Courts resisting courts: Lessons from the Inter-American Court's struggle to enforce human rights

Cornell International Law Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 493-533

  Huneeus, Alexandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84856188836     PISSN: 00108812     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. BETH SIMMONS, MOBILIZING FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL LAW IN DOMESTIC POLITICS 129-35 (2009).
2. ELIN SKAAR, JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA: VIOLATIONS, POLITICS, AND PROSECUTION (2011).
3. Oona A. Hathaway, Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?, I l l YALE L. J. 1935 (2002).
4. Laurence R. Heifer & Anne-Marie Slaughter, Toward a Theory of Effective Supranational Adjudication, 107 YALE L. J. 273 (1997).
5. Emilia Justyna Powell & Jeffrey K. Staton, Domestic Judicial Institutions and Human Rights Treaty Violation, 53 INT'L STUDIES Q. 149 (2009).
6. But see Jeffrey Staton & Alexia Romero, Clarity and Compliance in the Inter- American Human Rights System (Feb. 12, 2011) (unpublished manuscript), available at http://www.saopaulo2011.ipsa.org/sites/default/files/papers/paper- 883.pdf.
7. For a description of the role of the autonomous prosecutor in Latin America, see generally CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS DE JUSTICIA DE LAS AMERICAS (CEJA) [CENTER FOR JUSTICE STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS], DESAFJOS DEL MINISTERIO PUBLICO FISCAL EN AMERICA LATINA [CHALLENGES OF PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA] (2007) ,available at http://www.cejamericas.org/portal/index.php/es/biblioteca/ biblioteca-virtual/doc-details/3314-desafios-del-ministerio-publico-fiscal-en- america-latina [here in after CEJA PUBLIC PROSECUTIONS REPORT].
8. Laurence R. Heifer & Karen J. Alter, The Andean Tribunal of Justice and its Primary Interlocutors: Understanding Preliminary Reference Patterns in the Andean Community, 41 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 871, 872, 875 (2009).
9. see also Karen J. Alter & Laurence R. Heifer, Nature or Nurture? Judicial Lawmaking in the European Court of Justice and the Andean Tribunal of Justice, 64 INT'L ORG. 563 (2010).
10. see also generally James L. Cavallaro & Stephanie Erin Brewer, Reevaluating Regional Human Rights Litigation in the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Inter-American Court, 102 AM. J. INT'L L. 768 (2008).
11. Darren Hawkins & Wade Jacoby, Partial Compliance: A Comparison of the European and Inter-American Courts for Human Rights, 6 J. INT'L L. & INT'L REL. 35 (2010).
12. Christina M. Cerna, The Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights, 16 FLA. J. INT'L L. 195, 200 (2004)
13. Morse H. Tan, Upholding Human Rights in the Hemisphere: Casting Down Impunity Through the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 43 TEX. INT'L L.J. 243, 272 (2008).
14. See Par Engstrom & Andrew Hurrell, Why the Human Rights Regime in the Americas Matters, in HUMAN RIGHTS REGIMES IN THE AMERICAS (Monica Serrano & Vesselin Popovski eds., 2010).
15. Thomas Antkowiak, Remedial Approaches to Human Rights Violations: The Inter- American Court of Human Rights and Beyond, 46 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 351, 355 (2008).
16. See DINAH SHELTON, REMEDIES IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 194-200 (2ded. 2005) (discussing the remedial powers of the ECHR).
17. Case of González et al. ("Cotton Field") v. Mexico, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 205, at 148 (Nov. 16, 2009) [hereinafter Cotton Field Ruling]. All Inter-American Court of Human Rights judgments are available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/casos.cfm.
18. Raxcaco-Reyes v. Guatemala, 2005 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 133 (Sept. 15, 2005).
19. See generally Raquel Aldana-Pindell, In Vindication of Justiciable Victims' Rights to Truth and Justice Jor State-Sponsored Crimes, 35 VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L. L. 1399, 1417-1418 (2002).
20. Laurence R. Heifer, Redesigning the European Court of Human Rights: Embeddedness as a Deep Structural Principle of the European Human Rights Regime, 19 EUR. J. INT'L L. 125, 132(2008).
21. See generally BERNARD HOFSTOTTER, NON-COMPLIANCE OF NATIONAL COURTS: REMEDIES IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW AND BEYOND (2005).
22. See William W. Burke-White, Proactive Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Courts in the Rome System of International Justice, 49 HARV. INT'L L.J. 53 (2008). Burke-White also argues that Prosecutor Moreno Ocampo himself shared this view at first.
