Potential Applications of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids for Fission Products and Actinide Separation

Separation Science and Technology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 204-222

  Vasudeva Rao, P R ^a   Venkatesan, K A ^a   Rout, A ^a   Srinivasan, T G ^a   Nagarajan, K ^a  

^a INDIRA GANDHI CENTRE FOR ATOMIC RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

actinides; distribution ratio; extraction; fission products; room temperature ionic liquid

Indexed keywords

ACTINIDE SEPARATION; CURRENT STATUS; DISTRIBUTION RATIO; HIGH TEMPERATURE MOLTEN SALTS; NON-AQUEOUS; NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLES; POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS; ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS;

ACTINIDES; CESIUM; EXTRACTION; FISSION PRODUCTS; METAL IONS; NEUTRON DETECTORS; NITRIC ACID; NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; STRONTIUM;

IONIC LIQUIDS;

EID: 84857136903     PISSN: 01496395     EISSN: 15205754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2011.628733     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Olander, D. (2009) Nuclear fuels-Present and future. J. Nucl. Mat., 389: 1-22.
2. Swanson, J.L. (1984) PUREX Process Flowsheets. In: Science and Technology of Tributyl Phosphate, Schulz, W.W., Burger, L.L., Navratil, J.D., Bender, K.P., eds.; CRC Press Inc.: Boca Raton, 55.
3. Bychkov, A.V., Skiba, O.V. (1999) Review of Non-Aqueous Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Separation Methods. In: Chemical Separation Technologies and Related Methods of Nuclear Waste Management, Choppin, G.R., Khankhasayev, M.Kh., eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Netherlands, 71-98.
4. Mcpheeters, C.C., Pierce, R.D., Mulcahey, T.P. (1997) Application of the pyrochemical process to recycle of actinides from LWR spent fuel. Prog. Nucl. Energy, 31: 175.
5. Tahroui, A., Morris, J.H. (1995) Decomposition of solvent extraction media during nuclear reprocessing: Literature review. Sep. Sci. Technol., 30: 2603-2630.
6. Implications of Partitioning and Transmutation in Radioactive Waste Management. IAEA Technical Reports Series, STI/DOC/010/435 (2004).
7. Assessment of Partitioning Processes for Transmutation of Actinides. IAEA TECDOC CD Series, IAEA-TECDOC-CD-1648 (2010).
8. Feasibility of Separation and Utilisation of Cesium and Strontium from High Level Waste; Technical Report Series 356, Vienna, 1993, IAEA.
9. Rao, S.M.; Kulkarni, K.M. (1994) Isotopes and radiation technology in industry, Proceedings of the International Conference on Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation in Industrial Development (ICARID-94) February 7-9, Mumbai. India
10. May, J.C., Rey, L., Lee, C.J. (2002) Evaluation of some selected vaccines and other biological products irradiated by gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays. Radiation Phy. Chem., 63: 709-711.
11. Sattlberger, A.P., Atcher, R.W. (1999) Nuclear medicine finds the right chemistry. Nature Biotechnology, 17: 849-850.
12. Diehl, J.F. (2002) Food irradiation-past, present and future. Radiation Phy. and Chemistry, 63: 211-215.
13. Sadat, R., Ross, A., Leveziel, H. (1994) Food Irradiation-A Global Scenario. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation in Industrial Development (ICARID-94), Rao, S.M., Kulkarni, K.M., eds.; February 7-9, Mumbai, India, 177-184.
14. IAEA (1992) List of Clearance of Irradiated Foods, IAEA; International Atomic Energy Agency: Vienna.
15. Diehl, J.F. (2002) Food irradiation-past, present and future. Radiation Phy. Chem., 63: 211-215.
16. Lissel, T. (1998) European Experiences with Gamma Irradiation of Sewage Sludges for Disinfection and Alternative Treatments. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Applications of Radioisotopes and Radiation in Industrial Development (ICARID-98), Sood, D.D., Reddy, A.V.R., eds.; February 4-6, Mumbai, India, 105-117.
