A latent variable approach to executive control in healthy ageing

Brain and Cognition

Volumn 78, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 284-299

  Adrover Roig, Daniel ^a,b   Sesé, Albert ^a   Barceló, Francisco ^a   Palmer, Alfonso ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT DE LES ILLES BALEARS   (Spain)

^b CENTRE DE RECHERCHE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dedifferentiation; Speed; Structural equation modeling; Verbal fluency

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NORMAL HUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 84856783753     PISSN: 02782626     EISSN: 10902147     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.005     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adrover-Roig D., Barceló F. Individual differences in ageing and cognitive control modulate the neural indexes of context updating and maintenance during task switching. Cortex 2010, 46:436-450.
2. Antsey K., Hofer S., Luszcz M. Cross-sectional and longitudinal patterns of dedifferentiation in late-life cognitive and sensory function: The effects of age, ability, attrition, and occasion of measurement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132:470-487.
3. Baddeley A., Della Sala S. Working memory and executive control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 1996, 351:1397-1403.
4. Baddeley A., Della Sala S., Papagno C., Spinnler H. Dual-task performance in dysexecutive and nondysexecutive patients with a frontal lesion. Neuropsychology 1997, 11:187-194.
5. Baena E., Allen P., Kautb K.P., Hal R.J. On age differences in prefrontal function: The importance of emotional/cognitive integration. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:319-333.
6. Ball K., Edwards J.D., Ross L.A. The impact of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday functions. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2007, 62:19-31.
7. Barceló F. The Madrid card sorting test (MCST): A task switching paradigm to study executive attention with event-related potentials. Brain Research: Brain Research Protocols 2003, 11:27-37.
8. Barceló F., Escera C., Corral M.J., Perianez J.A. Task switching and novelty processing activate a common neural network for cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2006, 18:1734-1748.
9. Barceló F., Knight R.T. An information-theoretical approach to contextual processing in the human brain: Evidence from prefrontal lesions. Cerebral Cortex 2007, 17(Suppl 1):51-60.
10. Barceló F., Perianez J.A., Nyhus E. An information theoretical approach to task switching: Evidence from cognitive brain potentials in humans. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2008, 1:1-13.
11. Benton A.L., Hamsher K. Multilingual aphasia examination 1976, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
12. Bollen K.A. Structural equations with latent variables 1989, Wiley, New York.
13. Braver T.S., Barch D.M. A theory of cognitive control, ageing cognition, and neuromodulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002, 26:809-817.
14. Braver T.S., Barch D.M., Keys B.A., Carter C.S., Cohen J.D., Kaye J.A., et al. Context processing in older adults: Evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy ageing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:746-763.
15. Braver T.S., West R. Working memory, executive control, and ageing. The handbook of ageing and cognition 2008, 311-372. Psychology Press, New York. F.I.M. Craik, T.A. Salthouse (Eds.).
16. Buckner R.L. Memory and executive function in ageing and AD: Multiple factors that cause decline and reserve factors that compensate. Neuron 2004, 44:195-208.
17. Burgess P.W., Shallice T. The Hayling and Brixton tests 1997, Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St. Edmunds, UK.
18. Cepeda N.J., Kramer, Gonzalez de Sather J.C. Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance. Developmental Psychology 2001, 37:715-730.
19. Cohen J.D., Botvinick M., Carter C.S. Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: Who's in control?. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3:421-423.
20. Collette F., Van der Linden M. Brain imageing of the central executive component of working memory. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2002, 26:105-125.
21. Davidson P.S., Glisky Neuropsychological correlates of recollection and familiarity in normal ageing. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 2002, 2:174-186.
22. De Frias C.M., Dixon R.A., Strauss E. Structure of four executive functioning tests in healthy older adults. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:206-214.
23. De Frias C.M., Dixon R.A., Strauss E. Characterizing executive functioning in older special populations: From cognitively elite to cognitively impaired. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:778-791.
24. De Jong R. Adult age differences in goal activation and goal maintenance. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2001, 13:71-89.
25. Dennis N.A., Cabeza R. Neuroimageing of healthy cognitive ageing. Handbook of ageing and cognition 2008, 1-54. Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J. 3rd ed. F.I.M. Craik, T.A. Salthouse (Eds.).
26. Duncan J. Attention, intelligence, and the frontal lobes. The cognitive neurosciences 1995, 721-733. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. M. Gazzaniga (Ed.).
