.,Bynum T.Police Department Information Systems Technology Enhancement Project (ISTEP): Phase II Case Studies (pp. 119-147). Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Washington, DC: USDOJ;.
25. Dennis M.L.,Boruch R.F.Randomized experiments for planning and testing projects in developing countries: Threshold conditions.Evaluation Review. 1989;13:292-309.
26. Dunham R.G.,Alpert G.P.,Kenny D.J.,Cromwell P.High-speed pursuit: The offenders' perspective.Criminal Justice and Behavior. 1998;25:30-45.
27. Eck J.Drug markets and drug places: A case-control study of the spatial structure of illicit drug dealing. College Park, MD: University of Maryland; 1994:.
28. Farrell G.Preventing repeat victimization.Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and justice. Tonry M.Farrington D.P., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1995:.
29. Farrell G.,Tseloni A.,Mailley J.,Tilley N.The crime drop and the security hypothesis.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2011;48:147-175.
30. Crimes in the United States Table 1. 2009a:.
31. Table 23 Offense Analysis. 2009b:.
32. Crimes in the United States Table 1. 2010:.
33. Felson M.Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press; 1994:.
34. Fleming Z.,Brantingham P.L.,Brantingham P.J.Exploring vehicle theft in British Columbia.Crime prevention studies. Clarke R.V., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1994:6.
35. Fleis J.L.New York, NY: Wiley; 1986:.
36. Forrester D.H.,Chatterton M.,Pease K.The Kirkholt burglary prevention demonstration project, Rochdale. Crime Prevention Unit Paper (No. 13). London, UK: Home Office; 1988:.
37. Forrester D.H.,Frenz S.,O'Connell M.,Pease KThe Kirkholt burglary prevention project: Phase II. Crime Prevention Unit Paper (No. 23). London, UK: Home Office; 1990:.
38. Gelber R.D.,Zelen M.Planning and reporting of clinical trials.Medical oncology. Calabresi P.Schein P.S.Rosenberg S.A., ed. New York, NY: Macmillan; 1986:406-425.
39. Gordon K.Automatic license plate recognition.Law & Order. 2006;545:10-13.
40. Henry L.,Bryan BAdelaide, AU: National Key Centre for Social Applications of GIS; 2000:.
41. Herzog S.Empirical analysis of motor vehicle theft in Israel, 1990-97.British Journal of Criminology. 2002;424:709-728.
42. Hoffman G.,Mazerolle P.Police pursuits in Queensland: Research, review and reform.Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. 2005;28:530-545.
43. Holland P.W.Statistics and causal inference.Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1986;81:945-970.
44. Innovation Groups. (2005). Denying criminals use of the roads: Experience with automatic license plate recognition and its impact on volume crime, terrorism and drug trafficking. Retrieved January 18, 2007, fromhttp://www.ig.org/eCommunitySummit/UK,%20Association%20of%20Chief%20Police%20Officers.pdf.
45. Koper C.,Taylor B.G.,Kubu BTechnology and law enforcement: Future technologies to address the operational needs of law enforcement. Washington, DC:; 2009:.
46. Krimmel J.,Mele M.Investigating stolen vehicle dump sites: An interrupted time series quasi-experiment.Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. 1998;213:479-489.
47. Kriven S.,Ziersch E.New car security and shifting vehicle theft patterns in Australia.Security Journal. 2007;20:111-122.
48. Lamm Weisel D.,Smith W.R.,Garson G.D.,Pavlichev A.,Warttell J.Final Report to the National Institute of Justice: Mapping & Analysis for Public Safety; 2006:.
49. Levine NedAnnandale, VA Washington, DC: Ned Levine and Associates The National Institute of Justice; 2000:.
50. Levy M.El Paso, TX: LFB; 2008:.
51. Lipsey M.W.Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 1990:.
52. Lu Y.Getting away with the stolen vehicle: An investigation of journey-after-crime.The Professional Geographer. 2003;554:422-433.
53. Lum C.,Fachner G.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice; 2008:.
54. LumC.MerollaL.WillisJ.CaveB. (2010). License plate recognition technologies for law enforcement: An outcome and legitimacy evaluation. SPAWAR and national institute of justice. Retrieved fromhttp://gemini.gmu.edu/cebcp/LPR_FINAL.pdf.
55. Manson T.Automatic license plate recognition systems.Law & Order. 2006;5412:72-78.
56. Maxfield M.G.Introduction.Understanding and preventing car theft. Crime prevention studies (Vol. Maxfield M.G.Clarke R.V., ed. Monsey NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2004:17.
57. Mazerolle-Green L.,Price J.,Roehl F.Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized field trial in Oakland, California.Evaluation Review. 2000;24:212-232.
58. Mazerolle L.,Soole D.,Rombouts S.Street level drug law enforcement: A meta-analytic review.Journal of Experimental Criminology. 2006;2:409-435.
