B-type natriuretic peptide: From posttranslational processing to clinical measurement

Clinical Chemistry

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 83-91

  Goetze, Jens P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; GASTRIN; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE TYPE C; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ANTIBODY SPECIFICITY; CALIBRATION; CELL SECRETION; CHO CELL; DNA SEQUENCE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART DISEASE; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS; PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ANIMALS; CALIBRATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, BRAIN; PEPTIDE FRAGMENTS; PROTEIN PRECURSORS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; PROTEIN SORTING SIGNALS;

EID: 84856071481     PISSN: 00099147     EISSN: 15308561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.165696     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, Sonnenberg H. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci 1981;28:89-94. (Pubitemid 11184926)
2. Flynn TG, de Bold ML, de Bold AJ. The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983;117:859-65. (Pubitemid 14185048)
3. de Bold AJ, Flynn TG. Cardionatrin I: a novel heart peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Life Sci 1983;33:297-302. (Pubitemid 13056875)
4. Sudoh T, Kangawa K, Minamino N, Matsuo H. A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain. Nature 1988;332:78-81. (Pubitemid 18083551)
5. Sudoh T, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP): a new member of natriuretic peptide family identified in porcine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;168:863-70. (Pubitemid 20164622)
6. Minamino N, Aburaya M, Ueda S, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. The presence of brain natriuretic peptide of 12,000 daltons in porcine heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;155:740-6.
7. Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Isolation and identification of a high molecular weight brain natriuretic peptide in porcine cardiac atrium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;157:402-9. (Pubitemid 19004874)
8. Saito Y, Nakao K, Itoh H, Yamada T, Mukoyama M, Arai H, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide is a novel cardiac hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;158:360-8. (Pubitemid 19053938)
9. Kambayashi Y, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Shiono S, et al. Isolation and sequence determination of human brain natriuretic peptide in human atrium. FEBS Lett 1990;259:341-5. (Pubitemid 20025830)
10. Hino J, Tateyama H, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Isolation and identification of human brain natriuretic peptides in cardiac atrium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;167:693-700. (Pubitemid 20113237)
11. Goetze JP. Biochemistry of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-derived peptides: the endocrine heart revisited. Clin Chem 2004;50:1503-10. (Pubitemid 39121217)
12. Inoue K, Naruse K, Yamagami S, Mitani H, Suzuki N, Takei Y. Four functionally distinct C-type natriuretic peptides found in fish reveal evolutionary history of the natriuretic peptide system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:10079-84. (Pubitemid 37087070)
13. Schulz S. C-type natriuretic peptide and guanylyl cyclase B receptor. Peptides 2005;26:1024-34. (Pubitemid 40725373)
14. Nielsen SJ, Goetze JP, Jensen H, Rehfeld JF. ProCNP and CNP are primarily expressed in male genital organs. Regul Pept 2008;146:204-12.
15. Burnett JC Jr, Kao PC, Hu DC, Heser DW, Heublein D, Granger JP, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide elevation in congestive heart failure in the human. Science 1986;231:1145-7. (Pubitemid 16016312)
16. Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Suga S, et al. Human brain natriuretic peptide, a novel cardiac hormone. Lancet 1990;335:801-2. (Pubitemid 20106739)
17. Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Suga S, et al. Increased human brain natriuretic peptide in congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990;323:757-8. (Pubitemid 20288962)
18. Buckley MG, Sagnella GA, Markandu ND, Singer DR, MacGregor GA. Concentrations of N-terminal ProANP in human plasma: evidence for ProANP (1-98) as the circulating form. Clin Chim Acta 1990;191:1-14. (Pubitemid 20350338)
19. Hunt PJ, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, Richards AM, Espiner EA. The amino-terminal portion of probrain natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP) circulates in human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214:1175-83.
20. de Lemos JA, McGuire DK, Drazner MH. B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2003;362:316-22. (Pubitemid 36936846)
21. Costello-Boerrigter LC, Burnett JC Jr. The prognostic value of N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2005;2:194-201. (Pubitemid 40812482)
22. Daniels LB, Maisel AS. Natriuretic peptides. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:2357-68. (Pubitemid 50011582)
23. Januzzi JL Jr, Chen-Tournoux AA, Moe G. Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide testing for the diagnosis or exclusion of heart failure in patients with acute symptoms. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:29-38.
