메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 43-55

Assessment of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (with Emphasis on Computerized Psychometric Tests)

Author keywords

Cognition; Cognitive drug research system; Computerized testing; Critical flicker frequency; Diagnosis; Inhibitory control test; Minimal hepatic encephalopathy

Indexed keywords

ALERTNESS; ATTENTION; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLOCK DRAWING TEST; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COGNITIVE DRUG RESEARCH COMPUTERIZED ASSESSMENT SYSTEM; COMPUTER ANALYSIS; DECISION MAKING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIGIT SYMBOL TEST; DISEASE COURSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IMPACT ASSESSMENT SYSTEM; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); INHIBITORY CONTROL TEST; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MENTAL HEALTH; MOTOR VEHICLE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATIENT CARE; PLANNING; PROBLEM SOLVING; PSYCHOMETRY; QUALITY OF LIFE; REACTION TIME; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; RESPONSE TIME; REVIEW; SPECTRUM OF NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN CIRRHOSIS; STERNBERG PARADIGM; STERNBERG SCAN TASK; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84856604118     PISSN: 10893261     EISSN: 15578224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2011.12.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (21)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0036191173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998
    • Ferenci P., Lockwood A., Mullen K., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002, 35:716-721.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 716-721
    • Ferenci, P.1    Lockwood, A.2    Mullen, K.3
  • 2
    • 33846446011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Poordad F.F. Review article: the burden of hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 25(Suppl 1):3-9.
    • (2007) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.25 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 3-9
    • Poordad, F.F.1
  • 3
    • 73149120513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Wade J.B., Sanyal A.J. Spectrum of neurocognitive impairment in cirrhosis: implications for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2009, 50:2014-2021.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.50 , pp. 2014-2021
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Wade, J.B.2    Sanyal, A.J.3
  • 4
    • 55249108459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Hafeezullah M., Franco J., et al. Inhibitory control test for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2008, 135:1591-1600.e1.
    • (2008) Gastroenterology , vol.135
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Hafeezullah, M.2    Franco, J.3
  • 5
    • 0035018910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Weissenborn K., Ennen J.C., Schomerus H., et al. Neuropsychological characterization of hepatic encephalopathy. JHepatol 2001, 34:768-773.
    • (2001) JHepatol , vol.34 , pp. 768-773
    • Weissenborn, K.1    Ennen, J.C.2    Schomerus, H.3
  • 6
    • 0742287966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquiring and inhibiting prepotent responses in schizophrenia: event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging
    • Ford J.M., Gray M., Whitfield S.L., et al. Acquiring and inhibiting prepotent responses in schizophrenia: event-related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:119-129.
    • (2004) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.61 , pp. 119-129
    • Ford, J.M.1    Gray, M.2    Whitfield, S.L.3
  • 7
    • 29744440170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impairment of response inhibition precedes motor alteration in the early stage of liver cirrhosis: a behavioral and electrophysiological study
    • Schiff S., Vallesi A., Mapelli D., et al. Impairment of response inhibition precedes motor alteration in the early stage of liver cirrhosis: a behavioral and electrophysiological study. Metab Brain Dis 2005, 20:381-392.
    • (2005) Metab Brain Dis , vol.20 , pp. 381-392
    • Schiff, S.1    Vallesi, A.2    Mapelli, D.3
  • 8
    • 14944382711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis, clinical significance and recommendations
    • Ortiz M., Jacas C., Cordoba J. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis, clinical significance and recommendations. JHepatol 2005, 42(Suppl):S45-S53.
    • (2005) JHepatol , vol.42 , Issue.SUPPL
    • Ortiz, M.1    Jacas, C.2    Cordoba, J.3
  • 9
    • 0035990945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological and neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and prediction of overt encephalopathy
    • Saxena N., Bhatia M., Joshi Y.K., et al. Electrophysiological and neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and prediction of overt encephalopathy. Liver 2002, 22:190-197.
    • (2002) Liver , vol.22 , pp. 190-197
    • Saxena, N.1    Bhatia, M.2    Joshi, Y.K.3
  • 10
    • 33644506185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in Spain: results of a survey of hepatologists
    • Vergara-Gomez M., Flavia-Olivella M., Gil-Prades, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in Spain: results of a survey of hepatologists. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 29:1-6.