17. Billard, I., Ouadi, A., Gaillard, C. (2011) Liquid-liquid extraction of actinides, lanthanides, and fission products by use of ionic liquids: From discovery to understanding. Anal Bioanal Chem., 400: 1555-66.
18. Ho, H.S., Menchavez, R.N., Koo, Y.M. (2010) Reprocessing of spent nuclear waste using ionic liquids. Korean J. Chem. Eng., 27: 1360-1365.
19. Cocalia, V.A., Gutowski, K.E., Rogers, R.D. (2006) The coordination chemistry of actinides in ionic liquids: A review of experiment and simulation. Coordination Chem. Rev., 250: 755-764.
20. Vasudeva, Rao, P.R., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G. (2008) Studies on applications of room temperature ionic liquids. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 50: 449-455.
21. Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2009) A review on the electrochemical applications of room temperature ionic liquids in nuclear fuel cycle. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., 10: R1-R6.
22. Bineemann, K. (2007) Lanthanides and actinides in ionic liquids. Chem. Rev., 107: 2592-2614.
23. Mudring, A.V., Tang, S. (2010) Ionic liquids for lanthanide and actinide chemistry. Eur. J. Chem., 41: 2569-2581.
24. Welton, T. (1999) Room-temperature ionic liquids. Solvents for synthesis and catalysis. Chem. Rev., 99: 2071-2084.
25. Natalia, P.V., Seddon, K.R. (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem. Soc. Rev., 37: 123-150.
26. Freemantle, M. (2010) An Introduction to Ionic liquids, RSC Publishing.
27. Seddon, K.R. (2003) Ionic liquids: A taste of the future. Nat. Mater, 2: 363-365.
28. Wilkes, J.S. (2002) A short history of ionic liquids-from molten salts to neoteric solvents. Green Chem., 4: 73-80.
29. Koch, G. (1966) Reprocessing by Quarternary Ammonium Nitrates: Laboratory Studies. In: Solvent Extraction Chemistry of Metals, McKay, H.A.C., Healy, T.V., Jenkins, I.L., McMillan, London, 247-266.
30. Wilkes, J.S., Zaworotko, M.J. (1992) Air and water stable 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 13: 965-967.
31. Huddleston, J.G., Willauer, H.D., Swatloski, R.P., Visser, A.E., Rogers, R.D. (1998) Room temperature ionic liquids as novel media for 'clean' liquid-liquid extraction. Chem. Commun. 16: 1765-1766.
32. Visser, A.E., Swatloski, R.P., Griffin, S.T., Hartman, D.H., Rogers, R.D. (2001) Liquid/Liquid extraction of metal ions in room temperature ionic liquids. Sep. Sci. Technol., 36: 785-804.
33. Dai, S., Barnes, C.E., Ju, Y.H. (1999) Solvent extraction of strontium nitrate by crown ether using room-temperature ionic liquids. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 8: 1201-1202.
34. Fadeev, A.G., Meagher, M.M. (2001) Opportunities for ionic liquids in recovery of biofuels. Chem. Commun., 3: 295-296.
35. Visser, A.E., Swatloski, R.P., Reichert, W.M., Griffin, S.T., Rogers, R.D. (2000) Traditional extractants in non-traditional solvents: Group 1 and 2 extractions by crown ethers in room temperature ionic liquids. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 39: 3596-3604.
36. Chun, S., Dzyuba, S.V., Bartsch, R.A. (2001) Influence of structural variation in room temperature ionic liquids on the selectity and efficiency of competitive alkali metal salt. Extraction by crown ether. Anal. Chem., 73: 3737-3741.
37. Dietz, M.L., Dzielawa, J.A. (2001) Ion-exchange as a mode of cation transfer into room-temperature ionic liquids containing crown ethers: Implications for the 'greenness' of ionic liquids as diluents in liquid-liquid extraction. Chem. Commun., 20: 2124-2125.
38. Dietz, M.L., Dzielawa, J.A., Ivan Laszak, B.A. (2003) Young and Mark P. Jensen, influence of solvent structural variations on the mechanism of facilitated ion transfer into room-temperature ionic liquids. Green Chem., 5: 682-685.