27. Elfgren C.I., Risberg J. Lateralized frontal blood flow increases during fluency tasks: Influence of cognitive strategy. Neuropsychologia 1998, 36:505-512.
28. Engle R.W., Kane M.J. Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. The psychology of learning and motivation 2004, 145-199. Academic Press, New York. B. Ross (Ed.).
29. Engle R.W., Kane M.J., Tuholski S.W. Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control 1999, 102-134. Cambridge University Press, New York. A. Miyake, P. Shah (Eds.).
30. Fisk J.E., Sharp C.A. Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 2004, 26:874-890.
31. Fisk J.E., Warr P. Age and working memory: The role of perceptual speed, the central executive, and the phonological loop. Psychology and Ageing 1996, 11:316-323.
32. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. " Mini-mental state" : A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975, 12:189-198.
33. Friedman N.P., Miyake A. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2004, 133:101-135.
34. Fristoe N.M., Salthouse T.A., Woodard J.L. Examination of age-related deficits on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychology 1997, 11:428-436.
35. Ghisletta P., Lindenberger U. Age-based structural dynamics between perceptual speed and knowledge in the Berlin Ageing Study: Direct evidence for ability dedifferentiation in old age. Psychology and Ageing 2003, 18:696-713.
36. Greenwood P.M. The frontal ageing hypothesis evaluated. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2000, 6:705-726.
37. Hasher L., Stoltzfus E.R., Zacks R.T., Rypma B. Age and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1991, 17:163-169.
38. Hasher L., Zacks R.T., Rahhal T.A. Timing, instructions, and inhibitory control: Some missing factors in the age and memory debate. Gerontology 1999, 45:355-357.
39. Heaton R.K., Chelune G.J., Talley J.L., Kay G., Curtiss G. Wisconsin card sorting test manual: Revised and expanded 1993, Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.
40. Hedden T., Yoon C. Individual differences in executive processing predict susceptibility to interference in verbal working memory. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:511-528.
41. Houx P.J., Jolles J., Vreeling F.W. Stroop interference: Ageing effects assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Test. Experimental Ageing Research 1993, 19:209-224.
42. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55.
43. Hughes C.P., Berg L., Danzinger W.L. A new scale for the stageing of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982, 140:566-572.
44. Huizinga M., Dolan C.V., van der Molen M.W. Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44(11):2017-2036.
45. Hull R., Martin R.C., Beier M.E., Lane D. Executive function in older adults: A structural equation modeling approach. Neuropsychology 2008, 22:508-522.
46. Jensen A.R., Rohwer W.D. The Stroop color-word test: A review. Acta Psychologica (Amsterdam) 1966, 25:36-93.
47. Jöreskog K.G., Sörbom D. LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer Software] 2006, Scientific Software International, Inc, Lincolnwood, IL.
48. Kane M.J., Engle R.W. Working memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2000, 26:333-358.
49. Kane M.J., Engle R.W. Working memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132:47-70.
50. Kaplan E., Goodglass H., Weintraub S. The Boston Naming test 2001, Lippincot Williams and Wilkins. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, Philadelphia. 2nd ed.
51. Knight R.T. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1984, 59:9-20.
52. Koechlin E., Summerfield C. An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007, 11:229-235.
53. Kramer A.F., Humphrey D.G., Larish J.F., Logan G.D., Strayer D.L. Ageing and inhibition: Beyond a unitary view of inhibitory processing in attention. Psychology and Ageing 1994, 9:491-512.
54. Kray J., Li K.Z., Lindenberger U. Age-related changes in task-switching components: The role of task uncertainty. Brain and Cognition 2002, 49:363-381.
55. Kray J., Lindenberger U. Adult age differences in task-switching. Psychology and Ageing 2000, 15:126-147.
56. Lehto J.H., Juujaervi P., Kooistra L., Pulkkinen L. Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2003, 21:59-80.
57. Long D.L., Prat C.S. Working memory and Stroop interference. An individual differences investigation. Memory and Cognition 2002, 3:294-301.
58. Lustig C., May C.P., Hasher L. Working memory span and the role of proactive interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2001, 130:199-207.
59. Mayr U. Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Ageing 2001, 16:96-109.
60. Meiran N. Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1996, 22:1423-1442.
61. Meiran N., Gotler A., Perlman A. Old age is associated with a pattern of relatively intact and relatively impaired task-set switching abilities. Journal of Gerontology: Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2001, 56:88-102.
62. Mittenberg W., Seidenberg M., O'Leary D.S., DiGiulio D.V. Changes in cerebral functioning associated with normal ageing. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1989, 11:918-932.
63. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J., Witzki A.H., Howerter A., Wager T.D. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex " Frontal Lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 2000, 41:49-100.
