Biodiversity and habitat mapping of Menorca Channel (western Mediterranean): Implications for conservation

Biodiversity and Conservation

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 701-728

  Barbera C ^a   Moranta, J ^a   Ordines, F ^a   Ramon M ^a,b   de Mesa, A ^a   Diaz Valdes M ^a   Grau, A M ^c   Massuti E ^a  

^a Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears ^*  (Spain)

^b INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^c Govern de les Illes Balears ^*  (Spain)

Author keywords

Benthos; Biodiversity; Conservation; EUNIS; Functional diversity; Habitats; Ma rl; Management; Mediterranean; Seabed

Indexed keywords

BENTHOS; BIODIVERSITY; CONTINENTAL SHELF; FUNCTIONAL CHANGE; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HETEROGENEITY; MEADOW; RED ALGA; REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE; SAMPLING; SEAFLOOR; SIDESCAN SONAR; UNDERWATER CAMERA;

BALEARIC ISLANDS; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; MINORCA; SPAIN;

ALGAE; OSMUNDARIA; PEYSSONNELIA; POSIDONIA OCEANICA; RHODOPHYTA;

EID: 84856958766     PISSN: 09603115     EISSN: 15729710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-011-0210-1     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Abdulla A, Gomei M, Hyrenbach D, Notarbartolo-di-Sciara G, Agardy T (2009) Challenges network of representative marine protected areas in the Mediterranean: prioritizing the protection of underrepresented habitats. ICES J Mar Sci 66: 22-28.
2. Acosta A, Canals M, López-Martínez J, Muñoz A, Herranz P, Urgeles R, Palomo C, Casamor JL (2002) The Balearic Promontory geomorphology (western Mediterranean): morphostructure and active processes. Geomorph 49: 177-204.
3. Agardy T (2000) Information needs for marine protected areas: scientific and societal. Bull Mar Sci 66: 875-888.
4. Airamè S, Dugan JE, Lafferty KD, Leslie HM, McArdle DA, Warner RR (2003) Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: a case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecol Appl 13: S170-S184.
5. Airoldi L, Beck M (2007) Loss, Status and Trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 45: 345-405.
6. Alonso B, Guillen J, Canals M, Serra J, Acosta JO, Herranz P, Sanz JL, Calafat A, Catafau E (1988) Los Sedimentos De La Plataforma Continental Balear. Acta Geol Hisp 23: 185-196.
7. ANZECC Task Force on Marine Protected Areas (1998) Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas. Strategic plan of action for the national representative system of marine protected areas. A guide for action by Australian Governments. Environment Australia, Canberra, July 1999.
8. Ardizzone GD (2006) An introduction to sensitive and essential fish habitats identification and protection in the Mediterranean Sea. Working Document to the STECF/SGMED-06-01 sub-group meeting on sensitive and essential fish habitats in the Mediterranean, Rome, March 2006.
9. Auster PJ, Langton RW (1999) The effects of fishing on fish habitat. Am Fish Soc Symp 22: 1-38.
10. Auster PJ, Malatesta RJ, Langton RW, Watting L, Valentine PC, Donaldson CLS, Langton EW, Shepard AN, Babb WG (1996) The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): Implications for conservation of fish populations. Rev Fish Sci 4(2): 185-202.
11. Badalamenti F, Ramos-Esplá A, Voultsiadou E, Sanchez-Lisazo JL, D'Anna G, Pipitone C, Mas J, Ruiz Fernandez JA, Whitmarsh D, Riggio S (2000) Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas. Env Conserv 27(2): 1-16.
12. Ballesteros E (1988) Composición y estructura de los fondos de maërl de Tossa de Mar (Girona, España). Collect Bot 17: 161-182.
13. Ballesteros E (1992) Els fons rocosos profunds amb Osmundaria volubilis (Linné) RE Norris a les Balears. Boll Soc Hist Nat de les Balears 35: 33-50.
14. Ballesteros Z (1993) El bentos: el marc físic. In: Alcover JA, Ballesteros E, Fornós JJ (eds) Història Natural de l'arxipèlag de Cabrera. CSIC-Moll, Palma de Mallorca, pp 663-685.
15. Ballesteros E (1994) The deep-water Peyssonnelia beds from the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Mar Ecol-Pubbl Staz Zool di Napoli I 15: 233-253.
16. Ballesteros E (2006) Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of the present knowledge. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 4: 123-195.
17. Ballesteros E, Romero J (1982) Catálogo de las algas bentónicas (con exclusión de las diatomeas) de las costa catalana. Collect Bot 13(2): 723-765.
