Global toxicology, ecophysiology and population relationships of the chainforming PST dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum

Harmful Algae

Volumn 14, Issue , 2012, Pages 130-143

  Hallegraeff, G M ^a   Blackburn, S I ^b   Doblin, M A ^c   Bolch, C J S ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bloom Ecophysiology; Gymnodinium catenatum; Molecular Biogeography; Paralytic Shellfish Toxin profiles

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); DINOPHYCEAE; GYMNODINIUM CATENATUM;

EID: 84856116374     PISSN: 15689883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.018     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Albinsson M.E., Blackburn S.I., Negri A.P., Bolch C.J.S. Bacterial community influences on saxitoxin production by Gymnodinium catenatum. Poster Abstract no.111 14th Conference on Harmful Algal Blooms 2010.
2. Alvarez-Salgado X.A., Roson G., Perez F.F., Pazos Y. Hydrographic variability off the Rias Baixas (NW Spain) during the upwelling season. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:14447-14455.
3. Amin S.A., Green D.H., Hart M.C., Küpper F.C., Sunda W.G., Carrano C.J. Photolysis of iron-siderophore chelates promotes bacterial-algal mutualism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:17071-17076.
4. Amin S., Küpper F.C., Green D.H., Harris W.R., Carrano C.J. Boron binding by a siderophore isolated from marine bacteria associated with the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129:478-479.
5. Amorim A., Dale B. Historical record as an evidence for the recent introduction of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in the north-eastern Atlantic. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 2006, 28:193-197.
6. Anderson D.M., Jacobson D.M., Bravo I., Wrenn J.H. The unique, microreticulate cyst of the naked dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. J. Phycol. 1988, 24:255-262.
7. Anton A., Mohammad-Noor N. Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species in the straits of Melaka, Malaysia. Abstracts of the NATO-ASI workshop-The Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms 1996.
8. Attaran-Fariman G., de Salas M.F., Negri A.P., Bolch C.J.S. Morphology and phylogeny of Gymnodinium trapeziforme sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): a new dinoflagellate from the southeast coast of Iran that forms microreticulate resting cysts. Phycologia 2007, 46:644-656.
9. Balech E. El plancton de Mar del Plata durante el período 1961-1962. Boletin Instituto Biología Marina, Universidad Nacionale Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata 1964, 4:1-49.
10. Band-Schmidt C.J., Bustillos-Guzmán J., Morquecho L., Gárate-Lizárraga I., Alonso-Rodríguez R., Reyes-Salinas A., Erler K., Luckas B. Variations of PSP toxin profiles during different growth phases in Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) strains isolated from three locations in the Gulf of California, Mexico. J. Phycol. 2006, 42:757-768.
11. Band-Schmidt C.J., Bustillos-Guzmán J.J., López-Cortés D.J., Gárate-Lizárraga I., Núñez-Vázquez E., Hernández-Sandoval F. Ecological and physiological studies of Gymnodinium catenatum in the Mexican Pacific: a review. Mar. Drugs 2010, 8:1935-1961.
12. Band-Schmidt C.J., Morquecho L., Lechuga-Devéze C., Anderson D.M. Effects of growth medium, temperature, salinity and seawater source on the growth of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) from Bahía Concepción, Gulf of California. J. Plankton Res. 2004, 26:1459-1470.
13. Band-Schmidt C.J., Rojas-Posadas D., Morquecho L., Hernández-Saavedra N.Y. Heterogeneity of LSU rDNA sequences and morphology of Gymnodinium catenatum strains in Bahía Concepción, Gulf of California, Mexico. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:755-763.
14. Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M., Bolch C.J. Vegetative reproduction and sexual life cycle of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from Tasmania. Aust. J. Phycol. 1989, 25:577-590.
15. Blackburn S.I., Bolch C.J.S., Haskard K.A., Hallegraeff G.M. Reproductive compatibility among four global populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 2001, 40:78-87.
16. Blackburn S.I., Parker N.S. Microalgal life cycles: encystment and excystment. Algal Culturing Techniques 2005, 399-418. Elsevier/Academic Press, Boston, Mass. R.A. Andersen (Ed.).