24. Palazzuoli A, Antonelli G, Quatrini I, Nuti R. Natriuretic peptides in heart failure: where we are, where we are going. Intern Emerg Med 2011;6:63-8.
25. Goetze JP. Biosynthesis of cardiac natriuretic peptides. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010;50:97-120.
26. Sudoh T, Maekawa K, Kojima M, Minamino N, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for human brain natriuretic peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989;159:1427-34. (Pubitemid 19101141)
27. Steinhelper ME. Structure, expression, and genomic mapping of the mouse natriuretic peptide type-B gene. Circ Res 1993;72:984-92. (Pubitemid 23105504)
28. Asano K, Murakami M, Endo D, Kimura T, Fujinaga T. Complementary DNA cloning, tissue distribution, and synthesis of canine brain natriuretic peptide. Am J Vet Res 1999;60:860-4. (Pubitemid 129532191)
29. Liu ZL, Wiedmeyer CE, Sisson DD, Solter PF. Cloning and characterization of feline brain natriuretic peptide. Gene 2002;292:183-90. (Pubitemid 34762001)
30. Schulz H, Langvik TA, Lund SE, Smith J, Ahmadi N, Hall C. Radioimmunoassay for N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2001;61:33-42. (Pubitemid 32240871)
31. Goetze JP, Kastrup J, Pedersen F, Rehfeld JF. Quantification of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and its products in human plasma by use of an analysis independent of precursor processing. Clin Chem 2002;48:1035-42. (Pubitemid 34680899)
32. Giuliani I, Rieunier F, Larue C, Delagneau JF, Granier C, Pau B, et al. Assay for measurement of intact B-type natriuretic peptide prohormone in blood. Clin Chem 2006;52:1054-61. (Pubitemid 43794417)
33. Seferian KR, Tamm NN, Semenov AG, Mukharyamova KS, Tolstaya AA, Koshkina EV, et al. The brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) precursor is the major immunoreactive form of BNP in patients with heart failure. Clin Chem 2007;53:866-73. (Pubitemid 46744242)
34. Liang F, O'Rear J, Schellenberger U, Tai L, Lasecki M, Schreiner GF, et al. Evidence for functional heterogeneity of circulating B-type natriuretic peptide. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1071-8. (Pubitemid 46349497)
35. Siriwardena M, Kleffmann T, Ruygrok P, Cameron VA, Yandle TG, Nicholls MG, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide signal peptide circulates in human blood: evaluation as a potential biomarker of cardiac ischemia. Circulation 2010;122:255-64.
36. Goetze JP, Johnsen AH, Rehfeld JF. Regarding article, "B-type natriuretic peptide signal peptide circulates in human blood: evaluation as a potential biomarker of cardiac ischemia" [Letter]. Circulation 2011;123:e232.
37. Severino A, Campioni M, Straino S, Salloum FN, Schmidt N, Herbrand U, et al. Identification of protein disulfide isomerase as a cardiomyocyte survival factor in ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1029-37. (Pubitemid 47348226)
38. Azfer A, Niu J, Rogers LM, Adamski FM, Kolattukudy PE. Activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response during the development of ischemic heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H1411-20. (Pubitemid 44343688)
39. Steiner DF. The proinsulin C-peptide-a multirole model. Exp Diabesity Res 2004;5:7-14.
40. Hodgson-Zingman DM, Karst ML, Zingman LV, Heublein DM, Darbar D, Herron KJ, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide frameshift mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2008;359:158-65. (Pubitemid 351962039)
41. Shimizu H, Masuta K, Aono K, Asada H, Sasakura K, Tamaki M, et al. Molecular forms of human brain natriuretic peptide in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2002;316:129-35. (Pubitemid 34028197)
42. Seidler T, Pemberton C, Yandle T, Espiner E, Nicholls G, Richards M. The amino terminal regions of proBNP and proANP oligomerise through leucine zipper-like coiled-coil motifs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;255:495-501. (Pubitemid 29292288)
43. Schellenberger U, O'Rear J, Guzzetta A, Jue RA, Protter AA, Pollitt NS. The precursor to B-type natriuretic peptide is an O-linked glycoprotein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006;451:160-6.
