Role of lipids in virus replication

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Volumn 3, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1-20

  Lorizate, Maier ^a   Kräusslich, Hans Georg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

MEMBRANE LIPID;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CELL MEMBRANE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; TRANSPORT VESICLE; VIROLOGY; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION;

GENOME, VIRAL; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; TRANSPORT VESICLES; VIRUS INTERNALIZATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84856233337     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19430264     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004820     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Akhtar J, Shukla D. 2009. Viral entry mechanisms: Cellular and viral mediators of herpes simplex virus entry. FEBS J 276: 7228-7236.
2. Allison SL, Stadler K, Mandl CW, Kunz C, Heinz FX. 1995. Synthesis and secretion of recombinant tick-borne encephalitis virus protein E in soluble and particulate form. J Virol 69: 5816-5820.
3. Aloia RC, Tian H, Jensen FC. 1993. Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90: 5181-5185.
4. Aloia RC, Jensen FC, Curtain CC, Mobley PW, Gordon LM. 1988. Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. ProcNatl Acad Sci 85: 900-904.
5. André P, Komurian-Pradel F, Deforges S, Perret M, Berland JL, Sodoyer M, Pol S, Bréchot C, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Lotteau V. 2002. Characterization of low-and very-lowdensity hepatitis C virus RNA-containing particles. J Virol 76: 6919-6928.
6. André P, Perlemuter G, Budkowska A, Brechot C, Lotteau V. 2005. Hepatitis C virus particles and lipoprotein metabolism. Semin Liver Dis 25: 93-104.
7. Andreo U, Maillard P, Kalinina O, Walic M, Meurs E, Martinot M, Marcellin P, Budkowska A. 2007. Lipoprotein lipase mediates hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell entry and inhibits HCV infection. Cell Microbiol 9: 2445-2456.
8. Backovic M, Jardetzky TS. 2009. Class III viral membrane fusion proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 19: 189-196.
9. Bartenschlager R, Penin F, Lohmann V, André P. 2011. Assembly of infectious hepatitis C virus particles. Trends Microbiol 19: 95-103.
10. Bieniasz PD. 2009. The cell biology of HIV-1 virion genesis. Cell Host Microbe 5: 550-558.
11. Blom TS, Koivusalo M, Kuismanen E, Kostiainen R, Somerharju P, Ikonen E. 2001. Mass spectrometric analysis reveals an increase in plasma membrane polyunsaturated phospholipid species upon cellular cholesterol loading. Biochemistry 40: 14635-14644.
12. Brügger B, Glass B, Haberkant P, Leibrecht I, Wieland FT, Kräusslich HG. 2006. The HIV lipidome: A raft with an unusual composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 2641-2646.
13. Buzon V, Natrajan G, Schibli D, Campelo F, Kozlov MM, Weissenhorn W. 2010. Crystal structure of HIV-1 gp41 including both fusion peptide and membrane proximal external regions. PLoS Pathog 6: e1000880.
14. Carlson LA, Briggs JA, Glass B, Riches JD, Simon MN, Johnson MC, Müller B, Grünewald K, Kräusslich HG. 2008. Three-dimensional analysis of budding sites and released virus suggests a revised model for HIV-1 morphogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 4: 592-599.
15. Carneiro FA, Bianconi ML, Weissmuller G, Stauffer F, Da Poian AT. 2002. Membrane recognition by vesicular stomatitis virus involves enthalpy-driven protein-lipid interactions. J Virol 76: 3756-3764.
16. Carneiro FA, Lapido-Loureiro PA, Cordo SM, Stauffer F, Weissmuller G, Bianconi ML, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Bisch PM, Da Poian AT. 2006. Probing the interaction between vesicular stomatitis virus and phosphatidylserine. Eur Biophys J 35: 145-154.
17. Chan RB, Tanner L, Wenk MR. 2010. Implications for lipids during replication of enveloped viruses. Chem Phys Lipids 163: 449-459.
