Attachment disorders during childhood: Assessment and early proposals of treatment;I disturbi dell'attaccamento nell'infanzia: valutazione diagnostica e prime proposte di intervento

Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 255-283

  Messina, Serena ^a   Ronconi, Silvia ^a   Zavattini, Giulio Cesare ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Attachment disorders; Atypical attachment; Caregiver child relationship; Reactive attachment disorder; Secure base distortions

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857177826     PISSN: 1824078X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1449/30131     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition (DSM-III). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, revised (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
4. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Ammaniti, M. (a cura di) (2001) Manuale di psicopatologia dell'infanzia. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
6. Bartholomew, K., Shaver, P.R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge? In J.A. Simpson e W.S. Rholes (a cura di), Attachment theory and close relationship. New York: Guilford Press.
7. Belsky, J., Pasco Fearon, R.M. (2002). Infant-mother attachment security, contextual risk, and early development: A moderational analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 293-310.
8. Boris, N., Zeanah, C.H. (1999). Disturbance and disorders of attachments in infancy: An overview. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 1-9.
9. Boris, N., Zeanah, C.H. (1999). Reactive Attachment Disorder. In H.I. Kaplan e B.J. Sadock, Comprehensive text of psychiatry. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkins.
10. Boris, N., Zeanah, C.H. (2005). Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, 44 (11), 1206-1219.
11. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, vol. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press (trad. it. Attaccamento e perdita, vol. 1: L'attaccamento alla madre. Torino: Boringhieri, 1972).
12. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, vol. 2: Separation. London: Hogarth Press. (trad. it. Attaccamento e perdita, vol. 2: La separazione dalla madre. Torino: Boringhieri, 1975).
13. Brisch, K.H. (2002). Treating attachment disorders. New York: Guilford Press.
14. Bruce, J., Tarullo, A.R., Gunnar, M. (2009). Disinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 157-171.
15. Bryne, J. (2003). Referral biases and diagnostic dilemmas. Attachment and Human Development, 5, 249-252.
16. Cassibba, R. (2003). Attaccamenti multipli. Milano: Edizioni Unicopli.
17. Cassibba, R., Coppola, G., Bruno, S. (2005). Applicazione dell'intervento con videofeedback e discussione su campioni di bambini italiani a rischio di attaccamento insicuro. In R. Cassibba e M.H. van Ijzendoorn, L'intevento clinico basato sull'attaccamento. Bologna: Il Mulino.
18. Cassibba, R., Costantino, E. (2007). L'intervento con video-feedback e discussione (VIPP-R) con diadi madre-bambino a rischio psicosociale. Infanzia e Adolescenza, 2, 84-95.
19. Cassibba, R., van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (2005). L'intervento clinico basato sull'attaccamento. Bologna: Il Mulino.
20. Cassibba, R., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Coppola, G., Bruno, S., Costantini, A., Elia, L., Tota, A. (2007). Supporting families with a risk, sick children: An Italian study. In F. Juffer, M.J. Bakerman-Kronenburg e M.H. van Ijzendoorn (a cura di), Promoting positive parenting: An attachment based intervention. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
21. Chisholm, K. (1998). A three-year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Development, 69, 1092-1106.
22. Chisholm, K., Carter, M., Ames, E.W., Morrison, S.J. (1995). Attachment security and indiscriminately friendly behaviour in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 283-294.
23. Cicchetti, D., Aber, J.L. (1986). Early precursors to later depression: An organizational perspective. In L. Lipsitt e C. Revee-Collier (a cura di), Advances in infancy (Vol. 4). Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.
24. Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., Marvin, R., Powell, B. (2000). Attachment based intervention with at-risk head start child-parent dyads. Paper presented to the National Head Start Research Meeting, Washington D.C., June.
25. Crittenden, P.M., Di Lalla, D.L. (1988). Compulsive compliance: The development of inhibitory strategy in infancy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 585-599.
26. Cummings, E.M., Cicchetti, D. (1990). Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti e E.M. Cummings (a cura di), Attachment in the preschool years. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
27. Dontas, C., Maratos, O., Fafoutis, M., Karangelis, A. (1985). Early social development in institutionally reared Greek infants: Attachment and peer interaction. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 136-146.
