Parietofrontal integrity determines neural modulation associated with grasping imagery after stroke

Brain

Volumn 135, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 596-614

  Buch, Ethan R ^a,b   Modir Shanechi, Amirali ^a,c   Fourkas, Alissa D ^a   Weber, Cornelia ^d   Birbaumer, Niels ^d,e   Cohen, Leonardo G ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^e SAN CAMILLO FORLANINI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

brain computer interface; imagery; motor learning; rehabilitation; skill; stroke

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN REGION; BRAIN SIZE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; FEMALE; FRONTAL CORTEX; GRAY MATTER; GRIP STRENGTH; HUMAN; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MALE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; PARIETAL CORTEX; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; STROKE; THALAMUS NUCLEUS; VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 84857227822     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr331     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Achard S, Bullmore E. Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3: e17.
2. Alstott J, Breakspear M, Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Sporns O. Modeling the impact of lesions in the human brain. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5: e1000408.
3. Ang KK, Guan C, Chua KS, Ang BT, Kuah C, Wang C, et al. Clinical study of neurorehabilitation in stroke using EEG-based motor imagery brain-computer interface with robotic feedback. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010; 2010: 5549-52.
4. Bai O, Lin P, Vorbach S, Floeter MK, Hattori N, Hallett M. A high performance sensorimotor beta rhythm-based brain-computer interface associated with human natural motor behavior. J Neural Eng 2008; 5: 24-35. (Pubitemid 351372094)
5. Bassett DS, Bullmore ET, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Apud JA, Weinberger DR, Coppola R. Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 11747-52.
6. Bastiaansen MC, Knö sche TR. Tangential derivative mapping of axial MEG applied to event-related desynchronization research. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 1300-5. (Pubitemid 30394498)
7. Bazin PL, Ellingsen LM, Pham DL. Digital homeomorphisms in deformable registration. Inf Process Med Imaging 2007; 20: 211-22.
8. Birbaumer N, Cohen LG. Brain-computer interfaces: communication and restoration of movement in paralysis. J Physiol 2007; 579: 621-36. (Pubitemid 46404346)
9. Birbaumer N, Ramos Murguialday A, Weber C, Montoya P. Neurofeedback and brain-computer interface clinical applications. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009; 86: 107-17.
10. Boggio PS, Nunes A, Rigonatti SP, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F. Repeated sessions of noninvasive brain DC stimulation is associated with motor function improvement in stroke patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007; 25: 123-9. (Pubitemid 47290440)
11. Brown CE, Li P, Boyd JD, Delaney KR, Murphy TH. Extensive turnover of dendritic spines and vascular remodeling in cortical tissues recovering from stroke. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 4101-9. (Pubitemid 46597152)
12. Buch E, Weber C, Cohen LG, Braun C, Dimyan MA, Ard T, et al. Think to move: a neuromagnetic brain-computer interface (BCI) system for chronic stroke. Stroke 2008; 39: 910-7. (Pubitemid 351619582)
13. Buch ER, Mars RB, Boorman ED, Rushworth MF. A network centered on ventral premotor cortex exerts both facilitatory and inhibitory control over primary motor cortex during action reprogramming. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 1395-401.
14. Budde MD, Frank JA. Neurite beading is sufficient to decrease the apparent diffusion coefficient after ischemic stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 14472-7.
15. Bullmore E, Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 186-98.
16. Bullmore ET, Bassett DS. Brain graphs: graphical models of the human brain connectome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2011; 7: 113-40.
17. Buzsaki G, Geisler C, Henze DA, Wang XJ. Interneuron diversity series: circuit complexity and axon wiring economy of cortical interneurons. Trends Neurosci 2004; 27: 186-93. (Pubitemid 38376405)
18. Cattaneo L, Voss M, Brochier T, Prabhu G, Wolpert DM, Lemon RN. A cortico-cortical mechanism mediating object-driven grasp in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 898-903. (Pubitemid 40282762)
19. Celnik P, Paik NJ, Vandermeeren Y, Dimyan M, Cohen LG. Effects of combined peripheral nerve stimulation and brain polarization on performance of a motor sequence task after chronic stroke. Stroke 2009; 40: 1764-71.
20. Chollet F, Tardy J, Albucher JF, Thalamas C, Berard E, Lamy C, et al. Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10: 123-30.
