What do we need to know about disease ecology to prevent lyme disease in the northeastern United States?

Journal of Medical Entomology

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 11-22

  Eisen, Rebecca J ^a   Piesman, Joseph ^a   Zielinski Gutierrez, Emily ^a   Eisen, Lars ^b  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Borrelia burgdorferi; disease ecology; Lyme disease; prevention; vector borne disease

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; ECOSYSTEM; HUMAN; INSECT CONTROL; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; IXODES; LYME DISEASE; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TREE; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; ECOSYSTEM; HUMANS; IXODES; LYME DISEASE; NEW ENGLAND; TICK CONTROL; TREES;

BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; IXODES SCAPULARIS; IXODIDA; SPIROCHAETALES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84856618111     PISSN: 00222585     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1603/ME11138     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Allan, B. F., F. Keesing, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on Lyme disease risk. Conserv. Biol. 17: 267-272. (Pubitemid 36234419)
2. Anderson, J. F., R. C. Johnson, and L. A. Magnarelli. 1987. Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 1564-1566. (Pubitemid 17098746)
3. Bacon, R. M., K. J. Kugeler, and P. S. Mead. 2008. Surveillance for Lyme disease-United States, 1992-2006. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 57: 1-9.
4. Benjamin, M. A., E. Zhioua, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2002. Laboratory and field evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromyeetes) for controlling questing adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 39: 723-728. (Pubitemid 135694323)
5. Bissinger, B. W., C. S. Apperson, D. W. Watson, C. Arellano, D. E. Sonenshine, and R. M. Roe. 2011. Novel field assays and the comparative repellency of BioUD((R)), DEET and permethrin against Amblyomma americanum. Med. Vet. Entomol. 25: 217-226.
6. Bowker, J. M., D. H. Newman, R. J. Warren, and D. Henderson. 2003. Estimating the economic value of lethal vs. nonlethal deer control in suburban communities. Soc. Nat. Res. 16: 143-158. (Pubitemid 36199400)
7. Brei, B., J. S. Brownstein, J. E. George, J. M. Pound, J. A. Miller, T. J. Daniels, R. C. Falco, K. C. Stafford, T. L. Schulze, T. N. Mather, et al. 2009. Evaluation of the United States Department of Agriculture Northeast areawide tick control project by meta-analysis. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9: 423-430.
8. Brisson, D., D. E. Dykhuizen, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2008. Conspicuous impacts of inconspicuous hosts on the Lyme disease epidemic. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 275: 227-235. (Pubitemid 350174590)
9. Brownstein, J. S., D. K. Skelly, T. R. Holford, and D. Fish. 2005. Forest fragmentation predicts local scale heterogeneity of Lyme disease risk. Oecologia 146: 469-475. (Pubitemid 41548455)
10. Burgdorfer, W., A. G. Barbour, S. F. Hayes, J. L. Benach, E. Grunwaldt, and J. P. Davis. 1982. LymeDisease: a tickborne spirochetosis. Science 216: 1317-1319.
11. Carney, R. M., S. Husted, C. Jean, C. Glaser, and V. Kramer. 2008. Efficacy of aerial spraying of mosquito adulticide in reducing incidence of West Nile virus, California, 2005. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14: 747-754. (Pubitemid 351838638)
12. Carroll, J. F., J. A. Klun, and M. Debboun. 2005. Repellency of DEETt and SS220 applied to skin involves olfactory sensing by two species of ticks. Med. Vet. Entomol. 19: 101-106. (Pubitemid 40398706)
13. Carroll, J. F., V. B. Solberg, J. A. Klun, M. Kramer, and M. Debboun. 2004. Comparative activity of deet and AI3-37220 repellents against the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory bioassays. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 249-254. (Pubitemid 38403267)
14. Carroll, J. F., P. C. Allen, D. E. Hill, J. M. Pound, J. A. Miller, and J. E. George. 2002. Control of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum through use of the '4-poster' treatment device on deer in Maryland. Exp. Appl. Acarol. 28: 289-926.