18. Barberá C, Bordehore C, Borg JA, Glemarec M, Grall J, Hall-Spencer J, De La Huz C, Lanfranco E, Lastra M, Moore PG, Mora J, Pita ME, Ramos-Espla AA, Rizzo M, Sanchez-Mata A, Seva A, Schembri PJ, Valle C (2003) Conservation and management of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13(S1): S65-S76.
19. Barberá C, Fernández-Jover D, López Jiménez JA, González Silvera D, Hinz H, Moranta J (2011) Trophic ecology of the sea urchin Spatangus purpureus elucidated from gonad fatty acids composition analysis. Mar Env Res 71: 235-246.
20. Barmes PW, Thomas JP(eds) (2005) Benthic habitats and the effects of fishing. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
21. Batala D, Piazzi L, Cecchi E, Cinelli F (2005) Variability of Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages subject to local variation in sediment deposition. Mar Env Res 60: 403-421.
22. Bauchot ML, Saldanha L (1986) Fishes of the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris.
23. Bell JJ (2007) Costranting patterns of species and functional composition of coral reefs sponge assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 339: 73-81.
24. Bell SB, McCoy ED, Mushinsky HR (2001) Habitat structure, the physical arrangement of objects in space. Chapman & Hall, London.
25. Bengtsson J (1998) Which species? What kind of diversity? Which ecosystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Appl Soil Ecol 10: 191-199.
26. Berrill NJ (1950) The tunicata. With an account of British species. Ray Society, London.
27. BIOMAËRL Team (1999) Final report (in 2 vols). BIOMAËRL project: Maërl biodiversity; functional structure and anthropogenic impacts. University Marine Biological Station Millport, Scotland.
28. Birkett DA, Maggs CA, Dring MJ (1998) Maerl, vol V. An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs. UK Marine SACs Project. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban.
29. Boero F (2001) Light after dark: the partnership for enhancing expertise in taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 16: 266.
30. Boero F, Bonsdorff E (2007) A conceptual framework for marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Mar Ecol 28: 134-145.
31. Bolam SG, Fernandes TF (2002) Dense aggregations of tube building polychaetes: response to small-scale disturbances. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 269: 197-222.
32. Bonsdorff E, Pearson TH (1999) Variation in the sublittoral macrozoobenthos of the Baltic Sea along environmental gradients: a functional-group approach. Aust J Ecol 24: 312-326.
33. Bordehore C, Ramos-Espla AA, Riosmena-Rodriduez R (2003) Comparative study of two maerl beds with different otter trawling history, southeast Iberian Peninsula. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13: S43-S54.
34. Bosence DWJ (1976) Ecological studies on two unattached coralline algae from western Ireland. Palaeontology 19: 365-395.
35. Botsford LW, Brumbaugh DR, Grimes C, Kellner JB, Largier J, O'Farrell MR, Ralston S, Soulanille E, Wespestad V (2009) Connectivity, sustainability, and yield: bridging the gap between conventional fisheries management and marine protected areas. Rev Fish Biol Fish 19(1): 69-95.
36. Boyd SE, Coggan RA, Birchenough SNR, Limpenny DS, Eastwood PE, Foster-Smith RL, Philpott S, Meadows WJ, James JWC, Vanstaen K, Soussi S, Rogers S (2006) The role of seabed mapping techniques in environmental monitoring and management. Science series technical report no. 127. CEFAS, Lowestoft.
37. Bremner J (2008) Species' traits and ecological functioning in marine conservation and management. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 366: 37-47.
38. Bremner J, Frid CLJ, Rogers SI (2003a) Assessing marine ecosystem health: the long term effects of fishing on functional biodiversity in North Sea benthos. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag 6(2): 131-137.
39. Bremner J, Rogers SI, Frid CLJ (2003b) Assesing functional diversity in marine benthic ecosystems: a comparison of approaches. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 254: 11-25.
40. Buchanan JB (1984) Sediment analysis. In: Holme NA, McIntyre AD (eds) Methods for the study of marine benthos. Blacwell Scientific Publicacions, Boston, MA.
41. Campbell ML, Hewitt CL (2006) A hierarchical framework to aid biodiversity assessment for coastal zone management and marine protected area selection. Ocean Coast Manag 49: 133-146.
42. Canals M, Ballesteros E (1997) Production of carbonate particles by phytobenthic communities on the Mallorca-Menorca shelf, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res II 44(3): 611-629.