18. Chan R, Uchil PD, Jin J, Shui G, Ott DE, Mothes W, Wenk MR. 2008. Retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus and murine leukemia virus are enriched in phosphoinositides. J Virol 82: 11228-11238.
19. Chen BJ, Lamb RA. 2008. Mechanisms for enveloped virus budding: can some viruses do without an ESCRT? Virology 372: 221-232.
20. Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA. 2007. Influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but not the matrix protein, are required for assembly and budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles. J Virol 81: 7111-7123.
21. Chernomordik LV, Kozlov MM. 2005. Membrane hemifusion: Crossing a chasm in two leaps. Cell 123: 375-382.
22. Chernomordik LV, Zimmerberg J, Kozlov MM. 2006. Membranes of the world unite! J Cell Biol 175: 201-207.
23. Chernomordik L, Chanturiya A, Green J, Zimmerberg J. 1995. The hemifusion intermediate and its conversion to complete fusion: Regulation by membrane composition. Biophys J 69: 922-929.
24. Chlanda P, Carbajal MA, Cyrklaff M, Griffiths G, Krijnse-Locker J. 2009. Membrane rupture generates single open membrane sheets during vaccinia virus assembly. Cell Host Microbe 6: 81-90.
25. Coyne CB, Bergelson JM. 2006. Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions. Cell 124: 119-131.
26. Coyne CB, Kim KS, Bergelson JM. 2007. Poliovirus entry into human brain microvascular cells requires receptorinduced activation of SHP-2. EMBO J 26: 4016-4028.
27. Cremesti AE, Goni FM, Kolesnick R. 2002. Role of sphingomyelinase and ceramide in modulating rafts: Do biophysical properties determine biologic outcome? FEBS Lett 531: 47-53.
28. Cuadras MA, Bordier BB, Zambrano JL, Ludert JE, Greenberg HB. 2006. Dissecting rotavirus particle-raft interaction with small interfering RNAs: Insights into rotavirus transit through the secretory pathway. J Virol 80: 3935-3946.
29. Danieli T, Pelletier SL, Henis YI, White JM. 1996. Membrane fusion mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin requires the concerted action of at least three hemagglutinin trimers. J Cell Biol 133: 559-569.
30. Doms RW, Moore JP. 2000. HIV-1 membrane fusion: Targets of opportunity. J Cell Biol 151: F9-14.
31. Doms RW, Lamb RA, Rose JK, Helenius A. 1993. Folding and assembly of viral membrane proteins. Virology 193: 545-562.
32. Eckert DM, Kim PS. 2001. Design of potent inhibitors of HIV-1 entry from the gp41 N-peptide region. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98: 11187-11192.
33. EggerD, Wolk B, Gosert R, Bianchi L, Blum HE, Moradpour D, Bienz K. 2002. Expression of hepatitis C virus proteins induces distinct membrane alterations including a candidate viral replication complex. J Virol 76: 5974-5984.
34. Ewers H, RomerW, Smith AE, Bacia K, Dmitrieff S, ChaiW, Mancini R, Kartenbeck J, Chambon V, Berland L, et al. 2010. GM1 structure determines SV40-induced membrane invagination and infection. Nat Cell Biol 12: 11-18; sup pp 11-12.
35. Fabrikant G, Lata S, Riches JD, Briggs JA, Weissenhorn W, Kozlov MM. 2009. Computational model of membrane fission catalyzed by ESCRT-III. PLoS Comput Biol 5: e1000575.
36. Fäcke M, Janetzko A, Shoeman RL, Kräusslich HG. 1993. A large deletion in the matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus gag gene redirects virus particle assembly from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 67: 4972-4980.
37. Farr GA, Zhang LG, Tattersall P. 2005. Parvoviral virions deploy a capsid-tethered lipolytic enzyme to breach the endosomal membrane during cell entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102: 17148-17153.