15. Connally, N. P., H. S. Ginsberg, and T. N. Mather. 2006. Assessing peridomestic entomological factors as predictors for Lyme disease. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 364-370.
16. Connally, N. P., A. J. Durante, K. M. Yousey-Hindes, J. I. Meek, R. S. Nelson, and R. Heimer. 2009. Peridomestic Lyme disease prevention: results of a population-based case-control study. Am. J. Prev. Med. 37: 201-206.
17. Curran, K. L., D. Fish, and J. Piesman. 1993. Reduction of nymphal Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) in a residential suburban landscape by area application of insecticides. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 107-113.
18. Daniels, T. J., and D. Fish. 1995. Effect of deer exclusion on the abundance of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing small and medium-sized mammals. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 5-11.
19. Daniels, T. J., D. Fish, and R. C. Falco. 1991. Evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of Lyme disease in southern New York State. J. Med. Entomol. 28: 537-543.
20. Daniels, T. J., R. C. Falco, and D. Fish. 2000. Estimating population size and drag sampling efficiency for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 37: 357-363.
21. Daniels, T. J., R. C. Falco, E. E. McHugh, J. Vellozzi, T. Boccia, A. J. Denicola, J. M. Pound, J. A. Miller, J. E. George, and D. Fish. 2009. Acaricidal treatment of white-tailed deer to control Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a New York Lyme disease-endemic community. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9: 381-387.
22. Deblinger, R. D., and D. W. Rimmer. 1991. Efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce the abundance of Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 28: 708-711.
23. Deblinger, R. D., M. L. Wilson, D. W. Rimmer, and A. Spielman. 1993. Reduced abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) following incremental removal of deer. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 144-150.
24. del Rio, B., R. J. Dattwyler, M. Aroso, V. Neves, L. Meirelles, J. F. Seegers, and M. Gomes-Solecki. 2008. Oral immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum induces a protective immune response in mice with Lyme disease. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15: 1429-1435.
25. Diuk-Wasser, M. A., A. G. Gatewood, M. R. Cortinas, S. Yaremych-Hamer, J. Tsao, U. Kitron, G. Hickling, J. S. Brownstein, E. Walker, J. Piesman, and D. Fish. 2006. Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States. J. Med. Entomol. 43: 166-176. (Pubitemid 44743521)
26. Diuk-Wasser, M. A., G. Vourc'h, P. Cislo, A. G. Hoen, F. Melton, S. A. Hamer, M. Rowland, R. Cortinas, G. J. Hickling, J. I. Tsao, et al. 2010. Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States. Global Ecol. Biogeography 19: 504-514.
27. Dolan, M. C., N. S. Zeidner, E. Gabitzsch, G. Dietrich, J. N. Borchert, R. M. Poche, and J. Piesman. 2008. Short report: A doxycycline hyclate rodent bait formulation for prophylaxis and treatment of tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78: 803-805. (Pubitemid 351845139)
28. Dolan, M. C., G. O. Maupin, B. S. Schneider, C. Denatale, N. Hamon, C. Cole, N. S. Zeidner, and K. C. Stafford. 2004. Control of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) on rodent reservoirs of Borrelia burgdorferi in a residential community of southeastern Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 1043-1054. (Pubitemid 39606427)
29. Eisen, L., R. J. Eisen, and R. S. Lane. 2004. The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus. J. Vector Ecol. 29: 295-308. (Pubitemid 40335161)
30. Eisen, R. J., L. Eisen, Y. A. Girard, N. Fedorova, J. Mun, B. Slikas, S. Leonhard, U. Kitron, and R. S. Lane. 2011. A spatially-explicit model of acarological risk of exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes pacificus nymphs in northwestern California based on woodland type, temperature, and water vapor. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 1: 35-43.
31. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Insect repellents: use and effectiveness. (http://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect/#searchform).
32. Estrada-Pena, A. 2009. Diluting the dilution effect: a spatial Lyme model provides evidence for the importance of habitat fragmentation with regard to the risk of infection. Geospatial Health 3: 143-155.
33. Falco, R. C., and D. Fish. 1988. Prevalence of Ixodes dammini near the homes of Lyme disease patients in Westchester County, New York. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127: 826-830.
