The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Pediatrics

Volumn 129, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 330-337

  Millichap, J Gordon ^a   Yee, Michelle M ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Additive free; Attention; Behavior; Diet; Elimination; Hyperactivity; Iron; Ketogenic; Oligoantigenic; Omega 3; Pediatrics; Sucrose; Zinc

Indexed keywords

ASPARTAME; DEXAMPHETAMINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; FOLIC ACID; FOOD ADDITIVE; FOOD PRESERVATIVE; GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; IRON; LINOLEIC ACID; MEGARED KRILL OIL; MEGAVITAMIN; METHYLPHENIDATE; NORDIC FISHES CHEWS; NORDIC GUMMY BEARS; NORDIC PROEFA; NUTRIGOLD; OLEIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SUGAR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN; ZINC;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE DEFECT; DESENSITIZATION; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY FIBER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEINGOLD DIET; FOOD ALLERGY; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY; IRON DEFICIENCY; KETOGENIC DIET; LIVER TOXICITY; LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET; MEDLINE; NONHUMAN; OLIGOANTIGENIC DIET; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARENT COUNSELING; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUGAR INTAKE; SYMPTOM; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; ZINC DEFICIENCY;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; DIET, HIGH-FAT; DIETARY FIBER; DIETARY SUCROSE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FLAVORING AGENTS; FOLIC ACID; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FOOD HABITS; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; SALICYLATES; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ZINC;