    • (2006) Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.29 , pp. 1-6
    • Vergara-Gomez, M.1    Flavia-Olivella, M.2    Gil-Prades3
  • 11
    • 33947362948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in the United States: an AASLD survey
    • Bajaj J.S., Etemadian A., Hafeezullah M., et al. Testing for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in the United States: an AASLD survey. Hepatology 2007, 45:833-834.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.45 , pp. 833-834
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Etemadian, A.2    Hafeezullah, M.3
  • 12
    • 20044371434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention dysfunction in cirrhotic patients: an inquiry on the role of executive control, attention orienting and focusing
    • Amodio P., Schiff S., Del Piccolo F., et al. Attention dysfunction in cirrhotic patients: an inquiry on the role of executive control, attention orienting and focusing. Metab Brain Dis 2005, 20:115-127.
    • (2005) Metab Brain Dis , vol.20 , pp. 115-127
    • Amodio, P.1    Schiff, S.2    Del Piccolo, F.3
  • 13
    • 54349097527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal hepatic encephalopathy matters in daily life
    • Bajaj J.S. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy matters in daily life. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:3609-3615.
    • (2008) World J Gastroenterol , vol.14 , pp. 3609-3615
    • Bajaj, J.S.1
  • 14
    • 34548136516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a vehicle for accidents and traffic violations
    • Bajaj J.S., Hafeezullah M., Hoffmann R.G., et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a vehicle for accidents and traffic violations. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:1903-1909.
    • (2007) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.102 , pp. 1903-1909
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Hafeezullah, M.2    Hoffmann, R.G.3
  • 15
    • 39549107131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Navigation skill impairment: another dimension of the driving difficulties in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Hafeezullah M., Hoffmann R.G., et al. Navigation skill impairment: another dimension of the driving difficulties in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2008, 47:596-604.
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.47 , pp. 596-604
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Hafeezullah, M.2    Hoffmann, R.G.3
  • 16
    • 70350075400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: the reality beyond the driving test
    • Bajaj J.S., Saeian K., Schubert C.M., et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with motor vehicle crashes: the reality beyond the driving test. Hepatology 2009, 50:1175-1183.
    • (2009) Hepatology , vol.50 , pp. 1175-1183
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Saeian, K.2    Schubert, C.M.3
  • 17
    • 34548312242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a clinical hepatic encephalopathy staging scale
    • Ortiz M., Córdoba J., Doval E., et al. Development of a clinical hepatic encephalopathy staging scale. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007, 26(6):859-867.
    • (2007) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 859-867
    • Ortiz, M.1    Córdoba, J.2    Doval, E.3
  • 18
    • 48449094761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study
    • Amodio P., Campagna F., Olianas S., et al. Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study. JHepatol 2008, 49:346-353.
    • (2008) JHepatol , vol.49 , pp. 346-353
    • Amodio, P.1    Campagna, F.2    Olianas, S.3
  • 19
    • 34247326859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Romero-Gomez M., Córdoba J., Jover R., et al. Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007, 45:879-885.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.45 , pp. 879-885
    • Romero-Gomez, M.1    Córdoba, J.2    Jover, R.3
  • 20
    • 79959327579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asimplified psychometric evaluation for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Riggio O., Ridola L., Pasquale C., et al. Asimplified psychometric evaluation for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 9:613-616.e1.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9
    • Riggio, O.1    Ridola, L.2    Pasquale, C.3
  • 21
    • 67649200866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of preoperative overt hepatic encephalopathy on neurocognitive function after liver transplantation
    • Sotil E.U., Gottstein J., Ayala E., et al. Impact of preoperative overt hepatic encephalopathy on neurocognitive function after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009, 15:184-192.
    • (2009) Liver Transpl , vol.15 , pp. 184-192
    • Sotil, E.U.1    Gottstein, J.2    Ayala, E.3
  • 22
    • 33644949395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive impairment in people diagnosed with end-stage liver disease evaluated for liver transplantation
    • Sorrell J.H., Zolnikov B.J., Sharma A., et al. Cognitive impairment in people diagnosed with end-stage liver disease evaluated for liver transplantation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006, 60:174-181.
    • (2006) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci , vol.60 , pp. 174-181
    • Sorrell, J.H.1    Zolnikov, B.J.2    Sharma, A.3
  • 23
    • 33845423963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological changes in a large sample of liver transplant candidates
    • Meyer T., Eshelman A., Abouljoud M. Neuropsychological changes in a large sample of liver transplant candidates. Transplant Proc 2006, 38:3559-3560.
    • (2006) Transplant Proc , vol.38 , pp. 3559-3560
    • Meyer, T.1    Eshelman, A.2    Abouljoud, M.3
  • 24
    • 0035024758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amino acid challenge in patients with cirrhosis: a model for the assessment of treatments for hepatic encephalopathy
    • Douglass A., Al Mardini H., Record C. Amino acid challenge in patients with cirrhosis: a model for the assessment of treatments for hepatic encephalopathy. JHepatol 2001, 34:658-664.