34. Falco, R. C., D. F. McKenna, T. J. Daniels, R. B. Nadelman, J. Nowakowski, D. Fish, and G. P. Wormser. 1999. Temporal relation between Ixodes scapularis abundance and risk for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Am. J. Epidemiol. 149: 771-776. (Pubitemid 29180786)
35. Fish, D. 1993. Population ecology of Ixodes dammini, pp. 25-42. In H. S. Ginsberg (ed.), Ecology and environmental management of Lyme disease. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
36. Fish, D. 1995. Environmental risk and prevention of Lyme disease. Am. J. Med. 98: 2S-8S.
37. Fish, D., and T. J. Daniels. 1990. The role of medium-sized mammals as reservoirs of Borrelia burgdorferi in southern New York. J. Wildl. Dis. 26: 339-345.
38. Frank, D. H., D. Fish, and F. H. Moy. 1998. Landscape features associated with Lyme disease risk in a suburban residential environment. Landscape Ecol. 13: 27-36. (Pubitemid 28360263)
39. Gatewood, A. G., K. A. Liebman, G. Vourc'h, J. Bunikis, S. A. Hamer, R. Cortinas, F. Melton, P. Cislo, U. Kitron, J. Tsao, A. G. Barbour, D. Fish, and M. A. Diuk-Wasser. 2009. Climate and tick seasonality are predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi genotype distribution. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 2476-2483.
40. Ginsberg, H. S. 1988. A model of the spread of Lyme disease in natural populations. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 539: 379-380.
41. Ginsberg, H. S. 1992. Ecology and management of ticks and Lyme disease at Fire Island National Seashore and selected eastern National Parks. In N.P.S. Department of the Interior (ed.). Scientific Monograph NPS/NRSUNJ/NRSM-92/20.
42. Ginsberg, H. S. 2001. Integrated pest management and allocation of control efforts for vector-borne diseases. J. Vector Ecol. 26: 32-38. (Pubitemid 33633232)
43. Ginsberg, H. S., M. Butler, and E. Zhioua. 2002. Effect of deer exclusion by fencing on abundance of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island, New York, USA. J. Vector Ecol. 27: 215-221. (Pubitemid 135748621)
44. Gomes-Solecki, M.J.C., D. R. Brisson, and R. J. Dattwyler. 2006. Oral vaccine that breaks the transmission cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete can be delivered via bait. Vaccine 24: 4440-4449.
45. Gould, L. H., R. S. Nelson, K. S. Griffith, E. B. Hayes, J. Piesman, P. S. Mead, and M. L. Cartter. 2008. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding Lyme disease prevention among Connecticut residents, 1999-2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 8: 769-776.
46. Gowdy, J. M., and K. Mayumi. 2001. Reformulating the foundations of consumer choice theory and environmental valuation. Ecol. Econ. 39: 223-237. (Pubitemid 33072723)
47. Hayes, E. B., and J. Piesman. 2003. How can we prevent Lyme disease? New Engl. J. Med. 348: 2424-2430. (Pubitemid 36682822)
48. Heller, J. E., E. Benito-Garcia, N. E. Maher, L. B. Chibnik, C. P. Maher, and N. A. Shadick. 2010. Behavioral and attitudes survey about Lyme disease among a Brazilian population in the endemic area of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. J. Immigr. Minor Health. 12: 377-383.
49. Hoen, A. G., L. G. Rollend, M. A. Papero, J. F. Carroll, T. J. Daniels, T. N. Mather, T. L. Schulze, K. C. Stafford, 3rd, and D. Fish. 2009. Effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on host-seeking tick infection prevalence and entomologic risk for Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9: 431-438.
50. Jackson, L. E., J. F. Levine, and E. D. Hilborn. 2006. A comparison of analysis units for associating Lyme disease with forest-edge habitat. Comm. Ecol. 7: 189-197. (Pubitemid 46993488)
51. Johnson, J. L., H. S. Ginsberg, E. Zhioua, U. G. Whitworth, Jr., D. Markowski, K. E. Hyland, and R. Hu. 2004. Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 4: 137-142. (Pubitemid 39023335)
52. Keesing, F., J. Brunner, S. Duerr, M. Killilea, K. LoGiudice, K. Schmidt, H. Vuong, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2009. Hosts as ecological traps for the vector of Lyme disease. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 276: 3911-3919.