38. Finnegan CM, Rawat SS, Puri A, Wang JM, RuscettiFW, Blumenthal R. 2004. Ceramide, a target for antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101: 15452-15457.
39. Fraile-Ramos A, Pelchen-Matthews A, Risco C, Rejas MT, Emery VC, Hassan-Walker AF, Esteban M, Marsh M. 2007. The ESCRT machinery is not required for human cytomegalovirus envelopment. Cell Microbiol 9: 2955-2967.
40. Frey G, Rits-Volloch S, Zhang XQ, Schooley RT, Chen B, Harrison SC. 2006. Small molecules that bind the inner core of gp41 and inhibit HIVenvelope-mediated fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 13938-13943.
41. Fricks CE, Hogle JM. 1990. Cell-induced conformational change in poliovirus: externalization of the amino terminus of VP1 is responsible for liposome binding. J Virol 64: 1934-1945.
42. Frolov VA, Shnyrova AV, Zimmerberg J. 2011. Lipid polymorphisms and membrane shape. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3: a004747.
43. Garoff H, Sjoberg M, Cheng RH. 2004. Budding of alphaviruses. Virus Res 106: 103-116.
44. Gheysen D, Jacobs E, de Foresta F, Thiriart C, Francotte M, Thines D, De Wilde M. 1989. Assembly and release of HIV-1 precursor Pr55gag virus-like particles from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells. Cell 59: 103-112.
45. Gomara MJ, Lorizate M, Huarte N, Mingarro I, Perez-Paya E, Nieva JL. 2006. Hexapeptides that interfere with HIV-1 fusion peptide activity in liposomes block GP41-mediated membrane fusion. FEBS Lett 580: 2561-2566.
46. Göttlinger HG, Dorfman T, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. 1991. Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88: 3195-3199.
47. Greber UF. 2002. Signalling in viral entry. Cell Mol Life Sci 59: 608-626.
48. Hanson PI, Roth R, Lin Y, Heuser JE. 2008. Plasma membrane deformation by circular arrays of ESCRT-III protein filaments. J Cell Biol 180: 389-402.
49. Harrison SC. 2008. Viral membrane fusion. Nat Struct Mol Biol 15: 690-698.
50. Haywood AM. 2010. Membrane uncoating of intact enveloped viruses. J Virol 84: 10946-10955.
51. Heaton NS, Perera R, Berger KL, Khadka S, Lacount DJ, Kuhn RJ, Randall G. 2010. Dengue virus nonstructural protein 3 redistributes fatty acid synthase to sites of viral replication and increases cellular fatty acid synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 17345-17350.
52. Heldwein EE, Krummenacher C. 2008. Entry of herpesviruses into mammalian cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 65: 1653-1668.
53. Herker E, Harris C, Hernandez C, Carpentier A, Kaehlcke K, Rosenberg AR, Farese RV Jr, Ott M. 2010. Efficient hepatitis C virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1. Nat Med 16: 1295-1298.
54. Heuser J. 2005. Deep-etchEMreveals that the early poxvirus envelope is a single membrane bilayer stabilized by a geodetic "honeycomb" surface coat. J Cell Biol 169: 269-283.
55. Hogle JM. 2002. Poliovirus cell entry: Common structural themes in viral cell entry pathways. Annu Rev Microbiol 56: 677-702.
56. Hsu NY, IlnytskaO, Belov G, Santiana M, Chen YH, Takvorian PM, Pau C, van der Schaar H, Kaushik-Basu N, Balla T, et al. 2010. Viral reorganization of the secretory pathway generates distinct organelles for RNA replication. Cell 141: 799-811.
57. Huang H, Sun F, Owen DM, Li W, Chen Y, Gale M Jr, Ye J. 2007. Hepatitis C virus production by human hepatocytes dependent on assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 5848-5853.