    • (2001) JHepatol , vol.34 , pp. 658-664
    • Douglass, A.1    Al Mardini, H.2    Record, C.3
  • 25
    • 0030800679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotics pre- and post-liver transplantation: a psychometric and analyzed EEG study
    • Oppong K.N., Al-Mardini H., Thick M., et al. Oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotics pre- and post-liver transplantation: a psychometric and analyzed EEG study. Hepatology 1997, 26:870-876.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.26 , pp. 870-876
    • Oppong, K.N.1    Al-Mardini, H.2    Thick, M.3
  • 26
    • 0033795334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge: a double blind, placebo controlled trial
    • Rees C.J., Oppong K., Al Mardini H., et al. Effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Gut 2000, 47:571-574.
    • (2000) Gut , vol.47 , pp. 571-574
    • Rees, C.J.1    Oppong, K.2    Al Mardini, H.3
  • 27
    • 0032587096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and survival of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests
    • Amodio P., Del Piccolo F., Marchetti P., et al. Clinical features and survival of cirrhotic patients with subclinical cognitive alterations detected by the number connection test and computerized psychometric tests. Hepatology 1999, 29:1662-1667.
    • (1999) Hepatology , vol.29 , pp. 1662-1667
    • Amodio, P.1    Del Piccolo, F.2    Marchetti, P.3
  • 28
    • 0033529198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study
    • Garavan H., Ross T.J., Stein E.A. Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:8301-8306.
    • (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.96 , pp. 8301-8306
    • Garavan, H.1    Ross, T.J.2    Stein, E.A.3
  • 29
    • 0033786087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
    • Konrad K., Gauggel S., Manz A., et al. Inhibitory control in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Brain Inj 2000, 14:859-875.
    • (2000) Brain Inj , vol.14 , pp. 859-875
    • Konrad, K.1    Gauggel, S.2    Manz, A.3
  • 30
    • 0034254669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism
    • Pliszka S.R., Liotti M., Woldorff M.G. Inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-related potentials identify the processing component and timing of an impaired right-frontal response-inhibition mechanism. Biol Psychiatry 2000, 48:238-246.
    • (2000) Biol Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 238-246
    • Pliszka, S.R.1    Liotti, M.2    Woldorff, M.G.3
  • 31
    • 0034950437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing attention: comparison of response-inhibition and traditional continuous performance tests
    • Ballard J.C. Assessing attention: comparison of response-inhibition and traditional continuous performance tests. JClin Exp Neuropsychol 2001, 23:331-350.
    • (2001) JClin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.23 , pp. 331-350
    • Ballard, J.C.1
  • 32
    • 0034007217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological functioning of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • Walker A.J., Shores E.A., Trollor J.N., et al. Neuropsychological functioning of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. JClin Exp Neuropsychol 2000, 22:115-124.
    • (2000) JClin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.22 , pp. 115-124
    • Walker, A.J.1    Shores, E.A.2    Trollor, J.N.3
  • 33
    • 33947674810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Saeian K., Verber M.D., et al. Inhibitory control test is a simple method to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy and predict development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:754-760.
    • (2007) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.102 , pp. 754-760
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Saeian, K.2    Verber, M.D.3
  • 34
    • 79251535022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin improves driving simulator performance in a randomized trial of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Heuman D.M., Wade J.B., et al. Rifaximin improves driving simulator performance in a randomized trial of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2011, 140:478-487.e1.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.140
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Heuman, D.M.2    Wade, J.B.3
  • 35
    • 77955502142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the inhibitory control task to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • 518.e1-2
    • Amodio P., Ridola L., Schiff S., et al. Improving the inhibitory control task to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2010, 139:510-518. 518.e1-2.
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.139 , pp. 510-518
    • Amodio, P.1    Ridola, L.2    Schiff, S.3
  • 36
    • 55249111140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized psychometric testing in minimal encephalopathy and modulation by nitrogen challenge and liver transplant
    • Mardini H., Saxby B.K., Record C.O. Computerized psychometric testing in minimal encephalopathy and modulation by nitrogen challenge and liver transplant. Gastroenterology 2008, 135:1582-1590.
    • (2008) Gastroenterology , vol.135 , pp. 1582-1590
    • Mardini, H.1    Saxby, B.K.2    Record, C.O.3
  • 37
    • 0034676757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study
    • McKeith I., Del Ser T., Spano P., et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 2000, 356:2031-2036.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 2031-2036
    • McKeith, I.1    Del Ser, T.2    Spano, P.3
  • 38
    • 0036156909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease
    • Forton D.M., Thomas H.C., Murphy C.A., et al. Hepatitis C and cognitive impairment in a cohort of patients with mild liver disease. Hepatology 2002, 35:433-439.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 433-439
    • Forton, D.M.1    Thomas, H.C.2    Murphy, C.A.3
  • 39
    • 0036118858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised placebo-controlled international study using the cognitive drug research computerised assessment system
    • Wesnes K.A., McKeith I.G., Ferrara R., et al. Effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised placebo-controlled international study using the cognitive drug research computerised assessment system. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002, 13:183-192.