44. Crimmins DL, Kao JL. A glycosylated form of the human cardiac hormone pro B-type natriuretic peptide is an intrinsically unstructured monomeric protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008;475:36-41.
45. Crimmins DL, Goetze JP. In vitro molecular structure of N-terminal B-type natriuretic Peptide: monomer or oligomer? Clin Chem 2011;57:924-6.
46. Seferian KR, Tamm NN, Semenov AG, Tolstaya AA, Koshkina EV, Krasnoselsky MI, et al. Immunodetection of glycosylated NT-proBNP circulating in human blood. Clin Chem 2008;54:866-73. (Pubitemid 351671597)
47. Semenov AG, Postnikov AB, Tamm NN, Seferian KR, Karpova NS, Bloshchitsyna MN, et al. Processing of pro-brain natriuretic peptide is suppressed by O-glycosylation in the region close to the cleavage site. Clin Chem 2009;55:489-98.
48. Hunter I, Alehagen U, Dahlström U, Rehfeld JF, Crimmins DL, Goetze JP. N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide measurement in plasma suggests covalent modification. Clin Chem 2011;57:1327-30.
49. Sawada Y, Suda M, Yokoyama H, Kanda T, Sakamaki T, Tanaka S, et al. Stretch-induced hypertrophic growth of cardiocytes and processing of brain-type natriuretic peptide are controlled by proprotein-processing endoprotease furin. J Biol Chem 1997;272:20545-54. (Pubitemid 27355612)
50. Wu C, Wu F, Pan J, Morser J, Wu Q. Furin-mediated processing of Pro-C-type natriuretic peptide. J Biol Chem 2003;278:25847-52. (Pubitemid 36835344)
51. Yan W, Wu F, Morser J, Wu Q. Corin, a transmembrane cardiac serine protease, acts as a proatrial natriuretic peptide-converting enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:8525-9. (Pubitemid 30639706)
52. Wu F, Yan W, Pan J, Morser J, Wu Q. Processing of pro-atrial natriuretic peptide by corin in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 2002;277:16900-5. (Pubitemid 34967716)
53. Dries DL, Victor RG, Rame JE, Cooper RS, Wu X, Zhu X, et al. Corin gene minor allele defined by 2 missense mutations is common in blacks and associated with high blood pressure and hypertension. Circulation 2005;112:2403-10. (Pubitemid 41504489)
54. Wang W, Liao X, Fukuda K, Knappe S, Wu F, Dries DL, et al. Corin variant associated with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy exhibits impaired zymogen activation and natriuretic peptide processing activity. Circ Res 2008;103:502-8.
55. Ichiki T, Huntley BK, Heublein DM, Sandberg SM, McKie PM, Martin FL, et al. Corin is present in the normal human heart, kidney, and blood, with pro-B-type natriuretic peptide processing in the circulation. Clin Chem 2011;57:40-7.
56. Yokota N, Bruneau BG, Fernandez BE, de Bold ML, Piazza LA, Eid H, de Bold AJ. Dissociation of cardiac hypertrophy, myosin heavy chain isoform expression, and natriuretic peptide production in DOCA-salt rats. Am J Hypertens 1995;8:301-10.
57. Bloomquist BT, Eipper BA, Mains RE. Prohormone-converting enzymes: regulation and evaluation of function using antisense RNA. Mol Endocrinol 1991;5:2014-24.
58. Beaubien G, Schafer MK, Weihe E, Dong W, Chretien M, Seidah NG, Day R. The distinct gene expression of the pro-hormone convertases in the rat heart suggests potential substrates. Cell Tissue Res 1995;279:539-49.