23. Member States, ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES, http://www.oas.org/en/ member-states/default.asp (last visited Feb. 6, 2011).
24. History, INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/ historia.cfm (select "English version" hyperlink) (last visited Feb. 6, 2011) [hereinafter Inter- American Court Information],
25. Brief History of the Inter-American Human Rights System, INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm (last visited Feb. 6, 2011) [hereinafter Brief History IAHRS].
26. David J. Padilla, The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States: A Case Study, 9 AM. U. J. INT'L L. & POL'Y 95, 97 (1993).
27. See INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, ANNUAL REPORT (2009) , available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/informes/eng-2009.pdf [hereinafter 2009 ANNUAL REPORT] .
28. Robert K. Goldman, History and Action: The Inter-American Human Rights System and the Role of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 31 HUM. RTS Q. 856, 869 (2009).
29. Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights arts. 44-46 , approved by the Commission at its 137th regular period of sessions held from October 28 to November 13, 2009, available at http://www.cidh.oas.org/ Basicos/English/Basicl8.RulesOfProcedureIACHR.htm [hereinafter Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission],
30. See INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, ANNUAL REPORT (2004)-(2009) , available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/informes.cfm. A reform in 2001 reshaped litigation before the Inter-American Court in important ways.
31. see also Paolo Carozza, President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Remarks: Fifty Years of the European Court of Human Rights Viewed by Its Fellow International Courts Qan. 30, 2009), available at www.nd.edu/-ndlaw/faculty/carozza/Carozza-remarks-final.pdf.
32. Trinidad and Tobago denounced the American Convention in 1998 over a disagreement with the Court's rulings on the death penalty. For text of the denunciation, see Multilateral Treaties, ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES, http://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/firmas/b-32.html#Trinidad%20y%20Tobago (last visited Feb. 6, 2011). The Fujimori government, in response to two cases, declared in 1999 that Peru was withdrawing from the jurisdiction of the Court, effective immediately. The impasse came to an end with the fall of Fujimori: The transitional government of President Paniagua reversed Peru's withdrawal. For text of the denunciation and its withdrawal.
33. See Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, Venezuela [Supreme Court of Venezuela], Decision No. 1.939 of Dec. 18, 2008 (Gustavo Alvarez Arias et al), available at http://www.tsj.gov.ve/decisiones/scon/diciembre/1939-181208-2008-08-1572.html.
34. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT: LAW, POLITICS, MORALS: TEXT AND MATERIALS 1027 (Henry J. Steiner & Phillip Alston, eds. 2000).
35. Brian D. Tittemore, Ending Impunity in the Americas: The Role of the lnter-American Human Rights System in Advancing Accountability for Serious Crimes Under International Law, 12 Sw. J. L. & TRADE AM. 429,438(2006).
36. James L. Cavallaro & Stephanie Erin Brewer, Reevaluating Regional Human Rights Litigation in the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Inter-American Court 768, 773 (Harvard Law Sch. Pub. Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Series, Paper No. 09-31, 2008), available at http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1404608.
37. Litigation in the Inter-American System, THE CENTER FOR JUSTICE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW, http://cejil.org/en/categoria/estrategias/litigation-inter- american-system (last visited July 20, 2011).
38. U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS: MEXICO, available at http://w3.uchastings.edu/boswell-01/mexico-country-reports-on-human.htm.
39. Karen J. Alter, Delegating to International Courts: Self-Binding vs. Other-Binding Delegation, 71 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 37, 44(2008).
40. The Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), Access to Justice for Women Victims of Violence in the Americas, Jan. 20, 2007, available at http://www.cidh.oas.org/ women/Access07/exesummary.htm.
41. The data for this table is drawn from the Inter-American Court's web site. See INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index. cfm (follow "English version" hyperlink) [hereinafter IACHR website]. A coder counted the number of reparation rulings that were issued each year, and then the number of cases in which the Court, in its remedial orders, issued at least one equitable order that required action by the judiciary.