39. + by dicyclohexano-18-Crown-6. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 24: 19-31.
40. Stepinski, D.C., Jensen, M.P., Dzielawa, J.A., Dietz, M.L. (2005) Synergistic effects in the facilitated transfer of metal ions into room-temperature ionic liquids. Green Chem., 7: 151-157.
41. Xu, C., Yuan, L., Shen, X., Zhai, M. (2010) Efficient removal of caesium ions from aqueous solution using a calix crown ether in ionic liquids: Mechanism radiation effect. Dalton Trans., 39: 3897-3902.
42. Turanov, N., Karandashevb, V.K., Baulinc, V.E. (2010) Extraction of alkaline earth metal ions with TODGA in the presence of ionic liquids. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 28: 367-387.
43. Chen, P.Y., Hussey, C.L. (2004) Electrodeposition of cesium at mercury electrodes in the tri-1-butylmethylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide room-temperature ionic liquid. Electrochim. Acta, 49: 5125-5138.
44. Chen, P.Y., Hussey, C.L. (2005) Electrochemistry of ionophore-coordinated Cs and Sr ions in the tri-1-butylmethylammonium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ionic liquid. Electrochim. Acta, 50: 2533-2544.
45. Chen, P.Y. (2007) The assessment of removing strontium and cesium cations from aqueous solutions based on the combined methods of ionic liquid extraction and electrodeposition. Electrochim. Acta, 52: 5484-5492.
46. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2005) Extraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid medium by 1.1 M tri-n-butylphosphate in ionic liquid diluent. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 265: 31-38.
47. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2004) Effect of alkyl group in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids on the extraction of uranium by tri-n-butylphosphate diluted in various ionic liquids. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., 5: 21-26.
48. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2008) Extraction of Uranium (VI) by 1.1 M Tri-n-butylphosphate/ionic liquid and the feasibility of recovery by direct electrodeposition from organic phase. J Alloys and Compds., 448: 104-108.
49. 2 as a case study. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 29: 577-601.
50. Shen, Y., Tan, X., Wang, L., Wu, W. (2011) Extraction of the uranyl ion from the aqueous phase into an ionic liquid by diglycolamide. Separation Purification Technol., 78: 298-302.
51. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2006) Recovery of fission palladium by electrodeposition using room temperature ionic liquids. Radiochim. Acta, 94: 131-136.
52. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2006) Extraction of fission palladium by aliquat 336 and electrochemical studies on direct recovery from ionic liquid phase. Hydrometallurgy, 81: 30-39.
53. Jayakumar, M., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2009) Extraction-electrodeposition (EX-EL) process for the recovery of palladium from high-level liquid waste. J. Appl. Electrochem., 39: 1955-1962.
54. Ache, H.J., Baestle, L.H., Bust, R.P., Nechaev, A.P., Popik, V.P., Ying, Y. (1989) Feasibility of Separation and Utilization of Ruthenium, Rhodium and Palladium from High Level Waste, IAEA, Technical Report Series, No. 308, IAEA, Vienna.
55. Kolarik, Z., Renard, E.V. (2005) Potential applications of fission platinoids in industry. Platinum Metals Rev., 49: 79-90.
56. Lohithakshan, K.V., Aggarwal, S.K. (2008) Solvent extraction studies of Pu(IV) with CMPO in 1-octyl 3-methyl imidazolium hexa fluorophosphate (C8mimPF6) room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Radiochim. Acta, 96: 93-97.
57. Lohithakshan, K.V., Aggarwal, S.K. (2011) Solvent extraction studies of plutonium(IV) by crown ether dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C4mimPF6) and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (C6mimPF6) room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Radiochim. Acta, 99: 201-205.
58. Choppin, G.R. (1995) Comparative solution chemistry of the 4f and 5f elements. J Alloys Compds., 223: 174-179.
59. Mikheev, N.B., Spytsin, V.I., Dyachkova, R.A., Auerman, L.N. (1979) Energetics of 5f and 4f-orbitals and 5f and 4f-elements similarity. J. Phys. Colloques, 40 (C4): C4- 230-C4 -232.