58. Kalvodova L, Sampaio JL, Cordo S, Ejsing CS, Shevchenko A, Simons K. 2009. The lipidomes of vesicular stomatitis virus, semliki forest virus, and the host plasma membrane analyzed by quantitative shotgun mass spectrometry. J Virol 83: 7996-8003.
59. Kielian M, Chanel-Vos C, Liao M. 2010. Alphavirus entry and membrane fusion. Viruses 2: 796-825.
60. Kilby JM, Eron JJ. 2003. Novel therapies based on mechanisms of HIV-1 cell entry. N Engl J Med 348: 2228-2238.
61. Kliger Y, Aharoni A, Rapaport D, Jones P, Blumenthal R, Shai Y. 1997. Fusion peptides derived from the HIV type 1 glycoprotein 41 associate within phospholipid membranes and inhibit cell-cell fusion. Structure-function study. J Biol Chem 272: 13496-13505.
62. Knoops K, Kikkert M, Worm SH, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, Koster AJ, Mommaas AM, Snijder EJ. 2008. SARS-coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol 6: e226.
63. Kozlov MM. 2010. Biophysics: Joint effort bends membrane. Nature 463: 439-440.
64. Kozlov MM, McMahon HT, Chernomordik LV. 2010. Protein-driven membrane stresses in fusion and fission. Trends Biochem Sci 35: 699-706.
65. Kuzmin PI, Zimmerberg J, Chizmadzhev YA, Cohen FS. 2001. A quantitative model for membrane fusion based on low-energy intermediates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98: 7235-7240.
66. Lata S, Schoehn G, Jain A, Pires R, Piehler J, Gottlinger HG, WeissenhornW. 2008. Helical structures of ESCRT-III are disassembled by VPS4. Science 321: 1354-1357.
67. Liemann S, Chandran K, Baker TS, Nibert ML, Harrison SC. 2002. Structure of the reovirus membrane-penetration protein, m1, in a complex with is protector protein, s3. Cell 108: 283-295.
68. Liu J, Thorp SC. 2002. Cell surface heparan sulfate and its roles in assisting viral infections. Med Res Rev 22: 1-25.
69. Lorizate M, Brügger B, Akiyama H, Glass B, Müller B, Anderluh G, Wieland FT, Kräusslich HG. 2009. Probing HIV-1 membrane liquid order by Laurdan staining reveals producer cell-dependent differences. J Biol Chem 284: 22238-22247.
70. Lorizate M, Huarte N, Saez-Cirion A, Nieva JL. 2008. Interfacial pre-transmembrane domains in viral proteins promoting membrane fusion and fission. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778: 1624-1639.
71. Low JA, Magnuson B, Tsai B, Imperiale MJ. 2006. Identification of gangliosides GD1b and GT1b as receptors for BK virus. J Virol 80: 1361-1366.
72. Magnuson B, Rainey EK, Benjamin T, Baryshev M, Mkrtchian S, Tsai B. 2005. ERp29 triggers a conformational change in polyomavirus to stimulate membrane binding. Mol Cell 20: 289-300.
73. Maier O, Galan DL, Wodrich H, Wiethoff CM. 2010. An Nterminal domain of adenovirus protein VI fragments membranes by inducing positive membrane curvature. Virology 402: 11-19.
74. Maier O, Wiethoff CM. 2010. N-terminal α-helix-independent membrane interactions facilitate adenovirus protein VI induction of membrane tubule formation. Virology 408: 31-38.
75. Mankouri J, Tedbury PR, Gretton S, Hughes ME, Griffin SD, Dallas ML, Green KA, Hardie DG, Peers C, Harris M. 2010. Enhanced hepatitis C virus genome replication and lipid accumulation mediated by inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 11549-11554.
76. Marsh M, Helenius A. 2006. Virus entry: Open sesame. Cell 124: 729-740.
77. Megha, London E. 2004. Ceramide selectively displaces cholesterol from ordered lipid domains (rafts): Implications for lipid raft structure and function. J Biol Chem 279: 9997-10004.