42. Barreto Leiva v. Venezuela, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 206 (Nov. 17, 2009)
43. Yvon Neptune v. Haiti, 2008 Inter-Am. Ct. HR, (Ser. C) No. 180 (May 6, 2008).
44. Fermin Ramirez v. Guatemala, 2005 Inter-Am. Ct. HR, (Ser. C) No. 126 Qune 20, 2005)
45. Castillo Petruzzi v. Peru, 1990 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 41 (May 30, 1990).
46. Uson Ramirez v. Venezuela, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 207 (Nov. 20, 2009).
47. Raxcaco-Reyes v. Guatemala, 2005 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 133 (Sept. 15, 2005).
48. Herrera Ulloa v. Costa Rica, 2004 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 107 (July 2, 2004).
49. Matthew M. Taylor & Diana Kapiszewski, Compliance: Conceptualizing and Theorizing Public Authorities' Adherence to Judicial Rulings, Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington, D.C. (Sept. 2-5, 2010), at 8, available at http://papers.ssrn. com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=l644462.
50. INTER-AM. COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, ANNUAL REPORT 60, 63(2008), available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/informes/eng2008.pdf [hereinafter 2008 ANNUAL REPORT] .
51. DAVID C. BALUARTE & CHRISTIAN M. DE VOS, OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVE, FROM JUDGMENT TO JUSTICE: IMPLEMENTING INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DECISIONS 11 (2010), available at http://www.soros.org/initiatives/ justice/focus/international-justice/articles-publications/publications/ from-judment-to-justice20101122.
52. José Miguel Insulza, Sistema Interamerican de Derechos Humanos: Presente y Future [Inter-American System of Human Rights: Present and Future], in ANUARIO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS [YEARBOOK OF HUMAN RIGHTS] 119, 124 (2006), available at http://www.cdh.uchile.cl/publicaciones/anuarios.
53. Felipe González, The Experience of the Inter-American Human Rights System, 40 VICTORIA U. WELLINGTON L. REV. 103, 116-125 ( 2009-2010 ).
54. See, e.g., Velasquez-Rodriguez v. Honduras, 1989 Inter- Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 7, at para. 36 (July 21, 1989).
55. Michael W. McCann, Reform Litigation on Trial, 17 LAW & Soc. INQUIRY 715, 715-743 (1992).
56. Gerald N. Rosenberg, Hollow Hopes and Other Aspirations: A Reply to Feeley and McCann, 17 LAW & Soc. INQUIRY 761, 761-778 (1992).
57. For an evaluation of the rule of law in Latin America, see THE WORLD JUSTICE PROJECT, RULE OF LAW INDEX 2010, at 18-19 (2010).
58. Patricia P. Zuloaga, The Path to Gender Justice in The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 7 TEX. J. WOMEN & L. 227, 234 (2008).
59. Mapiripán Massacre v. Colombia, 2005 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 122, at para. 2 (Mar. 7, 2005).
60. Plan de Sánchez Massacre v. Guatemala, 2 0 0 4 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 105, at para. 2 (Apr. 29, 2004).
61. See, e.g., Lisa J. Laplante, The Law of Remedies and the Clean Hands Doctrine: Exclusionary Reparation Policies in Peru's Political Transition, 23 AM. U. INT'L L. REV. 51 (2007), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract-id=1274785.
62. Dinah Shelton, The United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Reparations: Context and Contents, in OUT OF THE ASHES: REPARATION FOR VICTIMS OF GROSS AND SYSTEMATIC HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS 11, 23.
63. Donald L. Horowitz, Decreeing Organizational Change: Judicial Supervision of Public Institutions, 1983 DUKE L.J. 1265, 1266-1268 (1983).
64. see Abram Chayes, The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation, 89 HARV. L. REV. 1281, 1288, 1289, 1304 (1976).
65. see Courtney Hillebrecht, Rethinking Compliance: The Challenges and Prospects of Measuring Compliance with International Human Rights, 1 J. HUM. RTS. PRAC. 362 (2009).
66. see The President, Resolucidn del Presidente de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Caso de las Masacres de Ituango v. Colombia, (Dec. 22, 2010) available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/ituango-22-12- 10.pdf.
67. Fernando Felipe Basch, The Doctrine of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Regarding States' Duty to Punish Human Rights Violations and Its Dangers, 23 AM INT'L L.J. 195, 196 (2007).
68. Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Resolución del Presidente de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Caso Castillo Páez v. Perú, at para. 10 (Apr. 3, 2009), available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/ docs/supervisiones/castillo-03-04-09.pdf. [hereinafter Castillo-Paez v. Peru],
69. See Viviana Krsticevic, Reflexiones sobre la ejecucidn de sentencias de las decisiones del sisterna interamericano de proteccidn de derechos humanos [Reflections on the Enforcement of the Decisions of the Inter-American Human Rights System], in IMPLEMENTACION DE LAS DECISIONES DEL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: JURISPRUDENCLA, NORMATIVA Y EXPERIENCIAS NACIONALES [IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECISIONS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: JURISPRUDENCE, REGULATIONS AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCES] 15 (Viviana Krsticevic & Lilliana Tojo eds., 2007).