60. Aspinall, H.C. (2001) Chemistry of f-Block Elements. In: Advanced Chemistry Texts, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
61. Horwitz, E.P., Kalina, D.G., Kalpan, L., Mason, G.W., Diamond, H.D. (1982) Selected alkyl(phenyl)-N,N-dialkylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxides as extractants for Am(III) from nitric acid media. Sep. Sci and Technol., 17: 1261-1279.
62. Horwitz, E.P., Kalina, M.A., Kaplan, L. (1981) The extraction of selected transplutonium (III) and lanthanide (III) ions by dihexyl-N,N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate from aqueous nitrate media. Sep. Sci. Technol., 16: 417-437.
63. Visser, A.E., Rogers, R.D. (2003) Room-temperature ionic liquids: New solvents for f-element separations and associated solution chemistry. J. Solid State Chem., 171: 109-113.
64. Nakasima, K., Kubota, F., Maruyama, T., Goto, M. (2005) Feasibility of ionic liquids as alternative separation media for industrial solvent extraction process. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44: 4368-4372.
65. Nakasima, K., Kubota, F., Maruyama, T., Goto, M. (2003) Ionic liquids as a novel solvents for lanthanides extraction. Anal Science, 19: 1097-1098.
66. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2009) Extraction of americium(III) from nitric acid medium by CMPO-TBP extractants in ionic liquid diluents. Radiochim. Acta, 97: 719-725.
67. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2011) Room temperature ionic liquid diluent for the extraction of Eu(III) by TRUEX extractants. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., (In press).
68. Sasaki, Y., Choppin, G.R. (1996) Solvent extraction of Eu, Th, U, Np and Am with N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′ di-hexyl-3-oxapentanediamide and its analogous compounds. Anal. Sci., 12: 225-230.
69. Ansari, S.A., Pathak, P.N., Manchanda, V.K., Hussain, M., Prasad, A.K., Parmar, V.S. (2005) N,N,N′N′-Tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA): A promising extractant for actinide-partitioning from high level waste (HLW). Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 23: 463-479.
70. Modolo, G., Asp, H., Vijgen, H., Malmbeck, R., Magnusson, D., Sorel, C. (2008) Demonstration of TODGA based continuous current extraction process for the partitioning of actinides from a simulated PUREX raffinate, Part II: Centrifugal contactor runs. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 19: 62-76.
71. Shimojo, K., Kurahashi, K., Naganawa, H. (2008) Extraction behavior of lanthanides using a diglycolamide derivative TODGA in ionic liquids. Dalton Trans., 37: 5083-5088.
72. Sun, X., Wu, D., Chen, Ji., Li, D. (2007) Separation of scandium(III) from lanthanides(III) with room temperature ionic liquid based extraction containing Cyanex 925. J Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82: 267-272.
73. Pribylova, G.A. (2011) Influence of ionic liquids on actinides extraction by diphenyl(dibutyl)carbamoylphosphinoxides in different solvents from nitric acid solution. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 288: 693-697.
74. Vasudev Rao, P.R., Kolarik, Z. (1996) A Review of third phase formation in extraction of actinides by neutral organophosphorus extractants. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 14: 955-993.
75. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudev Rao, P.R. (2011) Extraction and third phase formation behavior of Eu(III) in CMPO-TBP extractants present in room temperature ionic liquid. Separation Purification Technol., 76: 238-243.
76. Cocalia, V.A., Jensen, M.P., Holbrey, J.D., Spear, S.K., Stepinskib, D.C., Rogers, R.D. (2005) Identical extraction behavior and coordination of trivalent or hexavalent f-element cations using ionic liquid and molecular solvents. Dalton Trans., 11: 1966-1971.
77. Kubota, F., Maruyama, T., Goto, M. (2011) Application of ionic liquid to the extraction separation of rare earth by an effective diglycolamic acid extractant. 44: 307-312.
78. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudev Rao, P.R. (2011) Room temperature ionic liquid for the mutual separation of americium(III) from europium(III) from the nitric acid medium. Separation Purification Technol., doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2011.04.033.