78. Mercer J, Schelhaas M, Helenius A. 2010. Virus entry by endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 79: 803-833.
79. Merz A, Long G, Hiet MS, Bruegger B, Chlanda P, André P, Wieland F, Krijnse-Locker J, Bartenschlager R. 2010. Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis C virus particles and determination of their lipidome. J Biol Chem 286: 3018-3032.
80. Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG, Granzow H. 2009. Herpesvirus assembly: An update. Virus Res 143: 222-234.
81. Miller S, Krijnse-Locker J. 2008. Modification of intracellular membrane structures for virus replication. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 363-374.
82. Miyanari Y, Atsuzawa K, Usuda N, Watashi K, Hishiki T, ZayasM, Bartenschlager R, Wakita T, Hijikata M, Shimotohno K. 2007. The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus production. Nat Cell Biol 9: 1089-1097.
83. Mothes W, Sherer NM, Jin J, Zhong P. 2010. Virus cell-to-cell transmission. J Virol 84: 8360-8368.
84. Munch J, Standker L, Adermann K, Schulz A, Schindler M, Chinnadurai R, Pohlmann S, Chaipan C, Biet T, Peters T, et al. 2007. Discovery and optimization of a natural HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the gp41 fusion peptide. Cell 129: 263-275.
85. Nieva JL, Agirre A. 2003. Are fusion peptides a good model to study viral cell fusion? Biochim Biophys Acta 1614: 104-115.
86. Ono A. 2010. Relationships between plasma membrane microdomains and HIV-1 assembly. Biol Cell 102: 335-350.
87. Ono A, Orenstein JM, Freed EO. 2000. Role of the Gag matrix domain in targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly. J Virol 74: 2855-2866.
88. Ono A, Ablan SD, Lockett SJ, Nagashima K, Freed EO. 2004. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate regulates HIV-1 Gag targeting to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101: 14889-14894.
89. Owens RJ, Tanner CC, Mulligan MJ, Srinivas RV, Compans RW. 1990. Oligopeptide inhibitors of HIV-induced syncytium formation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 6: 1289-1296.
90. Patient R, Hourioux C, Roingeard P. 2009. Morphogenesis of hepatitis B virus and its subviral envelope particles. Cell Microbiol 11: 1561-1570.
91. PermanyerM, Ballana E, Este JA. 2010. Endocytosis of HIV: Anything goes. Trends Microbiol 18: 543-551.
92. Ploss A, Rice CM. 2009. Towards a small animal model for hepatitis C. EMBO Rep 10: 1220-1227.
93. Qian M, CaiD, VerheyKJ, Tsai B. 2009. A lipid receptor sorts polyomavirus from the endolysosome to the endoplasmic reticulum to cause infection. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000465.
94. Reiss S, Rebhan I, Backes P, Romero-Brey I, Erfle H, Matula P, Kaderali L, Poenisch M, Blankenburg H, Hiet MS, et al. 2011. Recruitment and activation of a lipid kinase by hepatitis C virus NS5A is essential for integrity of the membranous replication compartment. Cell Host Microbe 9: 32-45.
95. Rossman JS, Jing X, Leser GP, Balannik V, Pinto LH, Lamb RA. 2010a. Influenza virusM2ion channel protein is necessary for filamentous virion formation. J Virol 84: 5078-5088.
96. Rossman JS, Jing X, Leser GP, Lamb RA. 2010b. Influenza virus M2 protein mediates ESCRT-independent membrane scission. Cell 142: 902-913.
97. Saad JS, Miller J, Tai J, Kim A, Ghanam RH, Summers MF. 2006. Structural basis for targeting HIV-1 Gag proteins to the plasma membrane for virus assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 11364-11369.
98. Saez-Cirion A, Nir S, Lorizate M, AgirreA, Cruz A, Perez-Gil J, Nieva JL. 2002. Sphingomyelin and cholesterol promote HIV-1 gp41 pretransmembrane sequence surface aggregation and membrane restructuring. J Biol Chem 277: 21776-21785.