21. Cramer SC, Parrish TB, Levy RM, Stebbins GT, Ruland SD, Lowry DW, et al. Predicting functional gains in a stroke trial. Stroke 2007; 38: 2108-14. (Pubitemid 47012276)
22. Crofts JJ, Higham DJ, Bosnell R, Jbabdi S, Matthews PM, Behrens TE, et al. Network analysis detects changes in the contralesional hemisphere following stroke. Neuroimage 2011; 54: 161-9.
23. Daly JJ, Wolpaw JR. Brain-computer interfaces in neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 1032-43.
24. Dancause N, Barbay S, Frost SB, Zoubina EV, Plautz EJ, Mahnken JD, et al. Effects of small ischemic lesions in the primary motor cortex on neurophysiological organization in ventral premotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96: 3506-11. (Pubitemid 44837891)
25. Davare M, Rothwell JC, Lemon RN. Causal Connectivity between the Human Anterior Intraparietal Area and Premotor Cortex during Grasp. Curr Biol 2010; 20: 176-81.
26. Desmurget M, Epstein CM, Turner RS, Prablanc C, Alexander GE, Grafton ST. Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2: 563-7. (Pubitemid 30491238)
27. Dimyan MA, Cohen LG. Neuroplasticity in the context of motor rehabilitation after stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7: 76-85.
28. Donoghue JP. Bridging the brain to the world: a perspective on neural interface systems. Neuron 2008; 60: 511-21.
29. Dum RP, Strick PL. Frontal lobe inputs to the digit representations of the motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 1375-86. (Pubitemid 40250713)
30. Edwards DJ, Krebs HI, Rykman A, Zipse J, Thickbroom GW, Mastaglia FL, et al. Raised corticomotor excitability of M1 forearm area following anodal tDCS is sustained during robotic wrist therapy in chronic stroke. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2009; 27: 199-207.
31. Fasoli SE, Krebs HI, Stein J, Frontera WR, Hogan N. Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 477-82. (Pubitemid 36417645)
32. Fetz EE. Volitional control of neural activity: implications for brain-computer interfaces. J Physiol 2007; 579: 571-9. (Pubitemid 46404342)
33. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975; 12: 189-98.
34. Fornito A, Zalesky A, Bassett DS, Meunier D, Ellison-Wright I, Yucel M, et al. Genetic influences on cost-efficient organization of human cortical functional networks. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 3261-70.
35. Frey SH, Fogassi L, Grafton S, Picard N, Rothwell JC, Schweighofer N, et al. Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: computation, anatomy, and physiology (CAP) model. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25: 6S-20S.
36. Fridman EA, Hanakawa T, Chung M, Hummel F, Leiguarda RC, Cohen LG. Reorganization of the human ipsilesional premotor cortex after stroke. Brain 2004; 127: 747-58. (Pubitemid 38478519)
37. Gao Q, Duan X, Chen H. Evaluation of effective connectivity of motor areas during motor imagery and execution using conditional Granger causality. Neuroimage 2010; 54: 1280-8.
38. Glover S, Miall RC, Rushworth MF. Parietal rTMS disrupts the initiation but not the execution of on-line adjustments to a perturbation of object size. J Cogn Neurosci 2005; 17: 124-36.
39. Grefkes C, Fink GR. Reorganization of cerebral networks after stroke: new insights from neuroimaging with connectivity approaches. Brain 2011; 134: 1264-76.
40. Grefkes C, Nowak DA, Wang LE, Dafotakis M, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR. Modulating cortical connectivity in stroke patients by rTMS assessed with fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. Neuroimage 2010; 50: 233-42.
41. Grol MJ, Majdandzic J, Stephan KE, Verhagen L, Dijkerman HC, Bekkering H, et al. Parieto-frontal connectivity during visually guided grasping. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 11877-87. (Pubitemid 350072109)
42. Grosse-Wentrup M, Mattia D, Oweiss K. Using brain-computer interfaces to induce neural plasticity and restore function. J Neural Eng 2011a; 8: 025004.
43. Grosse-Wentrup M, Scholkopf B, Hill J. Causal influence of gamma oscillations on the sensorimotor rhythm. Neuroimage 2011b; 56: 837-42.
44. Grotta JC, Noser EA, Ro T, Boake C, Levin H, Aronowski J, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 2004; 35: 2699-701. (Pubitemid 39458373)
45. Halder S, Agorastos D, Veit R, Hammer EM, Lee S, Varkuti B, et al. Neural mechanisms of brain-computer interface control. Neuroimage 2011; 55: 1779-90.
