The future of TNM staging in rectal cancer: The era of neoadjuvant therapy

Current Colorectal Cancer Reports

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 147-154

  Nagtegaal, Iris D ^a   Marijnen, Corrie A M ^b  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856591852     PISSN: 15563790     EISSN: 15563804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11888-008-0024-z     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, et al.: Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 351: 1731-1740.
2. Pahlman L, Glimelius B: Pre-or postoperative radiotherapy in rectal and rectosigmoid carcinoma-report from a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 1990, 211: 187-195.
3. Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group: Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic overview of 8,507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet 2001, 358: 1291-1304.
4. Shirouzu K, Isomoto H, Kakegawa T: Distal spread of rectal cancer and optimal distal margin of resection for sphincter-preserving surgery. Cancer 1995, 76: 388-392.
5. Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Klein Kranenbarg E, et al.: No downstaging after short-term preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19: 1976-1984.
6. Graf W, Dahlberg M, Osman MM, et al.: Short-term preoperative radiotherapy results in down-staging of rectal cancer: a study of 1316 patients. Radiother Oncol 1997, 43: 133-137.
7. Radu C, Berglund K, Påhlman L, Glimelius B: Short-course preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery in rectal cancer-a retrospective study. Radiother Oncol 2007 Dec 17 (Epub ahead of print).
8. Francois Y, Nemoz CJ, Baulieux J, et al.: Inf uence of the interval between preoperative radiation therapy and surgery on downstaging and on the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery for rectal cancer: the Lyon R90-01 randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17: 2396-2402.
9. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, et al.: Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2006, 93: 1215-1223.
10. Gerard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, et al.: Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24: 4620-4625.
11. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al.: Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006, 355: 1114-1123.
12. Collette L, Bosset JF, den Dulk M, et al.: Patients with curative resection of cT3-4 rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy: Does anybody benefit from adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy? A trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25: 4379-4386.
13. Gosens MJ, van Krieken JH, Marijnen CA, et al.: Improvement of staging by combining tumor and treatment parameters: the value for prognostication in rectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5: 997-1003.
14. Bosset JF, Calais G, Mineur L, et al.: Enhanced tumoroci-dal effect of chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: preliminary results-EORTC 22921. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23: 5620-5627.
15. Rullier E, Goffre B, Bonnel C, et al.: Preoperative radio-chemotherapy and sphincter-saving resection for T3 carcinomas of the lower third of the rectum. Ann Surg 2001, 234: 633-640.
16. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P: What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol 2008, 26: 303-312.
17. Vironen J, Juhola M, Kairaluoma M, et al.: Tumour regression grading in the evaluation of tumour response after different preoperative radiotherapy treatments for rectal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis 2005, 20: 440-445.
18. Rodel C, Martus P, Papadoupolos T, et al.: Prognostic signif cance of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23: 8688-8696.
19. Halvorsen TB, Seim E: Association between invasive-ness, inf ammatory reaction, desmoplasia and survival in colorectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 1989, 42: 162-166.
20. Gosens MJ, Klaassen RA, Tan-Go I, et al.: Circumferential margin involvement is the crucial prognostic factor after multimodality treatment in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13: 6617-6623.
21. Bouzourene H, Bosman FT, Seelentag W, et al.: Importance of tumor regression assessment in predicting the outcome in patients with locally advanced rectal carcinoma who are treated with preoperative radiotherapy. Cancer 2002, 94: 1121-1130.
22. Vecchio FM, Valentini V, Minsky BD, et al.: The relationship of pathologic tumor regression grade (TRG) and outcomes after preoperative therapy in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62: 752-760.
23. Suarez J, Vera R, Balen E, et al.: Pathologic response assessed by Mandard grade is a better prognostic factor than down staging for disease-free survival after preop-erative radiochemotherapy for advanced rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2007 Dec 7 (Epub ahead of print).
24. Gavioli M, Luppi G, Losi L, et al.: Incidence and clinical impact of sterilized disease and minimal residual disease after preoperative radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005, 48: 1851-1857.
25. Losi L, Luppi G, Gavioli M, et al.: Prognostic value of Dworak grade of regression (GR) in patients with rectal carcinoma treated with preoperative radiochemotherapy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006, 21: 645-651.
26. Rullier A, Laurent C, Vendrely V, et al.: Impact of colloid response on survival after preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2005, 29: 602-606.
27. Shia J, Guillem JG, Moore HG, et al.: Patterns of morphologic alteration in residual rectal carcinoma following preoperative chemoradiation and their association with long-term outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 2004, 28: 215-223.
28. Glynne-Jones R, Wallace M, Livingstone JI, Meyrick-Thomas J: Complete clinical response after preoperative chemoradiation in rectal cancer: Is a "wait and see" policy justif ed? Dis Colon Rectum 2008, 51: 10-20.
29. Onaitis MW, Noone RB, Fields R, et al.: Complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer does not inf uence survival. Ann Surg Oncol 2001, 8: 801-806.
30. Hiotis SP, Weber SM, Cohen AM, et al.: Assessing the predictive value of clinical complete response to neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: an analysis of 488 patients. J Am Coll Surg 2002, 194: 131-135.
31. Bedrosian I, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Feig B, et al.: Predicting the node-negative mesorectum after preoperative chemora-diation for locally advanced rectal carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2004, 8: 56-62.
32. Read TE, Andujar JE, Caushaj PF, et al.: Neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: histologic response of the primary tumor predicts nodal status. Dis Colon Rectum 2004, 47: 825-831.
33. Stipa F, Zernecke A, Moore HG, et al.: Residual mesorectal lymph node involvement following neoadjuvant combined-modality therapy: rationale for radical resection? Ann Surg Oncol 2004, 11: 187-191.
34. Zmora O, Dasilva GM, Gurland B, et al.: Does rectal wall tumor eradication with preoperative chemoradiation permit a change in the operative strategy? Dis Colon Rectum 2004, 47: 1607-1612.
35. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, et al.: Prediction of mesorectal nodal metastases after chemo-radiation for rectal cancer: results of a randomised trial: implication for subsequent local excision. Radiother Oncol 2005, 76: 234-240.
36. Chan AK, Wong A, Jenken D, et al.: Posttreatment TNM staging is a prognostic indicator of survival and recurrence in tethered or fixed rectal carcinoma after preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61: 665-677.
37. Pucciarelli S, Capirci C, Emanuele U, et al.: Relationship between pathologic T-stage and nodal metastasis after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2005, 12: 111-116.
38. Hughes R, Glynne-Jones R, Grainger J, et al.: Can pathological complete response in the primary tumour following pre-operative pelvic chemoradiotherapy for T3-T4 rectal cancer predict for sterilisation of pelvic lymph nodes, a low risk of local recurrence and the appropriateness of local excision? Int J Colorectal Dis 2006, 21: 11-17.
39. Kim DW, Kim DY, Kim TH, et al.: Is T classif cation still correlated with lymph node status after preopera-tive chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer? Cancer 2006, 106: 1694-1700.
40. Kim NK, Baik SH, Seong JS, et al.: Oncologic outcomes after neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by curative resection with tumor-specific mesorectal excision for fixed locally advanced rectal cancer: impact of postirradiated pathologic downstaging on local recurrence and survival. Ann Surg 2006, 244: 1024-1030.
41. Kuo LJ, Liu MC, Jian JJ, et al.: Is final TNM staging a predictor for survival in locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation therapy? Ann Surg Oncol 2007, 14: 2766-2772.
42. Yoon SM, Kim DY, Kim TH, et al.: Clinical parameters predicting pathologic tumor response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007, 69: 1167-1172.
43. Guillem JG, Diaz-Gonzalez JA, Minsky BD, et al.: cT3N0 rectal cancer: potential overtreatment with preoperative chemoradiotherapy is warranted. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26: 368-373.
44. Prall F, Wöhlke M, Klautke G, et al.: Tu mour re gression and mesorectal lymph node changes after intensif ed neoadjuvant chemoradiation for carcinoma of the rectum. APMIS 2006, 114: 201-210.
45. Perez RO, Habr-Gama A, Nishida Arazawa ST, et al.: Lymph node micrometastasis in stage II distal rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2005, 20: 434-439.
46. Morgan MJ, Koorey DJ, Painter D, et al.: Histological tumour response to pre-operative combined modality therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2002, 4: 177-183.
47. Koh DM, Chau I, Tait D, et al.: Evaluating mesorectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation using thin-section T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 71: 456-461.
48. Valentini V, Coco C, Picciocchi A, et al.: Does downstaging predict improved outcome after preoperative chemoradia-tion for extraperitoneal locally advanced rectal cancer? A long-term analysis of 165 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 53: 664-674.
49. Wijesuriya RE, Deen KI, Hewavisenthi J, et al.: Neoadju-vant therapy for rectal cancer down-stages the tumor but reduces lymph node harvest signif cantly. Surg Today 2005, 35: 442-445.
50. Baxter NN, Morris AM, Rothenberger DA, Tepper JE: Impact of preoperative radiation for rectal cancer on subsequent lymph node evaluation: a population-based analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 61: 426-431.
51. Biondo S, Navarro M, Marti-Rague J, et al.: Response to neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: inf uence on longterm results. Colorectal Dis 2005, 7: 472-479.
52. Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Proscurshim I, et al.: Absence of lymph nodes in the resected specimen after radical surgery for distal rectal cancer and neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: What does it mean? Dis Colon Rectum 2008, 51: 277-283.
53. Shivnani AT, Small W Jr, Stryker SJ, et al.: Preoperative chemoradiation for rectal cancer: results of multimodality management and analysis of prognostic factors. Am J Surg 2007, 193: 389-393.
54. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (eds): TNM classif cation of malignant tumours (UICC), edn 5. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1997.
55. Sobin LH, Wittekind C (eds): TNM classif cation of malignant tumours (UICC), edn 6. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2002.
56. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P: Colorectal tumour deposits in the mesorectum and pericolon, a critical review. Histopathol-ogy 2007, 51: 141-149.