17. Blanco J. A model of the effect of cyst germination on the development of the Gymnodinium catenatum populations on the west coast of the Iberian peninsula. Harmful Marine Algal Blooms 1995, 563-566. Lavoisier, Paris. P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard-Le Denn, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou-Le Baut (Eds.).
18. Blanco J. The distribution of dinoflagellate cysts along the Galician (NW Spain) coast. J. Plankton Res. 1995, 17:283-302.
19. Bolch C.J., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M., Vaillancourt R.E. Genetic variation among different global populations of Gymnodinium catenatum revealed by RAPD-PCR. Harmful Microalgae 1998, 283-286. Xunta de Galicia and IOC of UNESCO, Paris, France. B. Reguera, J. Blanco, M.L. Fernandez, T. Wyatt (Eds.).
20. Bolch C.J.S., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M., Vaillancourt R.E. Genetic variation among strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 1999, 35:356-367.
21. Bolch C.J., Hallegraeff G.M. Dinoflagellate cysts from recent marine sediments of Tasmania, Australia. Bot. Mar. 1990, 33:173-192.
22. Bolch C.J.S., Negri A.P., Hallegraeff G.M. Gymnodinium microreticulatum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae): a naked, microreticulate cyst producing dinoflagellate, distinct from Gymnodinium catenatum Graham and Gymnodinium nolleri Ellegaard et Moestrup. Phycologia 2001, 38:301-313.
23. Bolch C.J.S., Reynolds M.J. Species resolution and global distribution of microreticulate dinoflagellate cysts. J. Plankton Res. 2002, 24:565-578.
24. Bolch C.J.S., Subramanian T.A., Green D.H. The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) requires marine bacteria for growth. J. Phycol. 2011, 47:1009-1022.
25. Bolch C.J.S., de Salas M.F. A review of the molecular evidence for ballast water introduction of the toxic dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum and the Alexandrium tamarensis complex to Australasia. Harmful Algae 2007, 6:465-485.
26. Bravo I. Germinacion de quistes, cultivo y enquistamiento de Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. Invest. Pesq. 1986, 50:313-321.
27. Bravo I., Anderson D.M. The effects of temperature, growth medium and darkness on excystment and growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from northwest Spain. J. Plankton Res. 1994, 16:513-525.
28. Briggs J.C. The Marine East Indies: Centre of Origin?. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. Lett. 1992, 2:149-156.
29. Camino-Ordás M., Fraga S., Franco J.M., Ordas A., Figueras A. Toxin and molecular analysis of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) strains from Galicia (NW Spain) and Andalucía (S Spain). J. Plankton Res. 2004, 26:341-349.
30. Carreto J.I., Lutz V.A., Carignan M.O., Cuchi Colleoni A.D., De Marcos S.G. Hydrography and chlorophyll a in a transect from the coast to the shelf-break in the Argentinian Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 1995, 15:315-336.
31. Carreto J.I., Montoya N.G., Akselman R., Negir R., Carignan M.O., Cucci Colleoni D.A. Harmful Algae 2002 2004, 100-102. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Lansberg, C.R. Tomas, G.A. Vargo (Eds.).
32. Corrales, R.A., Gonzales, C., Roman, R., 1996. March 1996 Gymnodinium catenatum bloom: first record for Manila Bay, Philippines. , accessed 15 March 1996. http://www.Phycotoxins@biome.bio.dfo.ca/.
33. CSIRO Huon Estuary Study Team, 2000. Huon Estuary Study-environmental research for integrated catchment management and aquaculture. Final Report to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Project No 96/284, CSIRO Division of Marine Research. Marine Laboratories, Hobart, 285 pp. (). http://www.cmar.csiro.au/research/huonestuary/report/index.html.
34. Dale B., Madsen A., Nordberg K., Thorsen T.A. Evidence for prehistoric and historic blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in the Kattegat-Skagerrak region of Scandinavia. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea 1993, 47-52. Elsevier Science Publishers. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
35. Dale B., Nordberg K. Possible environmental factors regulating prehistoric and historic blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in the Kattegat-Skagerrak region of Scandinavia. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea 1993, 53-57. Elsevier Science Publishers. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
36. Daugbjerg N., Hansen G., Larsen J., Moestrup Ø. Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmored dinoflagellates. Phycologia 2000, 39:302-317.