    • (2002) Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord , vol.13 , pp. 183-192
    • Wesnes, K.A.1    McKeith, I.G.2    Ferrara, R.3
  • 40
    • 84856616803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acase control study of ImPACT: a brief and effective web-based neuropsychological assessment battery to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) [Abstract]
    • Tsushima M., Tsushima W., Tsushima V., et al. Acase control study of ImPACT: a brief and effective web-based neuropsychological assessment battery to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) [Abstract]. JHepatol 2010, 52(Suppl 1):S87.
    • (2010) JHepatol , vol.52 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Tsushima, M.1    Tsushima, W.2    Tsushima, V.3
  • 42
    • 0029792311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis using neuropsychological tests and automated electroencephalogram analysis
    • Quero J.C., Hartmann I.J., Meulstee J., et al. The diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis using neuropsychological tests and automated electroencephalogram analysis. Hepatology 1996, 24:556-560.
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.24 , pp. 556-560
    • Quero, J.C.1    Hartmann, I.J.2    Meulstee, J.3
  • 44
    • 33846592799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal decomposition of the electroencephalogram in patients with cirrhosis
    • Montagnese S., Jackson C., Morgan M.Y. Spatio-temporal decomposition of the electroencephalogram in patients with cirrhosis. JHepatol 2007, 46:447-458.
    • (2007) JHepatol , vol.46 , pp. 447-458
    • Montagnese, S.1    Jackson, C.2    Morgan, M.Y.3
  • 45
    • 80054872633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electroencephalography alterations in patients with cirrhosis
    • Marchetti P., D'Avanzo C., Orsato R., et al. Electroencephalography alterations in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2011, 141:1680-1689.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.141 , pp. 1680-1689
    • Marchetti, P.1    D'Avanzo, C.2    Orsato, R.3
  • 46
    • 0034933478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and prognostic value of quantified electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations in cirrhotic patients
    • Amodio P., Del Piccolo F., Pettenò E., et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of quantified electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations in cirrhotic patients. JHepatol 2001, 35:37-45.
    • (2001) JHepatol , vol.35 , pp. 37-45
    • Amodio, P.1    Del Piccolo, F.2    Pettenò, E.3
  • 47
    • 5444231954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a multidimensional approach
    • Montagnese S., Amodio P., Morgan M.Y. Methods for diagnosing hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a multidimensional approach. Metab Brain Dis 2004, 19:281-312.
    • (2004) Metab Brain Dis , vol.19 , pp. 281-312
    • Montagnese, S.1    Amodio, P.2    Morgan, M.Y.3
  • 48
    • 0036156739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy
    • Kircheis G., Wettstein M., Timmermann L., et al. Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2002, 35:357-366.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 357-366
    • Kircheis, G.1    Wettstein, M.2    Timmermann, L.3
  • 49
    • 0343238857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?
    • Haussinger D., Kircheis G., Fischer R., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?. JHepatol 2000, 32:1035-1038.
    • (2000) JHepatol , vol.32 , pp. 1035-1038
    • Haussinger, D.1    Kircheis, G.2    Fischer, R.3
  • 50
    • 0030947298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic retinopathia. Changes in retinal function
    • Eckstein A.K., Reichenbach A., Jacobi P., et al. Hepatic retinopathia. Changes in retinal function. Vision Res 1997, 37:1699-1706.
    • (1997) Vision Res , vol.37 , pp. 1699-1706
    • Eckstein, A.K.1    Reichenbach, A.2    Jacobi, P.3
  • 51
    • 0029083273 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic retinopathy: morphological features of retinal glial (Muller) cells accompanying hepatic failure
    • Reichenbach A., Fuchs U., Kasper M., et al. Hepatic retinopathy: morphological features of retinal glial (Muller) cells accompanying hepatic failure. Acta Neuropathol 1995, 90:273-281.
    • (1995) Acta Neuropathol , vol.90 , pp. 273-281
    • Reichenbach, A.1    Fuchs, U.2    Kasper, M.3
  • 52
    • 34249317919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical flicker frequency: diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Sharma P., Sharma B.C., Puri V., et al. Critical flicker frequency: diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. JHepatol 2007, 47:67-73.
    • (2007) JHepatol , vol.47 , pp. 67-73
    • Sharma, P.1    Sharma, B.C.2    Puri, V.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.