46. Harris-Love ML, McCombe Waller S, Whitall J. Exploiting interlimb coupling to improve paretic arm reaching performance in people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 2131-7. (Pubitemid 41566209)
47. Harris-Love ML, Morton SM, Perez MA, Cohen LG. Mechanisms of short-term training-induced reaching improvement in severely hemiparetic stroke patients: a TMS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25: 398-411.
48. Hinterberger T, Veit R, Wilhelm B, Weiskopf N, Vatine JJ, Birbaumer N. Neuronal mechanisms underlying control of a brain-computer interface. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21: 3169-81. (Pubitemid 40917077)
49. Holtmaat A, Svoboda K. Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 647-58.
50. Honey CJ, Sporns O. Dynamical consequences of lesions in cortical networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2008; 29: 802-9. (Pubitemid 351813081)
51. Hummel F, Celnik P, Giraux P, Floel A, Wu WH, Gerloff C, et al. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 2005; 128: 490-9. (Pubitemid 40380185)
52. Jarosiewicz B, Chase SM, Fraser GW, Velliste M, Kass RE, Schwartz AB. Functional network reorganization during learning in a brain-computer interface paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 19486-91.
53. Jeannerod M, Arbib MA, Rizzolatti G, Sakata H. Grasping objects: the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor transformation. Trends Neurosci 1995; 18: 314-20.
54. Johansen-Berg H. Structural plasticity: rewiring the brain. Curr Biol 2007; 17: R141-4.
55. Johansen-Berg H, Dawes H, Guy C, Smith SM, Wade DT, Matthews PM. Correlation between motor improvements and altered fMRI activity after rehabilitative therapy. Brain 2002; 125: 2731-42. (Pubitemid 35423522)
56. Kiebel SJ, Garrido MI, Moran R, Chen CC, Friston KJ. Dynamic causal modeling for EEG and MEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 1866-76.
57. Krakauer JW. Arm function after stroke: from physiology to recovery. Semin Neurol 2005; 25: 384-95.
58. Krakauer JW. Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 84-90. (Pubitemid 43172710)
59. Kunimatsu A, Itoh D, Nakata Y, Kunimatsu N, Aoki S, Masutani Y, et al. Utilization of diffusion tensor tractography in combination with spatial normalization to assess involvement of the corticospinal tract in capsular/pericapsular stroke: feasibility and clinical implications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 26: 1399-404. (Pubitemid 350291265)
60. Lai SM, Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke 2002; 33: 1840-4. (Pubitemid 34761072)
61. Laughlin SB, Sejnowski TJ. Communication in neuronal networks. Science 2003; 301: 1870-4. (Pubitemid 37221384)
62. Leemans A, Jones DK. The B-matrix must be rotated when correcting for subject motion in DTI data. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61: 1336-49.
63. Legenstein R, Chase SM, Schwartz AB, Maass W. A reward-modulated hebbian learning rule can explain experimentally observed network reorganization in a brain control task. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 8400-10.
64. Lo AC, Guarino PD, Richards LG, Haselkorn JK, Wittenberg GF, Federman DG, et al. Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1772-83.
65. Makris N, Kennedy DN, McInerney S, Sorensen AG, Wang R, Caviness VS Jr, et al. Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study. Cereb Cortex 2005; 15: 854-69. (Pubitemid 40696124)
66. McFarland DJ, Miner LA, Vaughan TM, Wolpaw JR. Mu and beta rhythm topographies during motor imagery and actual movements. Brain Topogr 2000; 12: 177-86. (Pubitemid 30232659)
67. Mellinger J, Schalk G, Braun C, Preissl H, Rosenstiel W, Birbaumer N, et al. An MEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). Neuroimage 2007; 36: 581-93. (Pubitemid 46915502)
68. Murphy TH, Corbett D. Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 861-72.
69. Newton JM, Ward NS, Parker GJ, Deichmann R, Alexander DC, Friston KJ, et al. Non-invasive mapping of corticofugal fibres from multiple motor areas-relevance to stroke recovery. Brain 2006; 129: 1844-58. (Pubitemid 43999416)
70. Nomura EM, Gratton C, Visser RM, Kayser A, Perez F, D'Esposito M. Double dissociation of two cognitive control networks in patients with focal brain lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 12017-22.
71. Nowak DA, Grefkes C, Dafotakis M, Eickhoff S, Kust J, Karbe H, et al. Effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the contralesional primary motor cortex on movement kinematics and neural activity in subcortical stroke. Arch Neurol 2008; 65: 741-7. (Pubitemid 351831452)
72. Nudo RJ. Mechanisms for recovery of motor function following cortical damage. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006; 16: 638-44. (Pubitemid 44791925)
73. Olivier E, Davare M, Andres M, Fadiga L. Precision grasping in humans: from motor control to cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2007; 17: 644-8.