43. Cardona L, López D, Sales M, De Caralt S, Díez I (2007) Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean). Sci Mar 71(4): 811-820.
44. Clarke KR, Ainsworth M (1993) A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 92: 205-219.
45. Clarke KR, Gorley RN (2006) PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plymouth.
46. Clarke KR, Warwick RM (2001) Changes in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Natural Environment Research Council, PRIMER-E, Plymouth.
47. Clarke KR, Somerfield PJ, Gorley RN (2008) Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota-environment linkage. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 366(1-2): 56-69.
48. Cochrane GR (2008) Video-supervised classification of sonar data for mapping seafloor habitat. In: Reynolds JR, Greene HG (eds) Marine habitat mapping technology for Alaska. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Fairbanks.
49. Coma R, Linares C, Ribes M, Diaz D, Garrabou J, Ballesteros E (2006) Consequences of a mass mortality in populations of Eunicella singularis (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) in Menorca (NW Mediterranean). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 327: 51-60.
50. Connor D (2005) EUNIS marine habitat classification: application, testing and improvement. Report of Mapping European Seabed Habitats (MESH) Project. www.searchmesh.net.
51. Cosentino A, Giacobbe S (2006) A case study of mollusc and polychaete soft-bottom assemblages submitted to sedimentary instability in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Ecol 27: 170-183.
52. Costello MJ, Bouchet P, Emblow CS, Legakis A (2006) European marine biodiversity inventory and taxonomic resources: state of the art and gaps in knowledge. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 316: 257-268.
53. D'Angelo G, Gargiullo S (1978) Guida alle Conchiglie Mediterranee. Milano, Fabbri Editori.
54. Dalleau M, Andréfouät S, Wabnitz CCC, Payri C, Wantiez L, Pichon M, Friedman K, Vigliola L, Benzoni F (2010) Use of habitats as surrogates of biodiversity for efficient coral reef conservation planning in Pacific Ocean Islands. Conserv Biol 24(2): 541-552.
55. Davies CE, Moss D, Hill MO (2004) EUNIS Habitat Classification revised. Report to European Environment Agency. European Topic Centre on Nature Protection and Biodiversity, Paris. http://eunis.eea.eu.int/index.jsp.
56. Day J, Fernandes L, Lewis A, De'ath G, Slegers S, Barnett B, Kerrigan B, Breen D, Innes J, Oliver J, Ward T, Lowe D (2000). The representative areas program for protecting biodiversity in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. In: Proceedings 9th international coral reef symposium, Bali, Indonesia, 23-27 October 2000.
57. Dayton PK, Thrush SF, Agardy TM, Hof-man RJ (1995) Environmental effects of fishing. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 5: 205-232.
58. De Grave S (1999) The influence of sedimentary heterogeneity on within maërl bed differences in infaunal crustacean community. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 49: 153-163.
59. De Grave S, Whitaker A (1999) A census of maërl beds in Irish waters. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9: 303-311.
60. De Juan S, Thrush SF, Demestre M (2007) Functional changes as indicators of trawling disturbance on a benthic community located in a fishing ground (NW Mediterranean Sea). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 334: 117-129.
61. De O Figueiredo MA, de Santos Menezes K, Costa-Paiva EM et al (2007) Experimental evaluation of rhodoliths as living substrata for infauna at the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Ciencias Marinas 33: 427-440.
62. Deudero S, Morey G, Frau A, Moranta J, Moreno I (2008) Temporal trends of littoral fishes at deep Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in a temperate coastal zone. J Mar Syst 70: 182-195.
63. Díaz-Valdés M (2009) Evaluación del impacto de la pesca de arrastre sobre las comunidades de fondos blandos en la provincia de Alicante mediante bioindicadores (Ascidiofauna). Instituto Alicantino de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert; Diputación de Alicante.
64. Donnan DW y Moore PG (2003b) Special issue: International Workshop on the conservation and management of maërl, 23-27 February 2001, University Marine Biological Station, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland. Conclusions. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13: S77-S78.