70. See Tyler Bridges, Peru's Former President's Factions Align, MIAMI HERALD, Jan. 20, 2007, at 2.
71. Alexandra Huneeus, Judging from a Guilty Conscience: The Chilean Judiciary's Human Rights Turn, 35 L. & Soc. INQUIRY 99, 99-100 (2010).
72. David Sugarman, Courts, Human Rights, and Transitional Justice: Lessons from Chile, 36 J.L. & SOC'Y 273 (2009).
73. Marcie Mersky & Naomi Roht-Arriaza, Guatemala, in VICTIMS UNSILENCED: THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN LATIN AMERICA 7, 29 (Catherine A. Sunshine ed., July 2007), available at http://www.dplf.org/uploads/1190403828.pdf.
74. Courtney Hillebrecht, From Paper Tigers to Engines of Change: The Effect of International Human Rights Tribunals on Domestic Practice and Policy 21 (May 10, 2010) (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, on file with author).
75. VIVIANA KRSTICEVIC, IMPLEMENTACION DE LAS DECISIONES DEL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: APORTES PARA LOS PROCESOS LEGISLATIVOS [IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECISIONS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM FOR HUMAN RIGHTS: SUGGESTIONS FOR LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES] 1, 10 ( Center for Justice and International Law ed., 2009).
76. Julieta Di Corleto, El Reconocimiento de las decisiones de la Comisidn y la Corte Interamericanas en las sentencias de la Corte Suprema de Argentina, in IMPLEMENTACION DE LAS DECISIONES DEL SISTEMA INTERAMERICANO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: JURISPRUDENCE, NORMATIVA Y EXPERIENCIAS NACIONALES [IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECISIONS OF THE INTERAMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM: JURISPRUDENCE, REGULATIONS AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCES] 105, 2007.
77. see Shai Dothan, Judicial Tactics in the European Court of Human Rights, 12 CHI. J. INT'L L. 1 (forthcoming 2011).
78. Jo M. Pasqualucci, The Inter-American Human Rights System: Establishing Precedents and Procedure in Human Rights Law, 26 U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV. 297, 307 (1995).
79. See David Dyzenhaus , JUDGING THE JUDGES, JUDGING OURSELVES: TRUTH, RECONCILIATION AND THE APARTHEID LEGAL ORDER 136 (1998) (explaining the South African judiciary's reason for not appearing before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission).
80. Ingo Muller, HITLER'S JUSTICE: THE COURTS OF THE THIRD REICH 219 (Deborah Lucas Schneider trans., 1991).
81. Detlef Nolte, Constitutional Change in Latin America: Power Politics or Symbolic Politics, Presented at the European Consortium for Political Research: The Politics of Constitutional Change, at 2 (Apr. 12, 2008), available at http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/staff/nolte/publications/ constituational-change.pdf.
82. Peter Deshazo & Juan Enrique Vargas, Judicial Reform in Latin America: An Assessment, in 17 POL'Y PAPERS ON AMERICAS, at study 2, pp. 1-2 (2006), available at http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0609-latinjudicial- reform.pdf.
83. See generally THE JUDICLAUZATION OF POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA (Rachel Sieder, Line Schjholden & Alan Angeli eds., 2005).
84. SIRI GLOPPEN, ROBERTO GARGARELLA & ELIN SKAAR, DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE JUDICIARY: THE ACCOUNTABILITY FUNCTION OF COURTS IN THE NEW DEMOCRACIES (2007).
85. LISA HILBINK, JUDGES BEYOND POLITICS IN DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP: LESSONS FROM CHILE (2007) (arguing that Chile's judges are reluctant to defend rights due to their institutional structure and culture).
86. Dinah Shelton, Judicial Review of State Actions by International Courts, 12 FORDHAM INT'L L.J. 359 (1988).
87. See generally Robert B. Ahdieh, Between Dialogue and Decree: International Review of National Courts, 79 N.Y.U. L. REV. 2029 (2004) (presenting a typology of relationships that national courts can have with international courts).
88. See Eyal Benvenisti, Reclaiming Democracy: The Strategic Uses of Foreign and International Law by National Courts, 102 AMER. J. INT'L L. 241 (2008). The other branches' preferences, in other words, influence the judiciary. But it is only one factor of influence.