74. O'Shea J, Sebastian C, Boorman ED, Johansen-Berg H, Rushworth MF. Functional specificity of human premotor-motor cortical interactions during action selection. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26: 2085-95. (Pubitemid 47493184)
75. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard A. Mental practice in chronic stroke: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2007; 38: 1293-7. (Pubitemid 351664256)
76. Page SJ, Szaflarski JP, Eliassen JC, Pan H, Cramer SC. Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2009; 23: 382-8.
77. Palva S, Palva JM. Functional roles of alpha-band phase synchronization in local and large-scale cortical networks. Front Psychol 2011; 2: 1-15.
78. Passingham RE, Stephan KE, Kotter R. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 606-16. (Pubitemid 135706669)
79. Pfurtscheller G. Graphical display and statistical evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1977; 43: 757-60. (Pubitemid 8220184)
80. Pfurtscheller G. Spatiotemporal ERD/ERS patterns during voluntary movement and motor imagery. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 53: 196-8.
81. Pierpaoli C, Walker L, Irfanoglu MO, Barnett A, Basser P, Chang LC, et al. TORTOISE: an integrated software package for processing of diffusion MRI data. ISMRM 18th Annual Meeting. Stockholm, Sweden; #1597, 2010.
82. Pineda JA. The functional significance of mu rhythms: translating "seeing" and "hearing" into "doing". Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005; 50: 57-68. (Pubitemid 41607515)
83. Pomeroy V, Aglioti SM, Mark VW, McFarland D, Stinear C, Wolf SL, et al. Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: rehabilitation interventions. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25: 33S-43S.
84. Prasad G, Herman P, Coyle D, McDonough S, Crosbie J. Applying a brain-computer interface to support motor imagery practice in people with stroke for upper limb recovery: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2010; 7: 60.
85. Price JL, Carmichael ST, Drevets WC. Networks related to the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex; a substrate for emotional behavior? Prog Brain Res 1996; 107: 523-36. (Pubitemid 26401686)
86. Rehme AK, Eickhoff SB, Wang LE, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Dynamic causal modeling of cortical activity from the acute to the chronic stage after stroke. Neuroimage 2011b; 55: 1147-58.
87. Rehme AK, Fink GR, von Cramon DY, Grefkes C. The role of the contralesional motor cortex for motor recovery in the early days after stroke assessed with longitudinal FMRI. Cereb Cortex 2011a; 21: 756-68.
88. Riley JD, Le V, Der-Yeghiaian L, See J, Newton JM, Ward NS, et al. Anatomy of stroke injury predicts gains from therapy. Stroke 2011; 42: 421-6.
89. Rohde GK, Barnett AS, Basser PJ, Marenco S, Pierpaoli C. Comprehensive approach for correction of motion and distortion in diffusion-weighted MRI. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51: 103-114. (Pubitemid 38095707)
90. Rubinov M, Sporns O. Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations. Neuroimage 2010; 52: 1059-69.
91. Sawaki L, Butler AJ, Leng X, Wassenaar PA, Mohammad YM, Blanton S, et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy results in increased motor map area in subjects 3 to 9 months after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22: 505-13.
92. Schmahmann JD, Pandya DN. Disconnection syndromes of basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebrocerebellar systems. Cortex 2008; 44: 1037-66.
93. Schmahmann JD, Pandya DN, Wang R, Dai G, D'Arceuil HE, de Crespigny AJ, et al. Association fibre pathways of the brain: parallel observations from diffusion spectrum imaging and autoradiography. Brain 2007; 130: 630-53. (Pubitemid 46410733)
94. Shadmehr R, Wise SP. The computational neurobiology of reaching and pointing: a foundation for motor learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2005.
95. Sharma N, Baron JC, Rowe JB. Motor imagery after stroke: relating outcome to motor network connectivity. Ann Neurol 2009a; 66: 604-16.
96. Sharma N, Jones PS, Carpenter TA, Baron JC. Mapping the involvement of BA 4a and 4p during Motor Imagery. Neuroimage 2008; 41: 92-9.
97. Sharma N, Pomeroy VM, Baron JC. Motor imagery: a backdoor to the motor system after stroke? Stroke 2006; 37: 1941-52. (Pubitemid 44297755)
98. Sharma N, Simmons LH, Jones PS, Day DJ, Carpenter TA, Pomeroy VM, et al. Motor imagery after subcortical stroke: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke 2009b; 40: 1315-24.
99. Shimazu H, Maier MA, Cerri G, Kirkwood PA, Lemon RN. Macaque ventral premotor cortex exerts powerful facilitation of motor cortex outputs to upper limb motoneurons. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 1200-11. (Pubitemid 38177026)
100. Siegel S, Castellan NJ. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988.
101. Sporns O. The human connectome: a complex network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1224: 109-25.
102. Street JO, Carroll RJ, Ruppert D. A Note on Computing Robust Regression Estimates Via Iteratively Reweighted Least-Squares. American Statistician 1988; 42: 152-4.
103. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EW III, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 74: 347-54. (Pubitemid 23115348)
104. Tomassini V, Jbabdi S, Klein JC, Behrens TE, Pozzilli C, Matthews PM, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography-based parcellation of the human lateral premotor cortex identifies dorsal and ventral subregions with anatomical and functional specializations. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 10259-69. (Pubitemid 47450468)
105. Tunik E, Frey SH, Grafton ST. Virtual lesions of the anterior intraparietal area disrupt goal-dependent on-line adjustments of grasp. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8: 505-11. (Pubitemid 41007569)
106. Tunik E, Lo OY, Adamovich SV. Transcranial magnetic stimulation to the frontal operculum and supramarginal gyrus disrupts planning of outcome-based hand-object interactions. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 14422-7.
107. Umilta MA, Brochier T, Spinks RL, Lemon RN. Simultaneous recording of macaque premotor and primary motor cortex neuronal populations reveals different functional contributions to visuomotor grasp. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98: 488-501. (Pubitemid 47084838)
108. Van den Heuvel MP, Stam CJ, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 7619-24.
109. Wang L, Yu C, Chen H, Qin W, He Y, Fan F, et al. Dynamic functional reorganization of the motor execution network after stroke. Brain 2010a; 133: 1224-38.
110. Wang LE, Fink GR, Diekhoff S, Rehme AK, Eickhoff SB, Grefkes C. Noradrenergic enhancement improves motor network connectivity in stroke patients. Ann Neurol 2011; 69: 375-88.
111. Wang W, Collinger JL, Perez MA, Tyler-Kabara EC, Cohen LG, Birbaumer N, et al. Neural interface technology for rehabilitation: exploiting and promoting neuroplasticity. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2010b; 21: 157-78.
112. Ward NS. Plasticity and the functional reorganization of the human brain. Int J Psychophysiol 2005; 58: 158-61. (Pubitemid 41539419)
113. Ward NS, Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Frackowiak RS. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain 2003; 126: 2476-96. (Pubitemid 37314437)
114. Ward NS, Newton JM, Swayne OB, Lee L, Thompson AJ, Greenwood RJ, Rothwell JC, Frackowiak RS. Motor system activation after subcortical stroke depends on corticospinal system integrity. Brain 2006; 129: 809-19. (Pubitemid 43278241)
115. Wilbrecht L, Holtmaat A, Wright N, Fox K, Svoboda K. Structural plasticity underlies experience-dependent functional plasticity of cortical circuits. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 4927-32.
116. Wolf SL, Newton H, Maddy D, Blanton S, Zhang Q, Winstein CJ, et al. The Excite Trial: relationship of intensity of constraint induced movement therapy to improvement in the wolf motor function test. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2007; 25: 549-62. (Pubitemid 351525717)
117. Wolf SL, Thompson PA, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, Blanton SR, Nichols-Larsen DS, et al. The EXCITE stroke trial: comparing early and delayed constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 2010; 41: 2309-15.
118. Wolpaw JR. Brain-computer interfaces as new brain output pathways. J Physiol 2007; 579: 613-9. (Pubitemid 46404345)
119. Wolpert DM. Computational approaches to motor control. Trends Cogn Sci 1997; 1: 209-16. (Pubitemid 127425909)
120. Wolpert DM, Ghahramani Z. Computational principles of movement neuroscience. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3 (Suppl): 1212-7.
121. Yu X, Zuo Y. Spine plasticity in the motor cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21: 169-74.
122. Zhang H, Yushkevich PA, Alexander DC, Gee JC. Deformable registration of diffusion tensor MR images with explicit orientation optimization. Med Image Anal 2006; 10: 764-85. (Pubitemid 44283800)
123. Zhang Y, Zhang J, Oishi K, Faria AV, Jiang H, Li X, et al. Atlas-guided tract reconstruction for automated and comprehensive examination of the white matter anatomy. Neuroimage 2010; 52: 1289-301.