59. Dschietzig T, Richter C, Bartsch C, Laule M, Armbruster FP, Baumann G, Stangl K. The pregnancy hormone relaxin is a player in human heart failure. FASEB J 2001;15:2187-95. (Pubitemid 32927936)
60. Marx R, Mains RE. Adenovirally encoded prohormone convertase-1 functions in atrial myocyte large dense core vesicles. Endocrinology 1997;138:5108-18. (Pubitemid 27509667)
61. Jin H, Fedorowicz G, Yang R, Ogasawara A, Peale F, Pham T, Paoni NF. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is induced in the left ventricle of rats with heart failure and can provide inotropic support to the failing heart. Circulation 2004;109:2240-5. (Pubitemid 38625403)
62. Brandt I, Lambeir AM, Ketelslegers JM, Vanderheyden M, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV converts intact B-type natriuretic peptide into its des-SerPro form. Clin Chem 2006;52:82-7. (Pubitemid 43032470)
63. Ahrén B. DPP-4 inhibitors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;21:517-33. (Pubitemid 350185859)
64. Lam CS, Burnett JC Jr, Costello-Boerrigter L, Rodeheffer RJ, Redfield MM. Alternate circulating pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide forms in the general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1193-202. (Pubitemid 46400332)
65. Underwood R, Chiravuri M, Lee H, Schmitz T, Kabcenell AK, Yardley K, Huber BT. Sequence, purification, and cloning of an intracellular serine protease, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Biol Chem 1999;274:34053-8. (Pubitemid 129511738)
66. Chiravuri M, Agarraberes F, Mathieu SL, Lee H, Huber BT. Vesicular localization and characterization of a novel post-proline-cleaving aminodipeptidase, quiescent cell proline dipeptidase. J Immunol 2000;165:5695-702.
67. Luchner A, Stevens TL, Borgeson DD, Redfield M, Wei CM, Porter JG, Burnett JC Jr. Differential atrial and ventricular expression of myocardial BNP during evolution of heart failure. Am J Physiol 1998;274:H1684-9.
68. Christoffersen C, Goetze JP, Bartels ED, Larsen MO, Ribel U, Rehfeld JF, Nielsen LB. Chamber-dependent expression of brain natriuretic peptide and its mRNA in normal and diabetic pig heart. Hypertension 2002;40:54-60. (Pubitemid 34755979)
69. Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Hosoda K, Suga S, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide as a novel cardiac hormone in humans. Evidence for an exquisite dual natriuretic peptide system, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. J Clin Invest 1991;87:1402-12.
70. Goetze JP, Friis-Hansen L, Rehfeld JF, Nilsson B, Svendsen JH. Atrial secretion of B-type natriuretic peptide. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1648-50. (Pubitemid 44025348)
71. Hasegawa K, Fujiwara H, Doyama K, Mukoyama M, Nakao K, Fujiwara T, et al. Ventricular expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in dilated cardiomyopathy: an immunohistocytochemical study of the endomyocardial biopsy specimens using specific monoclonal antibodies. Am J Pathol 1993;142:107-16. (Pubitemid 23026915)
72. Takemura G, Takatsu Y, Doyama K, Itoh H, Saito Y, Koshiji M, et al. Expression of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and their genes in hearts of patients with cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:754-65.
73. Hasegawa K, Fujiwara H, Itoh H, Nakao K, Fujiwara T, Imura H, Kawai C. Light and electron microscopic localization of brain natriuretic peptide in relation to atrial natriuretic peptide in porcine atrium: immunohistocytochemical study using specific monoclonal antibodies. Circulation 1991;84:1203-9.
74. Canaff L, Brechler V, Reudelhuber TL, Thibault G. Secretory granule targeting of atrial natriuretic peptide correlates with its calcium-mediated aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:9483-7. (Pubitemid 26296634)
75. Baertschi AJ, Monnier D, Schmidt U, Levitan ES, Fakan S, Roatti A. Acid prohormone sequence determines size, shape, and docking of secretory vesicles in atrial myocytes. Circ Res 2001;89:e23-9.
76. John SW, Krege JH, Oliver PM, Hagaman JR, Hodgin JB, Pang SC, et al. Genetic decreases in atrial natriuretic peptide and salt-sensitive hypertension. Science 1995;267:679-81.