EID: 84856552234     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2199     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Howard AL, Robinson M, Smith GJ, Ambrosini GL, Piek JP, Oddy WH. ADHD is associated with a "Western" dietary pattern in adolescents. J Atten Disord. 2011;15(5):403-411
2. Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Turbott SH, Manku M. Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1987;26(8):406-411 (Pubitemid 18089640)
3. Colter AL, Cutler C, Meckling KA. Fatty acid status and behavioral symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutr J. 2008;7:8
4. Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L. Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(suppl 1):327S-330S (Pubitemid 30046136)
5. Richardson AJ, Montgomery P. The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatrics. 2005;115(5):1360-1366 (Pubitemid 43843244)
6. Sinn N, Bryan J. Effect of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients on learning and behavior problems associated with child ADHD. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2007;28(2):82-91 (Pubitemid 46624832)
7. Johnson M, Ostlund S, Fransson G, KadesjöB, Gillberg C. Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J Atten Disord. 2009;12(5):394-401
8. Voigt RG, Llorente AM, Jensen CL, Fraley JK, Berretta MC, Heird WC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2001;139(2):189-196 (Pubitemid 32721703)
9. Hirayama S, Hamazaki T, Terasawa K. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder - a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004;58(3):467-473 (Pubitemid 38443707)
10. Ng K-H, Meyer BJ, Reece L, Sinn N. Dietary PUFA intakes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(11):1635-1641
11. Brookes KJ, Chen W, Xu X, Taylor E, Asherson P. Association of fatty acid desaturase genes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60(10):1053-1061 (Pubitemid 44647221)
12. Chalon S. The role of fatty acids in the treatment of ADHD. Neuropharmacology. 2009;57(7-8):636-639
13. Feingold BF. Why Your Child Is Hyperactive. New York, NY: Random House; 1975
14. Conners CK, Goyette CH, Southwick DA, Lees JM, Andrulonis PA. Food additives and hyperkinesis: a controlled double-blind experiment. Pediatrics. 1976;58(2):154-166
15. Harley JP, Ray RS, Tomasi L, Eichman PL, Matthews CG, Chun Ret al. Hyperkinesis and food additives: testing the Feingold hypothesis. Pediatrics. 1978;61(6):818-828 (Pubitemid 8338842)
16. Harley JP, Matthews CG, Eichman P. Synthetic food colors and hyperactivity in children: a double-blind challenge experiment. Pediatrics. 1978;62(6):975-983 (Pubitemid 9037496)
17. Connolly A, Hearty A, Nugent A, et al. Pattern of intake of food additives associated with hyperactivity in Irish children and teenagers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010;27(4):447-456.
18. Stevenson J, Sonuga-Barke E, McCann D, Grimshaw K, Parker KM, Rose-Zerilli MJ et al. The role of histamine degradation gene polymorphisms in moderating the effects of food additives on children's ADHD symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1108-1115
19. Stevens LJ, Kuczek T, Burgess JR, Hurt E, Arnold LE. Dietary sensitivities and ADHD symptoms: thirty-five years of research. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50(4):279-293
20. Millichap JG. Nutrition, Diet, and Your Child's Behavior. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1986
21. Millichap JG. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook. A Physician's Guide to ADHD. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010
22. Boris M, Mandel FS. Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Ann Allergy. 1994;72(5):462-468 (Pubitemid 24148014)
23. Egger J, Carter CM, Graham PJ, Gumley D, Soothill JF. Controlled trial of oligoantigenic treatment in the hyperkinetic syndrome. Lancet. 1985;1(8428):540-545 (Pubitemid 15101847)
24. Carter CM, Urbanowicz M, Hemsley R, et al. Effects of a few food diet in attention deficit disorder. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69(5):564-568 (Pubitemid 23355850)
25. Schulte-Körne G, Deimel W, Gutenbrunner C, et al. [Effect of an oligo-antigen diet on the behavior of hyperkinetic children]. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 1996;24(3):176-183
26. Pelsser LM, Buitelaar JK. [Favourable effect of a standard elimination diet on the behavior of young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a pilot study]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2002;146(52):2543-2547
27. Pelsser LM, Frankena K, Toorman J, et al. Effects of a restricted elimination diet on the behaviour of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (INCA study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9764):494-503
28. Mullins RJ, Tang MLK, Dear K. Restricted elimination diet for ADHD. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1567-, author reply 1568
29. Ghuman JK. Restricted elimination diet for ADHD: the INCA study. Lancet. 2011;377(9764):446-448
30. Adesman A. Restricted elimination diet for ADHD. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1567-, author reply 1568
31. Poulton AS, Babajanyan A, Nanan R. Restricted elimination diet for ADHD. Lancet. 2011;377(9777):1567-1568, author reply 1568
32. Ferguson A. Definitions and diagnosis of food intolerance and food allergy: consensus and controversy. J Pediatr. 1992;121(5 Pt 2):S7-S11
33. Egger J, Stolla A, McEwen LM. Controlled trial of hyposensitisation in children with food-induced hyperkinetic syndrome. Lancet. 1992;339(8802):1150- 1153
34. Pelsser LM, Buitelaar JK, Savelkoul HF. ADHD as a (non) allergic hypersensitivity disorder: a hypothesis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20(2):107-112
