The diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis using neuropsychological tests and automated electroencephalogram analysis

Hepatology

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 556-560

  Quero, Juan C ^a   Hartmann, Ieneke J C ^a   Meulstee, Jan ^a   Hop, Wim C J ^b   Schalm, Solko W ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; FEMALE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOMETRY;

EID: 0029792311     PISSN: 02709139     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/jhep.1996.v24.pm0008781324     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Butterworth RF. Pathogenesis and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy: an update. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:321-327.
2. Parsons-Smith BG, Summerskill WHJ, Dawson AM, Sherlock S. The electroencephalograph in liver disease. Lancet 1957;2:867-871.
3. Zeegen R, Drinkwater JE, Dawson AM. Method for measuring cerebral dysfunction in patients with liver disease. Br Med J 1970;2:633-636.
4. Rikkers L, Jenko P, Rudman D, Freides D. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: detection, prevalence, and relationship to nitrogen metabolism. Gastroenterology 1978;75:462-469.
5. Gilberstadt SJ, Gilberstadt H, Zieve L, Buegel B, Collier RO, McClain CJ. Psychomotor performance defects in cirrhotic patients without overt encephalopathy. Arch Intern Med 1980;140:519-521.
6. Schomerus H, Hamster W, Blunck H, Reinhard U, Mayer K, Döll W. Latent portasystemic encephalopathy. I. Nature of cerebral functional defects and their effect on fitness to drive. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:622-630.
7. Marchesini G, Zoli M, Dondi C, Cecchini L, Angiolini A, Bianchi FB, Pisi E. Prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics and relationship to plasma amino acid balance. Dig Dis Sci 1980;25:763-768.
8. Loguercio C, Del Vechio-Blanco C, Coltorti M. Psychometric tests and latent portal-systemic encephalopathy. Br J Clin Pract 1984;38:407-411.
9. Gitlin N, Lewis DC, Hinkley L. The diagnosis and prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in apparently healthy, non-shunted patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1986;3:75-82.
10. Joelsson B, Aslund U, Hultberg B, Alwmark A, Gullstrand P, Bengmark S. Portal-systemic encephalopathy. Influence of shunt surgery and relations to serum amino acids. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:900-906.
11. Moore JW, Dunk AA, Crawford JR, Deans H, Besson JAO, De Lacey G, Sinclair TS, et al. Neuropsychological deficits and morphological MRI brain scan abnormalities in apparently healthy non-encephalopathic patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1989;9:319-325.
12. Sood GK, Sarin SK, Mahaptra J, Broor SL. Comparative efficacy of psychometric tests in detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in nonalcoholic cirrhotics: search for a rational approach. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 2:156-159.
13. Schomerus H, Schreiegg J. Prevalence of latent portasystemic encephalopathy in an unselected population of patients with liver cirrhosis in general practice. Z Gastroenterol 1993;31:231-234.
14. Tarter RE, Hegedus AM, van Thiel DH, Schade RR, Gavaler JS, Starzl TE. Nonalcoholic cirrhosis associated with neuropsychological dysfunction in the absence of overt evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1984;86:1421-1427.
15. Yen CL, Liaw YF. Somatosensory evoked potentials and number connection test in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogastroenetrol 1990;37:332-334.
16. Gitlin N. Subclinical portal-systemic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;82:8-11.
17. De Bruijn KM, Blendis LM, Zilm DH, Carlen PL, Anderson GH. Effect of dietary protein manipulations in subclinical portal-systemic encephalopathy. Gut 1983;24:53-60.
18. McClain CJ, Potter TJ, Kromhout JP, Zieve L. The effect of lactulose on psychomotor performance tests in alcoholic cirrhotics without overt hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984;6:325-329.
19. Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jürgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1985;88:887-895.
20. Morgan MY, Alonso M, Stanger LC. Lactitol and lactulose for the treatment of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 1989;8:208-217.
21. Conn HO. Trailmaking and number-connection tests in the assessment of mental state in portal systemic encephalopathy. Am J Dig Dis 1977;22: 541-550.