37. Doblin M., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M. Comparative study of selenium requirements of three phytoplankton species: Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyta) and Chaetoceros cf. tenuissimus (Bacillariophyta). J. Plankton Res. 1999, 21:1153-1169.
38. Doblin M.A., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M. Intraspecific variation in the selenium requirements of different geographic strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. J. Plankton Res. 2000, 22:421-432.
39. Doblin M.A., Thompson P.A., Revill A.T., Butler E.C.V., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M. Vertical migration of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum under different concentrations of nutrients and humic substances in culture. Harmful Algae 2006, 5:665-677.
40. Ellegaard M., Christensen N.F., Moestrup Ø. Temperature and salinity effects on growth of a non-chain-forming strain of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) established from a cyst from Recent sediments in the Sound (Øresund), Denmark. J. Phycol. 1993, 29:418-426.
41. Ellegaard M., Moestrup Ø. Fine structure of the flagellar apparatus and morphological details of Gymnodinium nolleri sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), an unarmored dinoflagellate producing a microreticulate cyst. Phycologia 1999, 38:289-300.
42. Estrada M., Sanchez F.J., Fraga S. Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) en las rias gallegas (NO de Espana). Invest. Pesq. 1984, 48:31-40.
43. Estrada M. Dinoflagellate assemblages in the Iberian upwelling area. Harmful Marine Algal Blooms 1995, 157-162. Lavoisier, Paris. P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erard, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou (Eds.).
44. Figueroa R.I., Bravo I., Garces E., Ramilo I. Nuclear features and effect of nutrients on Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) sexual stages. J. Phycol. 2006, 42:67-77.
45. Figueroa R.I., Bravo I., Ramilo I., Pazos Y., Moroño A. New life cycle stages of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae): Laboratory and field observations. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2008, 52:13-23.
46. Figueiras F.G., Fraga F. Vertical nutrient transport during proliferation of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham in Ria de Vigo, Northwest Spain. Toxic Marine Phytoplankton 1990, 144-148. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. E. Graneli, B. Sundstrom, L. Edler, D.M. Anderson (Eds.).
47. Figueiras F.G., Pazos Y. Hydrography and phytoplankton of Ria de Vigo before and during a red tide of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. J. Plankton Res. 1991, 13:589-599.
48. Flores-Trujillo J.G., Helenes J., Herguera J.C., Orellana-Cepeda E. Palynological record (1483-1994) of Gymnodinium catenatum in Pescadero Basin, southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2009, 73:80-89.
49. Flynn K.J., Flynn K., John E.H., Reguera B., Reyero M.I., Franco J.M. Changes in toxins, intracellular and dissolved free amino acids of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in response to changes in inorganic nutrients and salinity. J. Plankton Res. 1996, 18:2093-2111.
50. Fraga F., Perez F.F., Figueiras F.G., Rios A.F. Stoichiometric variations of N, P, C and O2 during a Gymnodinium catenatum red tide and their interpretation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 87:123-134.
51. Fraga S. Wintering of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (Dinophyceae) in Iberian waters. Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms 1996, 211-214. IOC, Paris. T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima, Y. Fukuyo (Eds.).
52. Fraga S., Anderson D.M., Bravo I., Reguera B., Steidinger K.A., Yentsch C.M. Influence of upwelling relaxation on dinoflagellates and shellfish toxicity in Ria de Vigo, Spain. Est. Coastal Mar. Sci. 1988, 27:349-361.
53. Fraga S., Bakun A. Global climate change and harmful algal blooms: the example of Gymnodinium catenatum on the Galician coast. Toxic Phytoplankton Blooms in the Sea 1993, 59-65. Elsevier Science Publishers. B.V. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
54. Fraga S., Bravo I., Delgado M., Franco J.M., Zapata M. Gyrodinium impudicum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a non toxic, chain-forming, red tide dinoflagellate. Phycologia 1995, 34:514-521.
55. Fraga S., Gallager S.M., Anderson D.M. Chain-forming dinoflagellates: an adaptation to red tides. Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology 1989, 281-284. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, T. Nemoto (Eds.).
56. Franca S. Abstr.XXII. Reuniao Anual da Sociedade Portuguesa de Microscopia Electronica. Ultrastructural study of Gymnodinium catenatum, toxic dinoflagellate-preliminary results 1987, (abstract 14).