59. McFadden T.Automatic license plate recognition systems emerge as a law enforcement tool.Office of Law Enforcement Technology Commercialization. 2005;:.
60. Mesa Police Department. (2009). UCR persons and property crimes-actual cases 1991-present. Retrieved December 7, 2009, fromhttp://www.mesaaz.gov/police/COMPSTAT/pdf/UCR1991toPresent.pdf.
61. Mesa police department vehicle theft. 2009:.
62. Newman G.Car safety and security.Understanding and preventing car theft, crime prevention studies. Maxfield M.G.Clarke R.V., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2004:17.
63. PA Consulting Group. (2004). Home office announces publication of PA consulting group report on automatic number plate recognition systems being piloted in 23 UK police forces. Retrieved January 10, 2007, fromhttp://www.paconsulting.com/news/press_release/2004/pr_number_plate_recognition.htm.
64. Patch DLicense plate scanners lead to recovery of stolen vehicles. 2005:.
65. Patel H.I.Clinical trials in drug development: Some statistical issues.Design and analysis of experiments. Handbook of Statistics. Ghosh S.Rao C.R., ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier; 1996:13.
66. Phillips P.D.Characteristics and topology of the journey to crime.Crime: A spatial perspective. Georges-Abeyie D.Harries K., ed. New York, NY: Columbia University Press; 1980:169-180.
67. Pierce G.,Spaar S.,Briggs L.The character of police work: Strategic and tactical implications. Boston, MA: Center for Applied Social Research; 1988:.
68. Plouffe N.,Sampson R.Car safety and security.Understanding and preventing car theft, crime prevention studies. Maxfield M.G.Clarke R.V., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2004:.
69. Potchak M.,McCloin J.,Zgoba K.A spatial analysis of criminal effort: Vehicle theft in Newark, New Jersey.Criminal Justice Policy Review. 2002;133:257-285.
70. Rengert G.Vehicle theft in Central Philadelphia.Policing for prevention: Reducing crime, public intoxication and injury, crime prevention studies. Homel R., ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1996:.
71. Rice K.J.,Smith W.R.Socioecological models of automotive theft: Integrating routine activity and social disorganization approaches.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2002;393:304-336.
72. Riecken H.W.,Boruch R.F.,Campbell D.T.,Caplan N.,Glennan T.K.,Pratt J.W.,Williams WNew York, NY: Academic Press; 1974:.
73. Riley D.An evaluation of the campaign to reduce car thefts.Designing Out Crime. Clarke R.Mayhew P., ed. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1980:.
74. Rubin D.B.Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies.Journal of Educational Psychology. 1974;66:688-701.
75. Shadish W.R.,Cook T.D.,Campbell D.T.Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company; 2002:.
76. Sherman L.Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence.Crime and justice: An annual review of research. Tonry M.Morris N., ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1990:.
77. Sherman L.,Gartin P.,Buerger M.Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place.Criminology. 1989;271:27-56.
78. Sherman L.,Rogan D.Deterrent effects of police raids on crack houses: A randomized, controlled experiment.Justice Quarterly. 1995b;12:755-781.
79. Sherman L.W.,Weisburd D.General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime hot spots: A randomized, controlled trial.Justice Quarterly. 1995;124:625-648.
80. Smith T.S.Inverse distance variations for the flow of crime in urban areas.Social Forces. 1976;544:802-815.
81. Spelman W.Once bitten, then what? Cross-sectional and time-course explanations of repeat victimization.British Journal of Criminology. 1995;35:366-383.
82. Walsh JMotor vehicle theft in middle America, 1990-2001: Community social structure and ecological change over a decade. Frankfurt, Germany: VDM Verlag and Company; 2009:.
83. Walsh J.A.,Taylor R.B.Predicting decade-long changes in community motor vehicle theft rates impacts of structure and surround.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2007a;44:64-90.
84. Walsh J.A.,Taylor R.B.Community structural predictors of spatially aggregated motor vehicle theft rates: Do they replicate?.Journal of Criminal Justice. 2007b;35:297-311.
85. Weisburd D.Design sensitivity in criminal justice experiments.Crime and Justice. 1993;17:337-379.
86. Weisburd D.From criminals to criminal contexts: Reorienting criminal justice research and policy.Advances in Criminological Theory. 2002;10:197-216.
87. Weisburd D.Washington, DC: The Police Foundation; 2008:.
88. Weisburd D.,Bernasco W.,Bruinsma G.Putting crime in its place. New York, NY: Springer; 2009:.
89. Weisburd D.,Green L.Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment.Justice Quarterly. 1995;124:711-735.
90. Welsh B.P.,Farrington D.Effects of closed circuit television surveillance on crime.Campbell Systematic Reviews. 2008;17:.
91. Wiles P.,Costello A.The "Road to Nowhere": The evidence for traveling criminals. Home office research study 207. London, UK: Research, Home Office; 2000:.