99. Saksena S, Wahlman J, Teis D, Johnson AE, Emr SD. 2009. Functional reconstitution of ESCRT-III assembly and disassembly. Cell 136: 97-109.
100. Salonen A, Ahola T, Kaariainen L. 2005. Viral RNA replication in association with cellular membranes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 285: 139-173.
101. Salzwedel K, West JT, Hunter E. 1999. A conserved tryptophan-rich motif in the membrane-proximal region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 ectodomain is important for Env-mediated fusion and virus infectivity. J Virol 73: 2469-2480.
102. Sapp M, Day PM. 2009. Structure, attachment and entry of polyoma-and papillomaviruses. Virology 384: 400-409.
103. Sattentau Q. 2008. Avoiding the void: Cell-to-cell spread of human viruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 6: 815-826.
104. Scheiffele P, Rietveld A, Wilk T, Simons K. 1999. Influenza viruses select ordered lipid domains during budding from the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 274: 2038-2044.
105. Schelhaas M. 2010. Come in and take your coat off-How host cells provide endocytosis for virus entry. CellMicrobiol 12: 1378-1388.
106. Schelhaas M, Malmstrom J, Pelkmans L, Haugstetter J, Ellgaard L, Grünewald K, Helenius A. 2007. Simian Virus 40 depends on ER protein folding and quality control factors for entry into host cells. Cell 131: 516-529.
107. Sfakianos JN, Hunter E. 2003. M-PMV capsid transport is mediated by Env/Gag interactions at the pericentriolar recycling endosome. Traffic 4: 671-680.
108. Shai Y. 2001. Molecular recognition within the membrane milieu: implications for the structure and function of membrane proteins. J Membr Biol 182: 91-104.
109. Shavinskaya A, Boulant S, Penin F, McLauchlan J, Bartenschlager R. 2007. The lipid droplet binding domain of hepatitis C virus core protein is a major determinant for efficient virus assembly. J Biol Chem 282: 37158-37169.
110. Sieczkarski SB, Whittaker GR. 2005. Viral entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 285: 1-23.
111. Simons K, Sampaio JL. 2011. Membrane organization and lipid rafts. Cold Spring Harb Perspect 3: a004697.
112. Smith AE, Helenius A. 2004. How viruses enter animal cells. Science 304: 237-242.
113. Smith AE, Lilie H, Helenius A. 2003. Gangliosidedependent cell attachment and endocytosis of murine polyomavirus-like particles. FEBS Lett 555: 199-203.
114. Sodeik B, Krijnse-Locker J. 2002. Assembly of vaccinia virus revisited: De novo membrane synthesis or acquisition from the host? Trends Microbiol 10: 15-24.
115. Spillmann D. 2001. Heparan sulfate: anchor for viral intruders? Biochimie 83: 811-817.
116. Spuul P, Balistreri G, Kaariainen L, Ahola T. 2010. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-, actin-, and microtubuledependent transport of Semliki Forest virus replication complexes from the plasma membrane to modified lysosomes. J Virol 84: 7543-7557.
117. St Vincent MR, Colpitts CC, Ustinov AV, Muqadas M, Joyce MA, Barsby NL, Epand RF, Epand RM, Khramyshev SA, Valueva OA, et al. 2010. Rigid amphipathic fusion inhibitors, small molecule antiviral compounds against enveloped viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 17339-17344.
118. Syed GH, Amako Y, Siddiqui A. 2010. Hepatitis C virus hijacks host lipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 21: 33-40.
119. Tai AW, Benita Y, Peng LF, Kim SS, Sakamoto N, Xavier RJ, Chung RT. 2009. A functional genomic screen identifies cellular cofactors of hepatitis C virus replication. Cell Host Microbe 5: 298-307.