65. Donnan DW, Moore PG (2003a) Special issue: international workshop on the conservation and management of maërl, 23-27 February 2001. University Marine Biological Station, Millport, Isle of Cumbrae. Introduction. Aquatic Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13: S1-S3.
66. Ellingsen KE, Hewitt JE, Thrush SF (2007) Rare species, habitat diversity and functional redundancy in marine benthos. J Sea Res 58: 291-301.
67. Estrada M (1996) Primary production in the northwestern Mediterranean. Sci Mar 60(Suppl 2): 55-64.
68. Everett RA (1994) Macroalgae in marine soft-sediment communities: effects on benthic faunal assemblages. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 175: 253-274.
69. Fischer W, Schneider M, Bauchot ML (1987) Guide FAO d'Identification des Espéces pour les Besoins de la Peche Méditerranée et Mer Noire - Zone de Peche 37. Volume I. Vegetaux et Invertebres. Volume2. Vertebrates. Organisation des Nations Unies pour L'Alimentation et L'Agriculture, Rome.
70. Fontaine AR (1965) The feeding mechanisms of the ophiuroid Ophiocomina nigra. J Mar Biol Ass UK 45: 373-385.
71. Foster MS (2001) Rhodoliths: between rocks and soft places. J Phycol 37: 659-667.
72. Freire J (1996) Feeding ecology of Liocarcinus depurator (Decapoda: Portunidae) in the Ria de Arousa (Galicia, north-west Spain): effects of habitat, season and life history. Mar Biol 126: 297-311.
73. Georgiadis M, Papatheodorou G, Tzanatos E, Geraga M, Ramfos A, Koutsikopoulos C, Ferentinos G (2009) Coralligène formations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Morphology, distribution, mapping and relation to fisheries in the southern Aegean Sea (Greece) based on high-resolution acoustics. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 368: 44-58.
74. Giangrande A (2003) Biodiversity, conservation and the 'taxonomic impediment'. Aquat Conserv 13: 451-459.
75. Gili JM (1986) Estudio sistemático y faunístico de los Cnidarios del litoral Catalán. Cnidarios (Hidrozoos y Anthozoa). Tesis doctoral inédita, Universidad de Barcelona.
76. Grall J, Hall-Spencer JM (2003) Problems facing maerl conservation in Brittany. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshwat Ecosyst 13: 55-64.
77. Grall J, Le Loćh F, Guyonnet B, Riera R (2006) Community structure and food web based on stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) analysis of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 338: 1-15.
78. Gray JS (1997) Marine biodiversity: patterns, threats and conservation needs. Biodivers Conserv 6: 153-175.
79. Gray JS (2000) The measurement of marine species diversity, with an application to the benthic fauna of the Norwegian continental shelf. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250: 23-50.
80. Gray JS (2002) Species richness of marine soft sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 244: 287-297.
81. Groom MJ, MeVe GK, Carroll R (2006) Principles of conservation biology, 3rd edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
82. Guizien K, Charles F, Hurther D, Michallet H (2010) Spatial redistribution of Ditrupa arietina (soft bottom Mediterranean spifauna) during a moderate swell event. Cont Shelf Res 30: 239-251.
83. Hall SJ (1994) Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: life in unconsolidated sediments. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 32: 179-239.
84. Hall-Spencer JM, Grall J, Moore PG, Atkinson RJA (2003) Bivalve fishing and maërl-bed conservation in France and the UK: Retrospect and prospect. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13: 33-41.
85. Hewitt JE, Thrusha SF, Dayton PD (2008) Habitat variation, species diversity and ecological functioning in a marine system. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 366(1-2): 116-122.
86. Hiscock K, Kimmance S (2003) Review of current and historical time-series seabed biological studies in the UK and near Europe. Report from the Marine Biological Association to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC Contract: F90-01-563).
87. Holmes KW, van Niel KP, Radford B, Kendrick GA, Grove SL (2008) Modelling the distribution of marine benthos from hydroacoustics and underwater video. Cont Shelf Res 28: 1800-1810.
88. Hooper DU, Solan M, Symstad A, DõÂaz SM, Gessner O, Buchmann N, Degrange V, Grime P, Hulot F, Mermillod-Blondin F, Roy J, Spehn E, van Peer L (2002) Species diversity, functional diversity and ecosystem functioning. In: Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 195-208.