57. Franca S., Almeida J.F. Paralytic shellfish poisons in bivalve molluscs on the Portugese coast caused by a bloom of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Red Tides: Biology, Envionmental Science and Toxicology 1989, 93-96. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., New York. T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, T. Nemoto (Eds.).
58. Fukuyo Y., Kodama M., Ogata T., Ishimaru T., Matsuoka K., Okaichi T., Maala A.M., Ordones J.A. Occurrence of Gymnodinium catenatum in Manila Bay, the Philippines. Toxic Phytoplankton blooms in the sea 1993, 875-880. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., New York. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
59. Giannakourou A., Orlova T., Assimakopoulou G., Pagou K. Dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Possible implications of resuspension events on the onset of phytoplankton blooms. Cont. Shelf Res. 2005, 25:2585-2596.
60. Godhe A., Karunasagar I., Karunasagar I. Gymnodinium catenatum on west coast of India. Harmful Algae News UNESCO IOC Newsletter 1996, 15:1.
61. Gomez F., Claustre H. Spreading of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham in the western Mediterranean. Harmful Algae News 22 2001, IOC of UNESCO, Paris, pp. 1-3.
62. Gomez F.E., Figueiras F.G., Arbones B., Villarino M.L. Short-time scale development of a Gymnodinium catenatum population in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). J. Phycol. 1995, 32:212-221.
63. Graham H.W. Gymnodinium catenatum, a new dinoflagellate from the Gulf of California. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 1943, 62:259-261.
64. Green D.H., Hart M.C., Blackburn S.I., Bolch C.J.S. Bacterial diversity of Gymnodinium catenatum and its relationship to dinoflagellate toxicity. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2010, 61:73-87.
65. Green D.H., Llewellyn L.E., Negri A.P., Blackburn S.I., Bolch C.J.S. Phylogenetic and functional diversity of the cultivable bacterial community associated with the paralytic shellfish poisoning dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2004, 47:345-357.
66. Hada Y. Protozoan plankton of the Inland Sea Setonaikai. I. The Mastigophora. Bulletin of Suzugamine Women's College of Natural Science 1967, 13:1-26.
67. Hallegraeff G.M., Bolch C.J. Transport of diatom and dinoflagellate resting spores in ships' ballast water: implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. J. Plankton Res. 1992, 14:1067-1084.
68. Hallegraeff G.M., Fraga S. Bloom dynamics of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, with emphasis on Tasmanian and Spanish coastal waters. Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms 1998, vol. G41:59-80. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (NATO ASI Series).
69. Hallegraeff G.M., McCausland M.A., Brown R.K. Early warning of toxic dinoflagellate blooms of Gymnodinium catenatum in southern Tasmanian waters. J. Plankton Res. 1995, 17:1163-1176.
70. Holmes M.J., Bolch C.J., Green D.H., Cembella A.D., Teo S.L.M. Singapore isolates of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) produce a unique profile of paralytic shellfish toxins. J. Phycol. 2002, 38:96-106.
71. Ikeda T., Matsuno S., Sato S., Ogato T., Kodama M., Fukuyo Y., Takayama H. First report on paralytic shellfish poisoning caused by Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (Dinophyceae) in Japan. Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology 1989, 411-414. Elsevier. T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, T. Nemoto (Eds.).
72. Irwin A., Hallegraeff G.M., McMinn A., Harrison J., Heijnis H. Cyst and radionucleotide evidence demonstrate historic Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellate populations in Manukau and Hokianga Harbours, New Zealand. Harmful Algae 2003, 2:21-74.
73. Kim H.G., Matsuoka K., Lee S.G. New findings of a toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from Chinhae Bay, Korea. Abstracts, 7th Int. Conf. Toxic Phytoplankton 1995, 38.
74. Kudela R.M., Seeyave S., Cochlan W.P. The role of nutrients in regulation and promotion of harmful algal blooms in upwelling systems. Prog. Oceanogr. 2010, 85:122-135.
75. La Barbera-Sanchez A., Hall S., Ferraz-Reyes E. Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium catenatum and PSP in Venezuela. Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea 1993, 281-285. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., New York. T.J. Smayda, Y. Shimizu (Eds.).