89. Jennifer Henry, The Referral Procedure; The Jurisdiction, Duties and Obligations of the European Court of Justice and Member States under Article 234E.C., 1 SELECTED PAPERS ON EUR. L. [SPEL] 1 (2005), available at http://www.elsa.org/fileadmin/user-upload/elsa-international/PDF/SPEL/ SPEL05-lJENNlFER-HENRY.pdf.
90. KAREN ALTER, ESTABLISHING THE SUPREMACY OF EUROPEAN LAW: THE MAKING OF AN INTERNATIONAL RULE OF LAW IN EUROPE 38 (2001).
91. Constitutional Court Case: Aguirre Roca, Rey Terry and Revoredo Marsano v. Peru, 2001 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 71 (Jan. 31, 2001).
92. Apitz-Barbera et al. ("First Court of Administrative Disputes") v. Venezuela, 2008 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 182 (Aug. 5, 2008).
93. Karen Atala and Daughters v. Chile, Case 12.502 (application filed with the Inter-American Court September 17, 2010), available at http://www.cidh.oas. org/demandas/12.502ENG.pdf.
94. Kirtland C. Marsh, To Charge or Not to Charge, That is Discretion: The Problem of Prosecutorial Discretion in Chile, and Japan's Solution, 15 PAC. RIM L. & POL'Y J. 543 (2006).
95. See Tom Ginsburg, The Clash oj Commitments at the International Criminal Court, 9 CHI. J. INT'L L. 499, 511-512 (2009) (arguing that international courts, like national courts, build up their legitimacy over time by exercising review cautiously and currying favor with governments).
96. James Gibson, The Legitimacy of Transnational Legal Institutions: Compliance, Support, and the European Court of Justice, 39 AM J. POL. SCI. 459 (1995) (arguing that legitimacy is important for compliance).
97. see Thomas Antkowiak, Remedial Approaches to Human Rights Violations: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Beyond, 46 COLUM. J. TRANSNAT'L L. 351 (2008).
98. Courtney Hillebrecht, Domestic Politics, International Human Rights Adjudication and the Problem of Political Will: Cases from the Inter-American Human Rights System, Presentation at the Midwest Political Science Association (April 2-5 , 2009), available at http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p-mla-apa- research-citation/3/6/0/6/4/p360648-index.html?phpsessid= bfb7f2dc7fe639a8186c33a34c9613db.
99. see Carlos Martin Beristain, El Ministerio de Justi'cia y Derechos Humanos [The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights], in DLALOGOS SOBRE LA REPARACION: QUE REPARAR EN LOS CASOS DE VIOLACIONES DE DERECHOS HUMANOS [DIALOGUES ON REPARATIONS: WHAT REMEDY IN CASES OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS?] (2009).
100. Fernando Felipe Basch, The Doctrine of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Regarding States' Duty to Publish Human Rights Violations and its Dangers, 23 AM J. INT'L L. 195 (2007).
101. see Carlos M. Ayala Corao, Recepcián de la Jurisprudencia Internacional Sobre Derechos Humanos por la Jurisprudencia Constitucional [Reception of International Human Rights Jurisprudence By Constitutional Jurisprudence] 7, in FORO CONSTITUCIONAL IBEROAMERICANO [LATIN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL FORUM] 1 - 7 4 (2004), available at http://dialnet.unirioja.es/ servlet/articulo?codigo=2249144.
102. DIEGO GARCIA-SAYAN, JUSTICIA INTERAMERICANA Y TRIBUNALES NACIONALES [INTER-AMERICAN JUSTICE AND NATIONAL TRIBUNALS] 377-398.
103. Sergio García Ramírez, Recepcián de lajurisprudencia interamericana sobre derechos humanos en el derecho interno [Reception of Inter-American Jurisprudence on Domestic Human Rights Law] 354-375 , in ANUARIO DE DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL LATINOAMERICANO [YEARBOOK OF LATIN AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW] (Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung, Programa Estado de Derecho para Latinoamerica [Rule of Law Program for Latin America] eds., 2008).
104. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Judges: Constructing a Global Legal System, in THE NEW WORLD ORDER (2004).
105. See Rory Carroll, I'm Hugo Chávez's Prisoner, Says Jailed Judge, THE GUARDIAN, Jan. 15, 2011, at 27, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/ world/2011/jan/14/chavezprisoner- maria-lourdes-afiuni.
106. Molina Theissen v. Guatemala, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 108 (Nov. 16, 2009).
107. Molina Theissen v. Guatemala, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 108 (Nov. 16, 2009) at 12, para. 2.
108. For an example of this, see Barreto Leiva v. Venezuela, 2009 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 206, at 160 (Nov. 17, 2009).
109. Fernando Felipe Basch, The Doctrine of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Regarding States' Duty to Punish Human Rights Violations and Its Dangers, 23 AM. J. INT'L L. 195 (2007).
110. see Anne-Marie Slaughter, Judges: Constructing a Global Legal System, in THE NEW WORLD ORDER (2004). There is an emerging literature on this more general form of judicial dialogue in the Americas. See Corao, supra note 144; Garcia Ramirez, supra note 144; GARCLA-SAYAN, supra note 144.
111. See ALLAN R. BREWER-CARIAS, CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AMPARO PROCEEDINGS (2008).
112. Almonacid Arellano and others v. Chile, 2006 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 154, para. 171 (Sept. 26, 2006). This case was brought against Chile by relatives of victims killed in 1973 by agents of the military regime.
113. See CONSTITUClÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPÚBLICA DE CHILE [Political Constitution of Chile], available at http://www.bcn.cl/lc/cpolitica/ index-html (Spanish version) and http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Chile. pdf (English version).
114. Jorge Mera, Deberes del Estado Democrático [Duties of the Democratic State], in COLECCIÓN REFLEXIÓN Y DEBATE, SERIE POLITICO INSTITUCIONAL NUMERO 2 8 : LEY DE AMNISTÍA Y DERECHOS HUMANOS [REFLECTION AND DEBATE COLLECTION, SERIES ON INSTITUTIONAL POLITICS NUMBER 2 8 : AMNESTY LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS], at 13-23 (1989), available at http://www.archivovicaria.cl/archivos/VS4b4f2f8c43c81-14012010-115lam.pdf (arguing that if Congress retroactively annuls the Amnesty Decree, the judiciary should investigate amnestied cases).
115. See Almonacid Arellano and others v. Chile, 2006 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No.154 at 69 (Sept. 26,2009)(Trinidade,J.,concurring).
116. FIGHTING FOR POLITICAL FREEDOM: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE LEGAL COMPLEX AND POLITICAL CHANGE (Terence N. Halliday, Lucien Karpik, & Malcolm Feeley eds.,2007) [herein after FIGHTING FOR POLITICAL FREEDOM].
117. KAREN ALTER, THE EUROPEAN COURT'S POLITICAL POWER: SELECTED ESSAYS 63-91 (2009).
118. Ellen Lutz & Kathryn Sikkink, The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America, 2 CHI. J. INT'L L. 1 (2001).
119. See Diálogo Jurisprudencial [Jurisprudential Dialogue], BIBLIOTECA JURIDICA VIRTUAL, http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/rev/cont.htm?r=dialjur (last visited July 21, 2011).
120. Gerald L. Neuman, Import, Export, and Regional Consent in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 19 EUR. J. INT'L L. 101 (2008).
121. For a thorough analysis of the principle of subsidiarity, see Paolo R. Carozza, Subsidiarity as a Structural Principle of International Human Rights Law, 97 AM. J. INT'L L. 38, 41 (2003).
122. See generally THE JUDICIALIZATION OF POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA (Rachel Sieder, Line Schjholden & Alan Angell eds., 2005).
123. DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE JUDICIARY: THE ACCOUNTABILITY FUNCTION OF COURTS IN THE NEW DEMOCRACIES ( Siri Gloppen, Roberto Gargarella & Elin Skaar eds., 2004).
124. Gary Haugen & Victor Boutros, And Justice for All: Enforcing Human Rights for the World's Poor, 89 FOREIGN AFFAIRS 51, 52 (2010).
125. Kevin Jon Heller, The Shadow Side of Complementarity: The Effect of Article 17 of the Rome Statute on National Due Process, 17 CRIM L.F. 255 (discussing different interpretations of complementarity and article 17).
126. See William W. Burke-White, Proactive Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Courts in the Rome System of International Justice, 49 Harv. Int'l L.J. 53, 54-55 (2008) (arguing that ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo originally seemed to share this vision, but has since focused on prosecutions).
127. For a list of international courts, see Project on International Courts and Tribunals, http://www.pict-pcti.org/index.html (last visited Feb. 12, 2011).