22. Koch H, Schauder P, Schäfer G, Dahme B, Ebel W, Vahldiek B, König F, et al. Untersuchungen zur diagnose und prävalenz der latenten hepatischen encephalopathie. Z Gastroenterol 1990;28:610-615.
23. Davies ADM. The influence of age on Trail Making Test performance. J Clin Psychol 1968;24:96-98.
24. Zeneroli ML, Cioni G, Ventura P, Russo AM, Venturini I, Casalgrandi G, Ventura E. Interindividual variability of the number connection test. J Hepatol 1992;15:263-264.
25. Mehndirrata MM, Sood GK, Sarin SK, Gupta M. Comparative evaluation of visual, somatosensory, and auditory evoked potentials in the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:799-803.
26. Weissenborn K, Scholz M, Hinrichs H, Wiltfang J, Schmidt FW, Kunkel H. Neurophysiological assessment of early hepatic encephalopathy. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1990;75:289-295.
27. Van der Rijt CCD, Schalm SW, de Groot GH, de Vlieger M. Objective measurement of hepatic encephalopathy by means of automated EEG analysis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984;57:423-426.
28. Levy LJ, Bolton RP, Losowsky MS. The use of the visual evoked potential (VEP) in delineating a state of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. A comparison with the number connection test. J Hepatol 1987;5:211-217.
29. Johansson U, Andersson T, Persson A, Eriksson LS. Visual evoked potential - a tool in the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy? J Hepatol 1989; 9:227-233.
30. Hamster W, Kluck M, Schomerus H, eds. PSE-Syndrom-Test, Kurzform. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Test Gesellschaft; 1985.
31. Lezak MD. A compendium of tests and assessment techniques. In: Lezak MD, ed. Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
32. Reitan RM. Validity of the trail making test as an indication of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills 1958;8:271-276.
33. Schönleber R. Standardisierung eines psychometrischen Tests zur Erfassung der hepatischen Encephalopathie. Thesis. Tübingen: 1989.
34. Stinissen J, Willems PJ, Coetsier P, Hulsman WLL, eds. Handleiding bij de Nederlandstalige bewerking van de Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger B.V., 1970.
35. Jasper HH. The ten twenty electrode system of the international federation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1958;10:371-375.
36. Pugh RNH, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973; 60:646-649.
37. Ypma ST, Blijenberg BG, Lijense B. Evaluation of the Dupont aca ammonia procedure. Clin Chem 1978;24:489-492.
38. Huizenga JR, Tangerman A, Gips CH. A rapid method for ammonia determination using the new Blood Ammonia Checker (BAC)II. Clin Chim Acta 1992;210:1-3.
39. Cox DR. Analysis of binary data. London: Methuen, 1970.
40. Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, Rodgers JB, Maddrey WC, Seeff L, Levy LL. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977;72:573-583.
41. Conn HO. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. In: Hepatic encephalopathy: Syndromes and Therapies. Conn HO, Bircher J, eds. Bloomington: Medi-Ed Press, 1994;27-39.
42. Pérez-Cuadrado Martínez E, Silva González C, Robles Reyes A. Variabilidad y alargamiento del tiempo de reacción en el diagnóstico precoz de la encefalopatía hepática subclínica. Rev Esp Enf Digest 1990;77:29-32.
43. Tarter RE, Sandford SL, Hays AL, Carra JP. Hepatic injury correlates with neuropsychologic impairment. Intern J Neuroscience 1989;44:75-82.
44. Conn HO. Quantifying the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. In: Conn HO, Bircher J, eds. Hepatic encephalopathy: syndromes and therapies. Bloomington,: Medi-Ed Press, 1994:13-26.
45. Dustman RE, Shearer DE. EEG and event-related potentials in normal aging. Prog Neurobiol 1993;41:369-401.
46. Dierks T, Ihl R, Maurer K. Age-related changes of spontaneous EEG described by equivalent dipoles. Int J Psychophysiol 1993;15:255-261.
47. Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Albert MS. The pattern of age-related differences in electrophysiological activity of healthy males and females. Neurobiol Aging 1993;14:73-84.
48. Hartikainen P, Soininen H, Partanen J, Helkala EL, Riekkinen P. Aging and spectral analysis of EEG in normal subjects: a link to memory and CSF AChE. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1992;86:148-155.
49. Oken BS, Kaye JA. Electrophysiologic function in the healthy, extremely old. Neurology 1992;42:519-526.