76. Labib G., Wagdy Occurrence of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Graham) along the Mediterranean coast of Alexandria (Egypt). Chem. Ecol. 1998, 14:133-141.
77. Leal S., Delgado G., Nodas F. Nuevo registro de microalga toxica para aguas Cubanas. Rev. Invest. Mar. 2003, 24:155-157.
78. Locarnini R.A., Mishonov A.V., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Garcia H.E., OBaranova O.K., Zweng M.M., Johnson D.R. World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature 2010, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 68, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 184 pp. S. Levitus (Ed.).
79. Luthy J. Epidemic paralytic shellfish poisoning in Western Europe, 1976. Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms 1979, 15-22. Elsevier, New York. D.L. Taylor, H.H. Seliger (Eds.).
80. Mackenzie L., Beauchamp T. Gymnodinium catenatum in New Zealand: A New Problem for Public Health and the Shellfish Industry 2002, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand, 10 pp.
81. Margalef R., Duran M., Saiz F. El fitoplancton de la ria de Vigo de enero de 1953 a marzo de 1954. Invest. Pesq. 1955, 2:85-129.
82. Matsuoka K., Fukuyo Y. Geographical distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham in Japanese coastal waters. Bot. Mar. 1994, 37:495-503.
83. Matsuoka K., Fujii R., Hayashi M., Wang Z. Recent occurrence of toxic Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in coastal sediments of West Japan. Paleontol. Res. 2006, 10:117-125.
84. McMinn A., Hallegraeff G.M., Thomson P., Short S., Heijnis H. Microfossil evidence for the recent introduction of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum into Tasmanian waters. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 1997, 161:165-172.
85. McMinn A., Hallegraeff G.M., Roberts J., Smith J., Lovell A., Jenkinson A., Heijnis H. Recent introduction of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) to Port Lincoln, South Australia: evidence from cysts. Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Harmful Algal Blooms 2001, 477-480. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch, R.J. Lewis (Eds.).
86. Mee L.D., Espinosa M., Diaz G. Paralytic shellfish poisoning with Gymnodinium catenatum red tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Mar. Environ. Res. 1986, 19:77-92.
87. Mendez S.M., Kulis D.M., Anderson D.M. PSP production of Uruguayan isolates of Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium tamarense. Harmful Algal Blooms 2000 2001, 352-355. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris. G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch, R.J. Lewis (Eds.).
88. Mendez S.M., Medina D. Twenty-tree years of red tide monitoring at fixed stations along the coast of Uruguay. Harmful Algae 2002 2004, 100-102. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanography, and intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Lansberg, C.R. Tomas, G.A. Vargo (Eds.).
89. Mohammad-Noor N. First record of toxic Gymnodinium catenatum off the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Harmful Algae 2008 2010, 25-29. International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae & Environmental Publication House, Hong Kong, China. K.-C. Ho, M.J. Zhou, Y.Z. Qi (Eds.).
90. Morey-Gaines G. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (Dinophyceae): morphology and affinities with armoured forms. Phycologia 1982, 21:154-163.
91. Mudie P.J., Rochon A., Levac E. Palynological records of red tide-producing species in Canada: past trends and implications for the future. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 180:159-186.
92. Mukai H. Biogeography of tropical seagrasses in the Western Pacific. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 1993, 44:1-17.
93. Negri A.P., Bolch C.S., Blackburn S., Dickman M., Llewellyn L.E., Mendez S. Paralytic shellfish toxins in Gymnodinium catenatum strains from six countries. Harmful Algal Blooms 2000 2001, 210-213. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Paris. G.M. Hallegraeff, S.I. Blackburn, C.J. Bolch, R.J. Lewis (Eds.).
94. Negri A.P., Bolch C.J.S., Geier S., Green D.H., Park T.-G., Blackburn S.I. Widespread presence of hydrophobic paralytic shellfish toxins in Gymnodinium catenatum. Harmful Algae 2007, 6:774-780.
95. Nehring S. Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (Dinophyceae) in Europe: a growing problem?. J. Plankton Res. 1995, 17:85-102.
96. Nishioka J., Wada Y., Imanishi Y. On the occurrence of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) in Kumihama Bay. Bull. Kyoto Inst. Ocean. Fish. Sci. 1993, 16:43-49.
97. Ogata T., Kodama M., Ishimaru T. Effect of water temperature and light intensity on growth rate and toxin production of dinoflagellates. Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology 1989, 23-426. T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson, T. Nemoto (Eds.).
98. Oh S.J., Matsuyama Y., Yoon Y.H., Miyamura K., Choi C.G., Yang H.-S., Kang I.J. Comparative analysis of paralytic shellfish toxin content and profile produced by dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum isolated from Inokushi Bay, Japan. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 2010, 55:47-54.
99. Oh S.J., Yamamoto T., Kataoka Y., Matsuda O., Matsuyama Y., Kotani Y. Utilisation of dissolved organic phosphorus by the two toxic dinoflagellates, Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). Fisheries Sci. 2002, 68:416-424.
100. Oshima Y., Blackburn S.I., Hallegraeff G.M. Comparative study on paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from three different countries. Mar. Biol. 1993, 116:471-476.
101. Park T.G., Kim C.H., Oshima Y. Paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of different geographic populations of Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) in Korean coastal waters. Phycol. Res. 2004, 52:300-305.
102. Proença L.A.O., Tamanaha M.S., Souzan P. The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Grahan in southern Brazilian waters: occurrence,pigments and toxins. Atlântica 2001, 23:59-65.
103. Qi Y.-Z., Hong Y., Zheng L., Kulis D.M., Anderson D.M. Dinoflagellate cysts from Recent marine sediments of the south and east China Seas. Asian Mar. Biol. 1996, 13:87-103.
104. Rees A.J.J., Hallegraeff G.M. Ultrastructure of the toxic, chain-forming dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia 1991, 30:90-105.
105. Smayda T.J. Turbulence, watermass stratification and harmful algal blooms: an alternative view and frontal zones as pelagic seed banks. Harmful Algae 2002, 1:95-112.
106. Smith E.A., Mackintosh F.H., Grant F. Sodium channel blocking (SCB) activity and transformation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) by dinoflagellate-associated bacteria. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2002, 29:1-9.
107. Sonneman J.A., Hill D.R.A. A taxonomic survey of cyst-producing dinoflagellates from the coastal waters of Victoria, Australia. Bot. Mar. 1997, 40:149-177.
108. Tagmouti F., Chafak H., Fellat-Zarrouk R., Talbi M., Blaghen M., Mikou M., Guittet E. Detection of toxins in bivalves of Moroccan coasts. Abstracts of the 7th International Conference on Toxic Phytoplankton 1995, p. 40.
109. Viquez R., Hargraves P.E. Annual cycle of potentially harmful dinoflagellates in the Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. Bull. Marine Sci. 1995, 57:467-475.
110. Warnaar, J., Targarona, J., Boessenkool, K.P.,1998. Oceanic productivity and Gymnodinium catenatum at the North West African margin. In: Smelror, M. (Ed.), Abstracts from the Sixth International Conference on Modern and Fossil Dinoflagellates DINO6. NTNU Viten. Rapp. botanisk ser. 1998-1, 143-144.
111. Wild-Allen K., Herzfeld M., Thompson P.A., Rosebrock U., Parslow J.S., Volkman J.K. Applied coastal biogeochemical modelling to quantify the environmental impact of fish farm nutrients and inform managers. J. Mar. Syst. 2010, 81:134-147.
112. Wooster W.S., Bakun A., McLain D.R. The seasonal upwelling cycle along the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic. J. Mar. Res. 1976, 34:131-141.
113. Yamamoto T., Hatta G. Pulsed nutrient supply as a factor inducing phytoplankton diversity. Ecol. Model. 2004, 171:247-270.
114. Yamamoto T., Oh S.J., Kataoka Y. Effect of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Fisheries Sci. 2002, 68:356-363.
115. Yamamoto T., Oh S.J., Kataoka Y. Growth and uptake kinetics for nitrate, ammonium and phosphate by the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum isolate from Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Fisheries Sci. 2004, 70:108-115.
116. Yuki K., Yoshimatsu S. Morphology of the athecate dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum in culture. Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan 1987, 34:109-117.
117. Zardoya R., Costas E., Lopez-Rodas V., Garrido-Pertierra A., Bautista J.M. Revised dinoflagellate phylogeny inferred from molecular analysis of LSU rRNA gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 1995, 41:637-645.