Evaluation of electromyography normalisation methods for the back squat

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 308-319

  Balshaw, Thomas G ^a   Hunter, Angus M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Absolute reliability; Relative reliability; Resistance exercise; Sensitivity

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BICEP FEMORIS MUSCLE; CONCENTRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DYNAMOMETRY; ECCENTRIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; EXERCISE TEST; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; ISOMETRIC EXERCISE; MALE; MOTOR NERVE CONDUCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESISTANCE TRAINING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VASTUS LATERALIS MUSCLE;

ADULT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION; LOWER EXTREMITY; MALE; MUSCLE STRENGTH DYNAMOMETER; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESISTANCE TRAINING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84857032631     PISSN: 10506411     EISSN: 18735711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.009     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Albertus-Kajee Y. Critical analysis of techniques for normalizing electromyographic data: from laboratory to clinical research, PhD Thesis. South Africa: University of Cape Town; 2008.
2. Albertus-Kajee Y., Tucker R., Derman W., Lambert M. Alternative methods of normalising EMG during cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010, 20(6):1036-1043.
3. Albertus-Kajee Y., Tucker R., Derman W., Lamberts R.P., Lambert M.I. Alternative methods of normalising EMG during running. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011, 21(4):579-586.
4. Allison G.T., Marshall R.N., Singer K.P. EMG signal amplitude normalization technique in stretch-shortening cycle movements. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1993, 3(4):236-244.
5. Atkinson G., Nevill A.M. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 1998, 26(4):217-238.
6. Atkinson G., Reilly T. Circadian variation in sports performance. Sports Med 1996, 21(4):292-312.
7. Baker D. The use of submaximal repetitions to predict maximal squat and bench press strength in trained athletes. Aust Strength Cond Assoc Mag 1995, 3(4):17-19.
8. Ball N., Scurr J. An assessment of the reliability and standardisation of tests used to elicit reference muscular actions for electromyographical normalisation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010, 20(1):81-88.
9. Bland J.M., Altman D.G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986, 1(8476):307-310.
10. Bolgla L.A., Uhl T.L. Reliability of electromyographic normalization methods for evaluating the hip musculature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007, 17(1):102-111.
11. Brandon R., Howatson G., Hunter AM. Reliability of a combined biomechanical & surface electromyographical analysis system during dynamic barbell squat exercise. J Sports Sci 2011, 29(13):1389-1397.
12. Burden A. How should we normalize electromyograms obtained from healthy participants? What we have learned from over 25 years of research. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010, 20(6):1023-1035.
13. Burden A., Bartlett R. Normalization of EMG amplitude: an evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Med Eng Phys 1999, 21:247-257.
14. Burden A.M., Trew M., Baltzopoulos V. Normalisation of gait EMGs: a re-examination. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003, 13(6):519-532.
15. Campenella B., Mattacola C.G., Kimura I.F. Effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on concentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque of males and females. Isokinet Exerc Sci 2000, 8(1):1-6.
16. Caterisano A., Moss R.F., Pellinger T.K., Woodruff K., Lewis V.C., Booth W., et al. The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. J Strength Cond Res 2002, 16(3):428-432.
17. Channell B.T., Barfield J.P. Effect of Olympic and traditional resistance training on vertical jump improvement in high school boys. J Strength Cond Res 2008, 22(5):1522-1527.
18. Clarys J.P. Electromyography in sports and occupational settings: an update of its limits and possibilities. Ergonomics 2000, 43(10):1750-1762.
19. de Leva Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. J Biomech 1996, 29(9):1223-1230.
20. Dugan E.L., Doyle T.L., Humphries B., Hasson C.J., Newton R.U. Determining the optimal load for jump squats: a review of methods and calculations. J Strength Cond Res 2004, 18(3):668-674.
21. Enoka R.M. Eccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81(6):2339-2346.
22. Farina D., Cescon C., Merletti R. Influence of anatomical, physical, and detection system parameters on surface EMG. Biol Cybern 2002, 86(6):445-456.
23. Farina D., Macaluso A., Ferguson R.A., De V.G. Effect of power, pedal rate, and force on average muscle fiber conduction velocity during cycling. J Appl Physiol 2004, 97(6):2035-2041.
24. Gant N., Atkinson G., Williams C. The validity and reliability of intestinal temperature during intermittent running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006, 38(11):1926-1931.
25. Harman E. Principles of test selection and administration. Essentials of strength training and conditioning 2008, 237-248. Human Kinetics, Leeds. T. Baechle, R.W. Earle (Eds.).