77. Tse MY, Watson JD, Sarda IR, Flynn TG, Pang SC. Expression of B-type natriuretic peptide in atrial natriuretic peptide gene disrupted mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;219:99-105. (Pubitemid 32331450)
78. Tamura N, Ogawa Y, Chusho H, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Suda M, et al. Cardiac fibrosis in mice lacking brain natriuretic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:4239-44. (Pubitemid 30226117)
79. Hawkridge AM, Muddiman DC, Hebulein DM, Cataliotti A, Burnett JC Jr. Effect of plasma protein depletion on BNP-32 recovery. Clin Chem 2008;54:933-4. (Pubitemid 351671618)
80. Hawkridge AM, Heublein DM, Bergen HR 3rd, Cataliotti A, Burnett JC Jr, Muddiman DC. Quantitative mass spectral evidence for the absence of circulating brain natriuretic peptide (BNP-32) in severe human heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:17442-7. (Pubitemid 41740885)
81. Corti R, Burnett JC Jr, Rouleau JL, Ruschitzka F, Lüscher TF. Vasopeptidase inhibitors: a new therapeutic concept in cardiovascular disease? Circulation 2001;104:1856-62. (Pubitemid 32963354)
82. Richards AM, Crozier IG, Holmes SJ, Espiner EA, Yandle TG, Frampton C. Brain natriuretic peptide: natriuretic and endocrine effects in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1993;11:163-70. (Pubitemid 23130569)
83. Smith MW, Espiner EA, Yandle TG, Charles CJ, Richards AM. Delayed metabolism of human brain natriuretic peptide reflects resistance to neutral endopeptidase. J Endocrinol 2000;167:239-46.
84. Henriksen JH, Goetze JP, Fuglsang S, Christensen E, Bendtsen F, Møller S. Increased circulating pro-brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in patients with cirrhosis: relation to cardiovascular dysfunction and severity of disease. Gut 2003;52:1511-7. (Pubitemid 37176734)
85. Hunt PJ, Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Yandle TG, Doughty RN, Espiner EA. Immunoreactive aminoterminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTPROBNP): a new marker of cardiac impairment. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:287-96. (Pubitemid 27395959)
86. Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF, Videbaek R, Friis-Hansen L, Kastrup J. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor in cardiac venous blood from failing hearts. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:69-74. (Pubitemid 40092494)
87. Macheret F, Boerrigter G, McKie P, Costello-Boerrigter L, Lahr B, Heublein D, et al. Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(1-108) circulates in the general community: plasma determinants and detection of left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1386-95.
88. Kroll MH, Twomey PJ, Srisawasdi P. Using the single-compartment ratio model to calculate half-life, NT-proBNP as an example. Clin Chim Acta 2007;380:197-202. (Pubitemid 46498060)
89. Pemberton CJ, Johnson ML, Yandle TG, Espiner EA. Deconvolution analysis of cardiac natriuretic peptides during acute volume overload. Hypertension 2000;36:355-59.
90. Semenov AG, Seferian KR, Tamm NN, Artem'eva MM, Postnikov AB, Bereznikova AV, et al. Human pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is processed in the circulation in a rat model. Clin Chem 2011;57:883-90.
91. Luckenbill KN, Christenson RH, Jaffe AS, Mair J, Ordonez-Llanos J, Pagani F, et al. Cross-reactivity of BNP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP in commercial BNP and NT-proBNP assays: preliminary observations from the IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage. Clin Chem 2008;54:619-21. (Pubitemid 351348175)
92. Lippert SK, Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Processing-independent analysis for pro-C-type natriuretic peptide. J Immunol Methods 2010;362:32-7.
93. Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. The posttranslational phase of gene expression: new possibilities in molecular diagnosis. Curr Mol Med 2003;3:25-38.
94. Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF. Peptide hormones and their prohormones as biomarkers. Biomarkers Med 2009;3:335-8.
95. Rehfeld JF, Gingras MH, Bardram L, Hilsted L, Goetze JP, Poitras P. The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and mismeasurement of gastrin. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1444-53.
96. Goetze JP, Kastrup J, Rehfeld JF. The paradox of increased natriuretic hormones in congestive heart failure patients: does the endocrine heart also fail in heart failure? Eur Heart J 2003;24:1471-2. (Pubitemid 37010575)
97. de Bold AJ. Thirty years of research on atrial natriuretic factor: historical background and emerging concepts. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;89:527-31.