35. Wolraich ML, Lindgren SD, Stumbo PJ, Stegink LD, Appelbaum MI, Kiritsy MC. Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behavior and cognitive performance of children. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(5):301-307 (Pubitemid 24041373)
36. Wolraich ML, Wilson DB, White JW. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children. A meta-analysis. JAMA. 1995;274(20):1617-1621
37. Kruesi MJ, Rapoport JL, Cummings EM, et al. Effects of sugar and aspartame on aggression and activity in children. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144(11):1487-1490 (Pubitemid 18009546)
38. Wender EH, Solanto MV. Effects of sugar on aggressive and inattentive behavior in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and normal children. Pediatrics. 1991;88(5):960-966
39. Yehuda S. Nutrients, brain biochemistry, and behavior: a possible role for the neuronal membrane. Int J Neurosci. 1987;35(1-2):21-36
40. Jones TW, Borg WP, Boulware SD, McCarthy G, Sherwin RS, Tamborlane WV. Enhanced adrenomedullary response and increased susceptibility to neuroglycopenia: mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of sugar ingestion in healthy children. J Pediatr. 1995;126(2):171-177
41. Shaywitz BA, Sullivan CM, Anderson GM, Gillespie SM, Sullivan B, Shaywitz SE. Aspartame, behavior, and cognitive function in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics. 1994;93(1):70-75 (Pubitemid 24012133)
42. Gschwend S, Ryan C, Atchison J, Arslanian S, Becker D. Effects of acute hyperglycemia on mental efficiency and counterregulatory hormones in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 1995;126(2):178-184
43. Smid HG, Trümper BG, Pottag G, et al. Differentiation of hypoglycaemia induced cognitive impairments. An electrophysiological approach. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 6):1041-1056 (Pubitemid 27259553)
44. Uhlig T, Merkenschlager A, Brandmaier R, Egger J. Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity in children with food-induced attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder. Eur J Pediatr. 1997;156(7):557-561 (Pubitemid 27289857)
45. Himwich HE, Frostig JP, Fazekas JF, Hoagland H, Hadidian Z. Clinical, electroencephalographic and biochemical changes during insulin hypoglycemia. Exp Biol Med. 1939;40(3):401-402
46. Gibbs FA, Williams D, Gibbs EL. Modification of the cortical frequency spectrum by changes in carbon dioxide, blood sugar and oxygen. J Neurophysiol. 1940;3:49-58
47. Doehnert M, Brandeis D, Straub M, Steinhausen HC, Drechsler R. Slow cortical potential neurofeedback in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is there neurophysiological evidence for specific effects? J Neural Transm. 2008;115(10):1445-1456
48. Wilder RM. Effect of ketonuria on course of epilepsy. Mayo Clin Bull. 1921;2:307
49. Millichap JG, Jones JD, Rudis BP. Mechanism of anticonvulsant action of ketogenic diet. Studies in animals with experimental seizures and in children with petit mal epilepsy. Am J Dis Child. 1964;107:593-604
50. Pulsifer MB, Gordon JM, Brandt J, Vining EP, Freeman JM. Effects of ketogenic diet on development and behavior: preliminary report of a prospective study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43(5):301-306 (Pubitemid 32457831)
51. Millichap JJ, Stack CV, Millichap JG. Frequency of epileptiform discharges in the sleep-deprived electroencephalogram in children evaluated for attention-deficit disorders. J Child Neurol. 2011;26(1):6-11
52. Murphy P, Burnham WM. The ketogenic diet causes a reversible decrease in activity level in Long-Evans rats. Exp Neurol. 2006;201(1):84-89 (Pubitemid 44226465)
53. Kessler SK, Gallagher PR, Shellhaas RA, Clancy RR, Bergqvist AG. Early EEG improvement after ketogenic diet initiation. Epilepsy Res. 2011;94(1-2):94-101
54. Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):1381-1386 (Pubitemid 32525220)
55. Millichap JG, Yee MM, Davidson SI. Serum ferritin in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;34(3):200-203
56. Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A. Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;35(4):178-180 (Pubitemid 27212154)
57. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(12):1113-1115 (Pubitemid 39579170)
58. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Deron J, et al. Effects of iron supplementation on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;38(1):20-26 (Pubitemid 350181289)
59. Calarge C, Farmer C, DiSilvestro R, Arnold LE. Serum ferritin and amphetamine response in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20(6):495-502
60. Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA. Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):619-627 (Pubitemid 41434366)
61. Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi MR, Khademi M. Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind and randomized trial [ISRCTN64132371]. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:9
62. Bilici M, Yildirim F, Kandil S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28(1):181-190 (Pubitemid 37548510)
63. Arnold LE, Bozzolo H, Hollway J, et al. Serum zinc correlates with parent- and teacher-rated inattention in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):628-636 (Pubitemid 41434367)
64. Arnold LE, Disilvestro RA, Bozzolo D, et al. Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(1):1-19
65. Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10(2):111-117 (Pubitemid 30490918)
66. Cott A. Megavitamins: the orthomolecular approach to behavioral disorders and learning disabilities. Acad Ther. 1972;7:245
67. Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics. 1984;74(1):103-111 (Pubitemid 14078847)
68. Waring ME, Lapane KL. Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):e1-e6
69. Millichap JG. Etiologic classification of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):e358-e365 (Pubitemid 351198461)