53. Killilea, M. E., A. Swei, R. S. Lane, C. J. Briggs, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2008. Spatial dynamics of Lyme disease: a review. EcoHealth 5: 167-195.
54. Klein, J. D., S. C. Eppes, and P. Hunt. 1996. Environmental and life-style risk factors for Lyme disease in children. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila). 35: 359-363. (Pubitemid 26238856)
55. Ley, C., E. M. Olshen, and A. L. Reingold. 1995. Case-control study of risk factors for incident Lyme disease in California. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142: S39-47.
56. LoGiudice, K., R. S. Ostfeld, K. A. Schmidt, and F. Keesing. 2003. The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100: 567-571. (Pubitemid 36126092)
57. Logiudice, K., S.T.K. Duerr, M. J. Newhouse, K. A. Schmidt, M. E. Killilea, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2008. Impact of host community composition on Lyme disease risk. Ecology 89: 2841-2849.
58. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
59. Mather, T. N., J.M.C. Ribeiro, and A. Spielman. 1987. Lyme disease and babesiosis: acaricide focused on potentially infected ticks. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36: 609-614. (Pubitemid 17099478)
60. Mather, T. N., M. C. Nicholson, E. F. Donnelly, and B. T. Matyas. 1996. Entomologic index for human risk of Lyme disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144: 1066-1069. (Pubitemid 26404813)
61. Mather, T. N., M. L. Wilson, S. I. Moore, J.M.C. Ribeiro, and A. Spielman. 1989. Comparing the relative potential of rodents as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi). Am. J. Epidemiol. 130: 143-150. (Pubitemid 19179393)
62. Maupin, G. O., D. Fish, J. Zultowsky, E. G. Campos, and J. Piesman. 1991. Landscape ecology of Lyme disease in a residential area of Westchester County, New York. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 1105-1113.
63. Meltzer, M. I., D. T. Dennis, and K. A. Orloski. 1999. The cost effectiveness of vaccinating against Lyme disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5: 321-328. (Pubitemid 29289445)
64. Mitra, S. S., P. A. Buckley, F. G. Buckley, and H. S. Ginsberg. 2010. Highly variable acquisition rates of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by birds on an Atlantic barrier island. J. Med. Entomol. 47: 1019-1027.
65. Mount, G. A., D. G. Haile, and E. Daniels. 1997a. Simulation of management strategies for the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) and the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Med. Entomol. 34: 672-683. (Pubitemid 127460881)
66. Mount, G. A., D. G. Haile, and E. Daniels. 1997b. Simulation of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) population dynamics and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Med. Entomol. 34: 461-484. (Pubitemid 127460934)
67. Nadelman, R. B., J. Nowakowski, D. Fish, R. C. Falco, K. Freeman, D. McKenna, P. Welch, R. Marcus, M. E. Aguero-Rosenfeld, D. T. Dennis, and G. P. Wormser. 2001. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N. Engl. J. Med. 345: 79-84. (Pubitemid 32634565)
68. Oliver, J. H. 1989. Biology and systematics of ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20: 397-430.
69. Oliver, J. H., M. R. Owsley, H. J. Hutcheson, A. M. James, C. S. Chen, W. S. Irby, E. M. Dotson, and D. K. McLain. 1993. Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 30: 54-63.