120. Tolonen N, Doglio L, Schleich S, Krijnse Locker J. 2001. Vaccinia virus DNA replication occurs in endoplasmic reticulum-enclosed cytoplasmic mini-nuclei. Mol Biol Cell 12: 2031-2046.
121. Tosteson MT, Chow M. 1997. Characterization of the ion channels formed by poliovirus in planar lipid membranes. J Virol 71: 507-511.
122. Tsai B. 2007. Penetration of nonenveloped viruses into the cytoplasm. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23: 23-43.
123. Tsai B, Qian M. 2010. Cellular entry of polyomaviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2100: 177-194.
124. Tsai B, Gilbert JM, Stehle T, LencerW, Benjamin TL, Rapoport TA. 2003. Gangliosides are receptors for murine polyoma virus and SV40. EMBO J 22: 4346-4355.
125. Utley TJ, Ducharme NA, Varthakavi V, Shepherd BE, Santangelo PJ, Lindquist ME, Goldenring JR, Crowe JE Jr. 2008. Respiratory syncytial virus uses a Vps4-independent budding mechanism controlled by Rab11-FIP2. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 10209-10214.
126. Vaillancourt FH, Pilote L, Cartier M, Lippens J, Liuzzi M, Bethell RC, Cordingley MG, Kukolj G. 2009. Identification of a lipid kinase as a host factor involved in hepatitis C virus RNA replication. Virology 387: 5-10.
127. Vennema H, Godeke GJ, Rossen JW, Voorhout WF, Horzinek MC, Opstelten DJ, Rottier PJ. 1996. Nucleocapsidindependent assembly of coronavirus-like particles by co-expression of viral envelope protein genes. EMBO J 15: 2020-2028.
128. Verma PC, Basu V, Gupta V, Saxena G, Rahman LU. 2009. Pharmacology and chemistry of a potent hepatoprotective compound Picroliv isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa royle ex benth. (kutki). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 10: 641-649.
129. Waheed AA, Freed EO. 2010. The role of lipids in retrovirus replication. Viruses 2: 1146-1180.
130. Weissenhorn W, Hinz A, Gaudin Y. 2007. Virus membrane fusion. FEBS Lett 581: 2150-2155.
131. Welsch S, Müller B, Kräusslich HG. 2007. More than one door-Budding of enveloped viruses through cellular membranes. FEBS Lett 581: 2089-2097.
132. Welsch S, Miller S, Romero-Brey I, Merz A, Bleck CK, Walther P, Fuller SD, Antony C, Krijnse-Locker J, Bartenschlager R. 2009. Composition and threedimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites. Cell Host Microbe 5: 365-375.
133. Wilk T, Geiselhart V, Frech M, Fuller SD, Flügel RM, Löchelt M. 2001. Specific interaction of a novel foamy virus Env leader protein with the N-terminal Gag domain. J Virol 75: 7995-8007.
134. Wolf MC, Freiberg AN, Zhang T, Akyol-Ataman Z, Grock A, Hong PW, Li J, Watson NF, Fang AQ, Aguilar HC, et al. 2010. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 3157-3162.
135. Wollert T, Hurley JH. 2010. Molecular mechanism of multivesicular body biogenesis by ESCRT complexes. Nature 464: 864-869.
136. Yang X, Kurteva S, Ren X, Lee S, Sodroski J. 2006. Subunit stoichiometry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein trimers during virus entry into host cells. J Virol 80: 4388-4395.
137. Zadori Z, Szelei J, Lacoste MC, Li Y, Gariepy S, Raymond P, AllaireM, Nabi IR, Tijssen P. 2001. Aviral phospholipase A2 is required for parvovirus infectivity. Dev Cell 1: 291-302.
138. Zhang L, Agosto MA, Ivanovic T, King DS, Nibert ML, Harrison SC. 2009. Requirements for the formation of membrane pores by the reovirus myristoylated micro1N peptide. J Virol 83: 7004-7014.