26. Harman E., Garhammer J. Administration, scoring and interpretation of selected tests. Essentials of strength training and conditioning 2008, 249-292. Human Kinetics, Leeds. T. Baechle, R.W. Earle (Eds.).
27. Hermens H.J., Freriks B., sselhorst-Klug C., Rau G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2000, 10(5):361-374.
28. Hopkins W.G. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med 2000, 30(1):1-15.
29. Hopkins WG. A new view of statistics. Available from: ; 2010. http://www.sportsci.org/resource/stats.
30. Hug F., Bendahan D., Le F.Y., Cozzone P.J., Grelot L. Heterogeneity of muscle recruitment pattern during pedaling in professional road cyclists: a magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004, 92(3):334-342.
31. Hunter A.M., St Clair G.A., Lambert M., Noakes T.D. Electromyographic (EMG) normalization method for cycle fatigue protocols. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34(5):857-861.
32. Knapik J.J., Wright J.E., Mawdsley R.H., Braun J. Isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic torque variations in four muscle groups through a range of joint motion. Phys Ther 1983, 63(6):938-947.
33. Knutson L.M., Soderberg G.L., Ballantyne B.T., Clarke W.R. A study of various normalization procedures for within day electromyographic data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1994, 4(1):47-59.
34. Kollmitzer J., Ebenbichler G.R., Kopf A. Reliability of surface electromyographic measurements. Clin Neurophysiol 1999, 110(4):725-734.
35. Larsson B., Mansson B., Karlberg C., Syvertsson P., Elert J., Gerdle B. Reproducibility of surface EMG variables and peak torque during three sets of ten dynamiccontractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999, 9(5):351-357.
36. Lehman G.J., McGill S.M. The importance of normalization in the interpretation of surface electromyography: a proof of principle. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999, 22(7):444-446.
37. Marras W.S., Davis K.G. A non-MVC EMG normalization technique for the trunk musculature: part 1. Method development. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2001, 11(1):1-9.
38. Mathiassen S.E., Winkel J., Hagg G.M. Normalization of surface EMG amplitude from the upper trapezius muscle in ergonomic studies - a review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1995, 5(4):197-226.
39. Mathur S., Eng J.J., MacIntyre D.L. Reliability of surface EMG during sustained contractions of the quadriceps. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2005, 15(1):102-110.
40. McCaw S.T., Melrose D.R. Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31(3):428-436.
41. Merletti R. Standards for reporting EMG data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 1999, 9(1):III-IV.
42. Merletti R., Parker P.A. Electromyography: physiology, engineering, and noninvasive applications 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
43. Myer G.D., Ford K.R., Palumbo J.P., Hewett T.E. Neuromuscular training improves performance and lower-extremity biomechanics in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2005, 19(1):51-60.
44. Nishijima Y., Kato T., Yoshizawa M., Miyashita M., Iida H. Application of the segment weight dynamic movement method to the normalization of gait EMG amplitude. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010, 20(3):550-557.
45. Paoli A., Marcolin G., Petrone N. The effect of stance width on the electromyographical activity of eight superficial thigh muscles during back squat with different bar loads. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23(1):246-250.
46. Pereira G.R., Leporace G., Chagas D.V., Furtado L.F., Praxedes J., Batista L.A. Influence of hip external rotation on hip adductor and rectus femoris myoelectric activity during a dynamic parallel squat. J Strength Cond Res 2010, 24(10):2749-2754.
47. Ratamess N.A., Alvar B.A., Evetoch T.K., Housh T.J., Kibler W.B., Kraemer W.J., et al. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009, 41(3):687-708.
48. Rouffet D.M., Hautier C.A. EMG normalization to study muscle activation in cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008, 18(5):866-878.
49. Schwanbeck S., Chilibeck P.D., Binsted G. A comparison of free weight squat to smith machine squat using electromyography. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23(9):2588-2591.
50. Signorile J.F., Kwiatkowski K., Caruso J.F., Robertson B. Effect of foot position on the electromyographical activity of the superficial quadriceps muscles during the parallel squat and knee extension. J Strength Cond Res 1995, 9(3):182-187.
51. Sleivert G.G., Wenger H.A. Reliability of measuring isometric and isokinetic peak torque, rate of torque development, integrated electromyography, and tibial nerve conduction velocity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994, 75(12):1315-1321.
52. Winter D.A., Yack H.J. EMG profiles during normal human walking: stride-to-stride and inter-subject variability. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987, 67(5):402-411.
53. Wright G.A., Delong T.H., Gehlsen G. Electromyographic activity of the hamstrings during performance of the leg curl, stiff-leg deadlift, and back squat movements. J Strength Cond Res 1999, 13(2):168-174.
54. Yang J.F., Winter D.A. Electromyography reliability in maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983, 64(9):417-420.
55. Yang J.F., Winter D.A. Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984, 65(9):517-521.