64. Moscovitch M., Winocur G. Frontal lobes, memory, and ageing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1995, 15:769119-769150.
65. Nigg J.T. On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:220-246.
66. Nyberg L., Maitland S.B., Rönnlund M., Bäckman L., Dixon R.A., Wahlin A., et al. Selective adult age differences in an age-invariant multifactor model of declarative memory. Psychology and Ageing 2003, 18:149-160.
67. Parkin A.J., Jara R.I. Deterioration of frontal lobe function in normal ageing: Influences of fluid intelligence versus perceptual speed. Neurospsychology 1999, 13:539-545.
68. Reitan R.M. Trail making test: Manual for administration and scoring 1954, Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory, Tucson, AZ.
69. Rende B., Ramsberger G., Miyake A. Commonalities and differences in the working memory components underlying letter and category fluency tasks: A dual-task investigation. Neuropsychology 2002, 16:309-321.
70. Reuter-Lorenz P.A., Cappell K. Neurocognitive ageing and the compensation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences 2008, 17:177-182.
71. Rey A. L'examen clinique en psychologie 1954, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris.
72. Robbins T.W., Owen J.T., Sahakian B., McInnes L., Rabbitt P. Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (CANTAB): A factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers. Dementia 1994, 5:266-281.
73. Rogers R.D., Monsell S. Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1995, 124:207-231.
74. Rosen V.M., Engle R.W. The role of working memory capacity in retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1997, 126:211-227.
75. Ruff R.M., Light R.H., Parker S.B., Levin H.S. The psychological construct of word fluency. Brain and Language 1997, 57:394-405.
76. Salthouse T.A. The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review 1996, 103:403-428.
77. Salthouse T. Structural models of the relations between age and measures of cognitive function. Intelligence 2001, 29:93-115.
78. Salthouse T.A. Relations between cognitive abilities and measures of executive functioning. Neuropsychology 2005, 19:532-545.
79. Salthouse T.A., Atkinson T.M., Berish D.E. Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2003, 132:566-594.
80. Salthouse T.A., Babcock R.L., Shaw R.J. Effects of adult age on structural and operational capacities in working memory. Psychology and Ageing 1991, 6:118-127.
81. Salthouse T.A., Fristoe N., McGuthry K.E., Hambrick D.Z. Relation of task switching to speed, age, and fluid intelligence. Psychology and Ageing 1998, 13:445-461.
82. Scarmeas N., Levy G., Tang M.X., Manly J., Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 2001, 57:2236-2242.
83. Shilling V.M., Chetwynd A., Rabbitt P.M. Individual inconsistency across measures of inhibition: An investigation of the construct validity of inhibition in older adults. Neuropsychologia 2002, 40:605-619.
84. Smith G.E., Housen P., Yaffe K., Ruff R., Kennison R.F., Mahncke H.W., et al. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: Results from the improvement in memory with plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training (IMPACT) study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009, 57:594-603.
85. Spreen O., Strauss E. A compendium of neuropsychological tests 1998, Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd ed.
86. Cognitive reserve 2006, Psychology Press, New York. Y. Stern (Ed.).
87. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47:2015-2028.
88. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P., Hamer L., Palumbo C., Dempster R., Binns M., et al. The effects of focal anterior and posterior brain lesions on verbal fluency. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1998, 4:265-278.
89. Valenzuela M.J., Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine 2005, 35:1-14.
90. Van der Sluis S., De Jong P.F., Van der Leij A. Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2004, 87:239-266.
91. Vaughan L., Giovanello K. Executive Function in Daily Life: Age-related influences of executive processes on Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. Psychology and Ageing 2010, 25:343-355.
92. Verhaeghen P., Salthouse T.A. Meta-analyses of age-cognition relations in adulthood: Estimates of linear and nonlinear age effects and structural models. Psychological Bulletin 1997, 122:231-249.
93. Wang L., Kakigi R., Hoshiyama M. Neural activities during Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-MEG observation. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 2001, 12:19-31.
94. Weschsler, D. WAIS-III (1999). Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para adultos-III. Manual técnico. Madrid: TEA Ediciones.
95. West R. An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive ageing. Psychological Bulletin 1996, 120:272-292.
96. West R., Moore K. Adjustments of cognitive control in younger and older adults. Cortex 2005, 41:570-581.
97. West R., Schwarb H. The influence of ageing and frontal function on the neural correlates of regulative and evaluative aspects of cognitive control. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:468-481.
98. West R., Travers S. Differential effects of ageing on processes underlying task switching. Brain and Cognition 2008, 68:67-80.
99. Yesavage J.A., Brink T.L., Rose T.L., Lum O., Huang V., Adey M., et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1982, 17:37-49.