79. Davis Jr, J.H. (2004) Task-specific ionic liquids. Chemistry Letters, 33: 1072.
80. 2+: Synthesis, characterization and extraction studies. Envir. Sci. Technol., 36: 2523-2529.
81. Visser, A.E., Swatloski, R.P., Reichert, W.M., Mayton, R., Sheff, S.A., Wierzbicki, Davis, J.H. Jr., Rogers, R.D. (2001) Task specific ionic liquids for the extraction of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Chem. Commun., 1: 135-136.
82. Nockemann, P., Thijs, B., Pittois, S., Thoen, J., Glorieux, C., Hecke, K.V., Van Meervelt, L., Kirchner, B., Binemanns, K. (2006) Task specific ionic liquid for solubilizing metal oxides. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110: 20978-20992.
83. Jagadeeswara Rao, Ch., Venkatesan, K.A., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G. (2008) Dissolution of uranium oxides and electrochemical behavior of U (VI) in task specific ionic liquid. Radiochim. Acta, 96: 403.
84. Ouadi, A.; Gadenne, B.; Hesemann, P.; Moreau, J.E.; Billard, I.; Gaillard, C.; Mekki, S.; Moutiers, G. (2006) Task-specific ionic liquids bearing 2-hydroxybenzylamine units: synthesis and americium-extraction studies. Chem. Eur. J., 12: 3074-3081.
85. Ouadi, A., Klimchuk, O., Gaillard, C., Billard, I. (2007) Solvent extraction of U(VI) by task specific ionic liquids bearing phosphoryl groups. Green Chem., 9: 1160-1162.
86. Luo, H., Dai, S., Bonnesen, P.V., Buchanan, A.C. (2006) Separation of fission products based on ionic liquids: Task-specific ionic liquids containing an aza-crown ether fragment. J Alloys and Compds., 418: 195-199.
87. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudev Rao, P.R. (2010) Unusual extraction of plutonium(IV) from uranium(VI) and americium(III) using phosphonate based task specific ionicliquid. Radiochimica Acta, 98: 459-466.
88. Odinets, I.L., Sharovaa, E.V., Artyshina, O.I., Lyssenkoa, K.A., Nelyubinaa, Y., Myasoedovab, V., Galina, V., Molochnikovab, N.P., Zakharchenrob, E.A. (2010) Novel class of functionalized ionic liquids with grafted CMPO-moieties for actinides and rare-earth elements recovery. Dalton Trans., 39: 4170-4178.
89. Mehdi, H., Binnemans, K., Hecke, V., Meervelt, L.V., Nockemann, P. (2010) Hydrophobic ionic liquids with strongly corodinating anions. Chem. Commun., 234-236.
90. Sun, X., Ji, Y., Hu, F., He, Bo., Chen, Ji., Li, D. (2010) The inner synergistic effect of bifunctional ionic liquid extractant for solvent extraction. Talanta, 81: 1877-1883.
91. Rout, A., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudev Rao, P.R. (2011) Ionic liquid extractants in molecular diluents: Extraction behavior of plutonium (IV) in 1,3-diketonate ionic liquids. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., (In Press).
92. Waele, R.D., Heerman, L., D'Olieslager, W. (1986) Potentiometric and spectroscopic study of uranium(IV)-uranium(III) in acidic AlCl3-N-(n-BUTYL)pyridinium chloride melts. J. Less Common Metals, 122: 319-327.
93. De Waele, R., Heerman, L., D'Olieslager, W. (1982) Electrochemistry of uranium(IV) in acidic AlCl3 + N-(n-butyl)pyridinium chloride room-temperature molten salt. J. Electroanal. Chem., 142: 137-146.
94. Endres, F., El Abedin, S.Z. (2006) Air and water stable ionic liquids in physical chemistry. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8: 2101-2116.
95. Simka, W., Puszczyka, D., Nawrata, G. (2009) Electrodeposition of metals from non-aqueous solutions. Electrochim. Acta, 54: 5307-5319.
96. Silvester, D.S., Compton, R.G. (2006) Electrochemistry in room temperature ionic liquids: A review and some possible applications. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 220: 1247-1274.
97. Galinski, M., Lewandowski, A., Stepniak, I. (2006) Ioni cliquids as electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta, 51: 5567-5580.
98. 2]. Inorg. Chem., 44: 9497-9505.
99. 2]. Inorg. Chem., 45: 1235-1242.
100. 2]. Inorg. Chem., 44: 4934-4940.
101. 2]. Inorg. Chem., 45: 1677-1682.
102. Legeai, S., Diliberto, S., Stein, N., Boulanger, C., Estager, J., Papaiconomou, N., Draye, M., Holbrey, J.D. (2008) Room-temperature ionic liquid for lanthanum electrodeposition. Electrochem. Commun., 10: 1661-1664.
103. Jagadeeswara Rao, Ch., Venkatesan, K.A., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2010) Electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of Europium(III), Samarium (III) and Cerium (III) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. J. Nucl. Mater., 399: 81-86.
104. Jagadeeswara Rao, Ch., Venkatesan, K.A., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2011) Electrodeposition of metallic uranium at near ambient conditions from room temperature ionic liquid. J. Nucl. Mater., 408: 25-29.
105. Joseph, B., Venkatesan, K.A., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2011) Lithium assisted electrochemical reduction of uranium oxide in room temperature ionic liquid. J Radioanal Nucl. Chem., 287: 167-171.
106. Allen, D., Baston, G., Bradley, A.E., Gorman, T., Haile, A., Hamblett, I., Hatter, J.E., Healey, M.J.F., Hodgson, B., Lewin, R., Lovell, K.V., Newton, B., Pitner, W.R., Rooney, D.W., Sanders, D., Seddon, K.R., Sims, H.E., Thied, R.C. (2002) An investigation of the radiochemical stability of ionic liquids. Green Chem., 4: 152-158.
107. 2N. Dalton Trans., 21: 2526-2534.
108. Rao, Ch.Jagadeeswara., Venkata Krishnan, R., Venkatesan, K.A., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G. (2009) Thermochemical properties of some bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide based room temperature ionic liquids. J Therm Anal Calorim., 97: 937-943.
109. Rao, Ch.Jagadeeswara., Venkatesan, K.A., Tata, B.V.R., Nagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2011) Radiation stability of some room temperature ionic liquids. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 80: 643-649.
110. Le Rouzo, G., Lamouroux, C., Dauvois, V., Dannoux, A., Legand, S., Durand, D., Moisy, P., Moutiers, G. (2009) Anion effect on radiochemical stability of room-temperature ionic liquids under gamma irradiation. Dalton Trans., 31: 6175-6184.
111. Bosse, E., Berthon, L., Zorz, N., Monget, J., Berthon, C., Bisel, I., Legand, S., Moisy, P. (2008) Stability of [MeBu3N][Tf2N] under gamma irradiation. Dalton Trans., 924-931.
112. Lall-Ramnarine, S.I., Castano, A., Subramaniam, G., Thomas, M.F., Wishart, J.F. (2009) Synthesis, characterization and radiolytic properties of bis(oxalato)borate containing ionic liquids. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78: 1120-1125.
113. Tarabek, P., Liu, S.Y., Haygarth, K., Bartels, D.M. (2009) Hydrogen gas yields in irradiated room-temperature ionic liquids. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78: 168-172.
114. 2+ from aqueous solution. Dalton Trans., 7873-7875.
115. 2 during extraction of strontium ions. J. Phys. Chem. B, 113: 8948-8952.
116. 6 in the presence of nitric acid. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78: 737-739.
117. 4. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77: 877-883.
118. Shkrob, I.A., Marin, T.W., Dietz, M.L. (2011) On the radiation stability of crown ethers in ionic liquids. J. Phys. Chem. B, 115: 3903-3911.
119. Giridhar, P., Venkatesan, K.A., Srinivasan, T.G., Vasudeva Rao, P.R. (2004) Comparison of diluent characteristics of imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid with n dodecane. J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci., 5: 17-20.
120. Dietz, M.L. (2006) Ionic liquids as extraction solvents: Where do we stand? Sep. Sci. Technol., 44: 2047-2063.