28. Dozier, M., Stovall, K.C., Albus, K.E., Bates, B. (2001). Attachment for infants in foster care: The role of caregiver state of mind. Child Development, 72, 1467-1477.
29. Greenberg, M., Speltz, M. (1988). Attachment and the ontogeny of conduct problems. In J. Belsky e T. Nezworski (a cura di), Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
30. Hall, S.E.K., Geher, G. (2003). Behavioural and personality characteristics of children with reactive attachment disorder. Journal of Psychology, 137, 145-162.
31. Hanson, R., Spratt, E. (2000). Reactive attachment disorder: What we know about the disorder and implications for treatment. Child Maltreatment, 5, 137-145.
32. Hodges, J., Tizard, B. (1989). Social and family relationships of ex-institutional adolescents. Journal of Child Psychopathology and Psychiatry, 30, 77-97.
33. Howe, D. (2003). Attachment disorders: Disinhibited attachment behaviors and secure base distortions with special references to adopted children. Attachment and Human Development, 5, 265-270.
34. Klein Velderman, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Juffer, F., van Ijzendoorn M.H. (2006). Effects of attachment based intervention on maternal sensitivity and infant attachment: Differential susceptibility of high reactive infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 266-274.
35. Levy, D. (1937). Primary affect hunger. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 643-652.
36. Lieberman, A.F., Compton, N.C., Van Horn, P., Ghosh Ippen, C. (2003). Losing a parent to death in the early years: Guidelines for treating traumatic bereavement in infancy and early childhood. Washington, D.C.: Zero to Three (trad. it. Il lutto infantile. La perdita di un genitore nei primi anni di vita. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2007).
37. Lieberman, A., Zeanah, C.H. (1995). Disorders of attachment in infancy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Clinics of North America, 4, 571-587.
38. Lieberman, A., Van Horn, P. (2005). Don't hit my mommy! A manual for child-parent psychotherapy with young witness of family violence. Washington, D.C.: Zero to Three (trad. it. Bambini e violenza in famiglia. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2007.
39. Liotti, G. (1999). La disorganizzazione dell'attaccamento come modello per comprendere la patologia dissociativa. Selfrivista.it, vol. 1 n. 03.
40. Main, M., Goldwyn, R., Hesse, E. (2002). Adult attachment rating and classification system: Manual in draft. (Version 7.1). Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
41. Main, M., Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/ disoriented during the strange situation. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti e E.M. Cummings (a cura di), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
42. Marvin, R, Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., Powell, B. (2002). The circle of security project: Attachment based intervention with caregiver-preschool child dyads. Attachment and Human Development, 1 (4), 107-124.
43. Marvin, R.S., Whelan, W.F. (2003). Disordered attachments: Toward evidence-based clinical practice. Attachment and Human Development, 5 (3), 283-288.
44. Minde, K. (1999). Mediating attachment patterns during a serious medical illness. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20 (1), 105-122.
45. Minde, K. (2003), Assessment and treatment of attachment disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 377-381.
46. Minnis, H., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Wolkind, S. (2002). Development of a brief, clinically relevant, scale for measuring attachment disorders. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 11 (2), 90-98.
47. Morgan, F.T. (2005). Development of a measure to screen for reactive attachment disorder in children 0-5 years. Dissertation Abstract International: Section B: The Science and Engineering, 66 (4-B).
48. Myeroff, R., Mertlich, G., Gross, J. (1999). Comparative effectiveness of holding therapy with aggressive children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29, 303-331.
49. O'Connor, T.G. (2002). Attachment disorders in infancy and childhood. In M. Rutter e E. Taylor (a cura di), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches. Boston, MA: Blackwell, pp. 776-792.
50. O'Connor, T.G., Bredenkamp, D., Rutter, M., and the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (1999). Attachment disturbances and disorders in children exposed to early severe deprivation. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20 (1), 10-29.
51. O'Connor, T.G., Bredenkamp, D., Rutter, M., and the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2000). Attachment disorder behaviour following early severe deprivation: Extension and longitudinal follow up. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, 39 (6), 703-712.
52. O'Connor, T.G., Marvin, R., Rutter, M., Olrick, J., Britner, P. (2003). Child-parent attachment following early institutional deprivation. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 19-38.
53. O'Connor, T.G., Zeanah C.H. (2003). Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches. Attachment and Human Development, 5 (3), 223-244.
54. Provence, S., Lipton, R.C. (1962). Infant reared in Institutions. New York: International Universities Press.
55. Rubin, K.H., Lollis, S.P. (1988). Origins and consequences of social withdrawal. In J. Belsky e T. Nezworski (a cura di), Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
56. Rutter, M., Kreppner, J., O'Connor, T.G. (2001). Specificity and heterogeneity in children responses to profound institutional privation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179 (2), 97-103.
57. Santona, A., Zavattini, G.C. (2006). Introduzione all'edizione italiana. In A.J. Sameroff, S.C. McDonough e K.L. Rosenblum (2004). Il trattamento clinico della relazione genitore-bambino. Bologna: Il Mulino.
58. Santona, A., Zavattini, G.C. (2007). L'attaccamento romantico. In A. Santona e G.C. Zavattini (a cura di), La relazione di coppia. Strumenti di valutazione. Roma: Borla.
59. Sameroff, A.J., Emde, R.N. (1989). Relationship disturbances in early childhood: A developmental approach. New York: Basic Books (trad. it. I disturbi delle relazioni nella prima infanzia. Torino: Bollati-Boringhieri, 1991).
60. Sameroff, A.J., McDonough, S.C., Rosenblum, K.L. (2004). Treating parent-infant relationship oroblems. New York: Guilford Press (trad. it. Il trattamento clinico della relazione genitore-bambino. Bologna: Il Mulino, 2006).
61. Schechter, D.S., Willheim, E. (2009). Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 18, 665-686.
62. Shin, Y., Lee, K., Min, S., Emde, R.N. (1999). A Korean syndrome of attachment disturbance mimicking symptoms of pervasive developmental disorder. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 60-75.
63. Smyke, A.T., Dumitrescu, A., Zeanah, C.H. (2002). Attachment disturbance in young children: The continuity of caretaking causality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 972-982.
64. Speltz, M., Greenberg, M.T., Deklyen, M. (1990). The treatment of preschool conduct problems: An integration of behavioral and attachment concepts. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti e E.M. Cummings (a cura di), Attachment in the preschool years. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
65. Speranza, A.M., Odorisio, F. (2001). Disturbi dell'attaccamento. In M. Ammaniti (a cura di), Manuale di psicopatologia dell'infanzia. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
66. Spitz, R. (1946). Anaclitic depression: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.
67. Steele, B. (1983). Psychological effects of child abuse and neglect. In J.D. Call, E. Galenson e R.E. Tyson (a cura di), Frontiers of infant psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.
68. Tizard, B., Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behavior problems and affectional relationship of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16, 61-73.
69. van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., van Ijzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Juffer, F., Stolk, M.N., Koot, H.M., Alink, L.R.A. (2006). Attachment intervention for enhancing sensitive discipline in mothers of 1-3 years old children at risk for externalizing problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 994-1005.
70. Volkmar, F. (2002). Changing perspectives on mood disorders in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 893-894.
71. World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
72. Zaccagnini, C., Zavattini, G.C. (2007). La genitorialità come «processo evolutivo». Una riflessione nella prospettiva della Teoria dell'Attaccamento. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 2, 199-249.
73. Zeanah, C.H., Boris, N. (2000). Disturbance and disorders of attachment in early childhood. In C. Zeanah (a cura di), Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
74. Zeanah, C.H., Smyke, A.T., Dumitrescu, A. (2002). Disturbances of attachment in young children: II. Indiscriminate behavior and institutional care. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 983-989.
75. Zero to Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs (2005). Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infant and Early Childhood. Revision Task Force. Washington, D.C.: Zero to Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs.
76. Zilberstein, K. (2006). Clarifying core characteristics of attachment disorders: A review of current research and theory. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76, 1, 55-67.