70. Orloski, K. A., G. L. Campbell, C. A. Genese, J. W. Beckley, M. E. Schriefer, K. C. Spitalny, and D. T. Dennis. 1998. Emergence of Lyme disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, 1993: a case-control study of risk factors and evaluation of reporting patterns. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147: 391-397. (Pubitemid 28106894)
71. Ostfeld, R. S., and F. Keesing. 2000. Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease. Conserv. Biol. 14: 722-728. (Pubitemid 30390728)
72. Padgett, K. A., and R. S. Lane. 2001. Life cycle of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae): timing of developmental processes under field and laboratory conditions. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 684-693. (Pubitemid 33667340)
73. Petersen, R.K.D., and L. G. Higley. 1993. Communicating pesticide risk. Am. Entomol. 39: 206-212.
74. Phillips, C. B., M. H. Liang, O. Sangha, E. A. Wright, A. H. Fossel, R. A. Lew, K. K. Fossel, and N. A. Shadick. 2001. Lyme disease and preventive behaviors in residents of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. Am. J. Prev. Med. 20: 219-24. (Pubitemid 32223903)
75. Piesman, J. 1989. Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi). Exp. Appl. Acarol. 7: 71-80. (Pubitemid 19158431)
76. Piesman, J. 1993. Dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi transmission by nymphal Ixodes dammini ticks. J. Infect. Dis. 167: 1082-1085. (Pubitemid 23115596)
77. Piesman, J. 2002. Ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in North America, pp. 223-250. In J. S. Gray, O. Kahl, R. S. Lane, and G. Stanek (eds.), Lyme Borreliosis: biology, epidemiology and control. CABI, New York.
78. Piesman, J. 2006. Response of nymphal Ixodes scapularis, the primary tick vector of Lyme disease spirochetes in North America, to barriers derived from wood products or related home and garden items. J. Vector Ecol. 31: 412-417.
79. Piesman, J., and A. Spielman. 1979. Host-associations and seasonal abundance of immature Ixodes dammini in southeastern Massachusetts. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 829-832.
80. Piesman, J., and L. Eisen. 2008. Prevention of tick-borne diseases. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 53: 323-343. (Pubitemid 351341944)
81. Poland, G. A. 2001. Prevention of Lyme disease: a review of the evidence. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 76: 713-724. (Pubitemid 32595422)
82. Rand, P. W., E. H. Lacombe, M. S. Holman, C. Lubelczyk, and R. P. Smith, Jr. 2000. Attempt to control ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on deer on an isolated island using ivermectintreated corn. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 126-133.
83. Rand, P. W., C. Lubelczyk, M. S. Holman, E. H. Lacombe, and R. P. Smith. 2004. Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) after the complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for Lyme disease. J. Med. Entomol. 41: 779-784. (Pubitemid 38991518)
84. Rondeau, D., and J. K. Conrad. 2003. Managing urban deer. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 85: 266-281. (Pubitemid 36234650)
85. Rosenstock, I. 1974. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Mongraphs 2.
86. Schreck, C. E., E. L. Snoddy, and A. Spielman. 1986. Pressurized sprays of permethrin or DEET on military clothing for personal protection against Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 23: 396-399.
87. Schulze, T. L., and R. A. Jordan. 2006. Assessment and management of vector tick populations in New Jersey. In Freehold Township Health Department (ed.). Freehold Township Health Department, Hightstown, NJ.
88. Schulze, T. L., R. A. Jordan, and R. W. Hung. 1995. Suppression of subadult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) following removal of leaf litter. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 730-733.
89. Schulze, T. L., R. A. Jordan, R. W. Hung, R. C. Taylor, D. Markowski, and M. S. Chomsky. 2001. Efficacy of granular deltamethrin against Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. J. Med. Entomol. 38: 344-346. (Pubitemid 33613166)
90. Schulze, T. L., R. A. Jordan, C. J. Schulze, S. P. Healy, M. B. Jahn, and J. Piesman. 2007. Integrated use of 4-Poster passive topical treatment devices for deer, targeted acaricide applications, and Maxforce TMS bait boxes to rapidly suppress populations of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a residential landscape. J. Med. Entomol. 44: 830-839. (Pubitemid 47442064)
91. Schulze, T. L., R. A. Jordan, L. M. Vasvary, M. S. Chomsky, D. C. Shaw, M. A. Meddis, R. C. Taylor, and J. Piesman. 1994. Suppression of Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae) nymphs in a large residential community. J. Med. Entomol. 31: 206-211. (Pubitemid 2052407)
92. Schwanz, L. E., D. Brisson, M. Gomes-Solecki, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2011. Linking disease and community ecology through behavioural indicators: immunochallenge of white-footed mice and its ecological impacts. J. Anim. Ecol. 80: 204-214.