89. Huston MA (1997) Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110: 449-460.
90. Ierodiaconou D, Monk J, Rattray A, Laurenson L, Versace VL (2009) Comparison of automated classification techniques for predicting benthic biological communities using hydroacoustics and ideo observations. Cont Shelf Res 31(2): S28-S38.
91. Ingle R (1993) Hermit crabs of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. An illustrated key. Natural History Museum Publications. Guide 4. Chapman & Hall Identification, London.
92. Jennings S, Kaiser MJ (1998) The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv Mar Biol 34: 203-314.
93. Jennings S, Lancaster J, Woolmer A, Cotter J (1999) Distribution, diversity and abundance of epibenthic fauna in the North Sea. J Mar Biol Assoc 79: 385-399.
94. Jones LA, Hiscock K, Connor DW (2000) Marine habitat reviews. A summary of ecological requirements and sensitivity characteristics for the conservation and management of marine SACs. UK Marine SACs Project report. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
95. Kamenos NA, Moore PG, Hall-Spencer JM (2004) Nursery-area function of maerl grounds for juvenile queen scallops Aequipecten opercularis and other invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274: 183-189.
96. Kelleher G, Kenchington R (1992) Guidelines for establishing marine protected areas: A marine conservation and development report. World Conservation Union (IUCN), Gland.
97. Kelleher G, Bleakley C, Wells S (1995) A global representative system of marine protected areas. vol 1. Antarctic, Arctic, Mediterranean, Northwest Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic and Baltic. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, The World Bank, IUCN, Washington, DC, 219 pp.
98. Lathrop RG, Cole M, Senyk N, Butman B (2006) Seafloor habitat mapping of the New York Bight incorporating sidescan sonar data. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 68: 221-230.
99. Lawton JH, Brown VK (1993) Redundancy in ecosystems. In: Schulze E-D, Mooney H (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer, Berlin, pp 255-270.
100. Lengyel S, Déri E, Varga Z, Horváth R, Tóthmérész B, Henry P, Kobler A, Kutnar L, Babij V, Selinkar A, Christia C, Papastergiadou E, Gruber B, Henle K (2008) Habitat monitoring in Europe: a description of current practices. Biodivers Conserv 17(14): 3327-3339.
101. Lewandowski AS, Noss RF, Parsons DR (2010) The effectiveness of surrogate taxa for the representation of biodiversity. Conserv Biol 24(5): 1367-1377.
102. Margalef R (1968) Perspectives in ecological theory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
103. Massutí E, Reñones O (2005) Demersal resource assemblages in the trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Sci Mar 69: 167-181.
104. Medernach L, Jordana E, Grémare A, Nozais C, Charles F, Amouroux JM (2000) Population dynamics, secondary production and calcification in a Mediterranean population of Ditrupa arietina (Annelida: Polychaeta). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 199: 171-184.
105. Naranjo SA, Carballo JL, Garcia-Gomez JC (1996) Effects of environmental stress on ascidian populations in Algeciras Bay (southern Spain). Possible marine bioindicators? Mar Ecol Prog Ser 144: 119-131.
106. Norling K, Rosenberg R, Hulth S, Grémare A, Bonsdorff E (2007) Importance of functional biodiversity and species-specific traits of benthic fauna for ecosystem functions in marine sediments. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 332: 11-23.
107. Ordines F, Massutí E (2009) Relationships between macro-epibenthic communities and fish on the shelf grounds of the western Mediterranean. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19: 370-383.
108. Ordines F, Jorda G (2011), Connections between hydrodynamics, benthic landscape, and associated fauna in the Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean. Cont Shelf Res 31: 1835-1844.
109. Paine R (2002) Trophic control of production in a rocky intertidal community. Science 296: 736-739.
110. Patterson KR (1984) Distribution patterns of some epifauna in the Irish Sea and their ecological interactions. Mar Biol 83: 103-108.
111. Pearson TH (2001) Functional group ecology in soft-sediment marine benthos: the role of bioturbation. Oceanogr Mar Biol 39: 233-267.
112. Pinot JM, Tintoré J, Gomis D (1995) Multivariate analysis of the surface circulation in the Balearic Sea. Prog Oceanogr 36: 343-376.