93. Simberloff, D., and E. O. Wilson. 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: coloinzation of empty islands. Ecology 50: 278-296.
94. Smith, G., E. P. Wileyto, R. B. Hopkins, B. R. Cherry, and J. P. Maher. 2001. Risk factors for Lyme disease in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Public Health Reports 116: 146-156. (Pubitemid 32822100)
95. Solberg, V. B., J. A. Miller, T. Hadfield, R. Burge, J. M. Schech, and J. M. Pound. 2003. Control of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with topical self-application of permethrin by white-tailed deer inhabiting NASA, Beltsville, Maryland. J. Vector Ecol. 28: 117-134. (Pubitemid 38994575)
96. Spielman, A., M. L. Wilson, J. F. Levine, and J. Piesman. 1985. Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 30: 439-460.
97. Stafford, K. C. 1991. Effectiveness of carbaryl applications for the control of Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) nymphs in an endemic residential area. J. Med. Entomol. 28: 32-36.
98. Stafford, K. C. 1993. Reduced abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae) with exclusion of deer by electric fencing. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 986-996. (Pubitemid 2000602)
99. Stafford, K. C. 2004. Tick management handbook. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT.
100. Stafford, K. C., and L. A. Magnarelli. 1993. Spatial and temporal patterns of Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae) in southeastern Connecticut. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 762-771.
101. Stafford, K. C., 3rd, M. L. Cartter, L. A. Magnarelli, S. H. Ertel, and P. A. Mshar. 1998. Temporal correlations between tick abundance and prevalence of ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi and increasing incidence of Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1240-1244. (Pubitemid 28208006)
102. Steere, A. C., S. E. Malawista, D. R. Snydman, R. E. Shope, W. A. Andiman, M. R. Ross, and F. M. Steele. 1977. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum. 20: 7-17.
103. Talleklint-Eisen, L., and R. S. Lane. 2000. Efficiency of drag sampling for estimating population sizes of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs in leaf litter. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 484-487.
104. Telford, S. R., T. N. Mather, S. I. Moore, M. L. Wilson, and A. Spielman. 1988. Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39: 105-109.
105. Tsao, J. I., J. T. Wootton, J. Bunikis, M. G. Luna, D. Fish, and A. G. Barbour. 2004. An ecological approach to preventing human infection: Vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101: 18159-18164. (Pubitemid 40054090)
106. Vaughn, M. F., and S. R. Meshnick. 2011. Pilot study assessing the effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing for the prevention of tick bites. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. (in press).
107. Vazquez, M., C. Muehlenbein, M. Cartter, E. B. Hayes, S. Ertel, and E. D. Shapiro. 2008. Effectiveness of personal protective measures to prevent Lyme disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14: 210-216. (Pubitemid 351213669)
108. Wilson, M. L., and A. Spielman. 1985. Seasonal activity of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 22: 408-414.
109. Wilson, M. L., G. H. Adler, and A. Spielman. 1985. Correlation between deer abundance and that of the deer tick Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78: 172-176.
110. Wilson, M. L., S. R. Telford, III, J. Piesman, and A. Spielman. 1988. Reduced abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) following elimination of deer. J. Med. Entomol. 25: 224-228.
111. Yuval, B., and A. Spielman. 1990. Duration and regulation of the developmental cycle of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med. Entomol. 27: 196-201.
112. Zhioua, E., R. A. Lebrun, H. S. Ginsberg, and A. Aeschlimann. 1995. Pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and S. glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med. Entomol. 32: 900-905. (Pubitemid 3001901)
113. Zhioua, E., M. Browning, P. W. Johnson, H. S. Ginsberg, and R. A. LeBrun. 1997. Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycetes) to Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Parasitol. 83: 815-818. (Pubitemid 27460798)
114. Zielinski-Gutierrez, E. C., and M. H. Hayden. 2006. A model for defining West Nile risk perception based on ecology and proximity. EcoHealth 3: 28-34. (Pubitemid 43363641)