113. Pinot JM, López-Jurado JL, Riera M (2002) The CANALES experiment (1996-1998). Interannual, seasonal, and mesoscale variability of the circulation in the Balearic Channels. Prog Oceanogr 55: 335-370.
114. Ramos AA (1991) Ascidias litorales del Mediterráneo ibérico, Faunística, ecología y biogeografía. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante.
115. Ray GC (1999) Coastal-marine protected areas: agonies of choice. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 9(6): 607-614.
116. Roberts CM, Andelman S, Branch G, Bustamante RH, Castilla JC, Dugan J, Halpern BS, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, Lubchenco J, McArdle D, Possingham HP, Ruckelshaus M, Warner RR (2003) Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves. Ecol Appl 13(1): S199-S214.
117. Sciberras M, Rizzo M, Mifsud JR, Camilleri K, Borg JA, Lanfranco E, Schembri PJ (2009) Habitat structure and biological characteristics of a maerl bed off the northeastern coast of the Maltese Islands (central Mediterranean). Mar Biodiv 39: 251-264.
118. Shepard FP (1954) Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratios. J Sed Petrol 24: 151-158.
119. Steller DL, Riosmena Rodríguez R, Foster MS, Roberts CA (2003) Rhodolith bed diversity in the Gulf of California: the importance of rhodolith structure and consequences of disturbance. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13: S5-S20.
120. Stevens T (2002) Rigor and representativeness in marine protected area design. Coast Manage 30: 237-248.
121. Stevens T, Connolly RM (2004) Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates for marine habitat mapping at scales relevant to management. Biol Conserv 119: 351-362.
122. Tebble N (1966) Briish bivalve seashells. A handbook for identification. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.
123. Thrush SF, Dayton PK (2002) Disturbance to marine benthic habitats by trawling and dredging: implications for marine biodiversity. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 33: 449-473.
124. Thrush SF, Hewitt JE, Cummings VJ, Dayton PK, Cryer M et al (1998) Disturbance of the marine benthic habitat by commercial fishing: impacts at the scale of the fishery. Ecol Appl 8: 866-879.
125. Thrush SF, Hewitt JE, Funnell GA, Cummings VJ, Ellis J et al (2001) Fishing disturbance and marine biodiversity: the role of habitat structure in simple soft-sediment systems. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 221: 255-264.
126. Thrush SF, Lundquist C, Hewitt JE (2005) Spatial and temporal scales of disturbance to the seafloor: a generalized framework for active habitat management. In: Barnes PT, JP (ed) Benthic habitats and the effects of fishing. American Fisheries Society Symposium 41, pp 639-649.
127. Tilman D (2001) Functional diversity. In: Levin SA (ed) Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 109-120.
128. Tilman D, Knops J, Wedin D, Reich P, Ritchie M, Siemann E (1997) The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science 277: 1300-1302.
129. Tortonese E (1965) Echinodermata. In: Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologiae Unione Zoologica Italiana (ed) Fauna d'Italia, vol VI. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna.
130. Warwick RM, Davies JR (1977) The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate. Estuar Coast Mar Sci 5: 267-288.
131. Wassenberg TJ, Dews G, Cook SD (2002) The impact of fish trawls on megabenthos (sponges) on the north-west shelf of Australia. Fish Res 58: 141-151.
132. Wendt PH, van Dolah RF, O'Rourke CB (1985) A comparative study of the invertebrate macrofauna associated with seven sponge and coral species collected from the South Atlantic Bight. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc 101: 187-203.
133. Wescott G (2006) The long and winding road: the development of a comprehensive, adequate and representative system of highly protected marine protected areas in Victoria, Australia. Ocean Coast Manage 49: 905-922.
134. Widdicombe S, Austen MC, Kendall MA, Olsgard F, Schaanning MT, Dashfield SL, Needham HR (2004) Importance of bioturbators for biodiversity maintenance: indirect effects of fishing disturbance. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 275: 1-10.
135. Wulff JL (2006) Ecological interactions of marine sponges. Can J Zool 84: 146-166.
136. Zariquiey R (1968) Crustaceos Decápodos Ibéricos. Investigación Pesquera 32: 1-510.
137. Zavala M (1983) Estudi sistemátic i faunístic dels briozous (Ectoprocta) dels paisos catalans. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona.