Molecular biomarkers as measures of environmental justice: A proposed health-assessment paradigm

International Journal of Public Administration

Volumn 25, Issue 2-3, 2002, Pages 281-303

  Gragg, Richard D ^a   Gasana, Janvier ^b   Christaldi, Ronald A ^c  

^a FLORIDA A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c One Tampa City Center ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856003743     PISSN: 01900692     EISSN: 15324265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/PAD-120013239     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
2. 1996. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida A&M University. Florida Legislature. Environmental Sciences Institute. Florida Environmental Equity & Justice Commission Final Report
3. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute of Medicine
4. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
5. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
6. 1996. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida A&M University. Florida Legislature. Environmental Sciences Institute. Florida Environmental Equity & Justice Commission Final Report
7. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute of Medicine
8. Lybarger, J.A., Spengler, R.F., and DeRosa, C., eds. 1993. Priority Health Conditions: An Integrated Strategy To Evaluate the Relationship Between Ilness and Exposure to Hazardous Substances Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
9. Savitz, D.A., et al., 1997. Assessment of Reproductive Disorders and Birth Defects in Communities Near Hazardous Chemical Sites. I. Birth Defects and Reproductive Disorders. Reproductive Toxicology, 11: 223–230.
10. Geschwind, S.A. et al., 1992. Risk of Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135: 1197–1207.
11. Hansen, H., De Rosa, C., Pohl, H., Fay, M., and Mumtaz, M., 1998. Public Health Challenges Posed by Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (6): 1271–1280.
12. Vrijheid, M., 2000. Health Effects of Residence Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites: A Review of Epidemiologic Literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 101–112.
13. Zahm, S.H., and Frauumeni, J.F., Jr., 1995. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Variations in Cancer Risk: Considerations for Future Epidemiologic Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (8): 00–00.
14. MoIler, L., Schuetzle, D., and Autrup, H., 1994. Future Research Needs Associated with the Assessment of Potential Human Health Risks from Exposure to Toxic Ambient Air Pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 (4): 193–210.
15. 1999. Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute Of Medicine
16. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
17. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
18. Kaswan, A., 1997. Environmental Justice: Bridging The Gap Between Environmental Laws and ‘Justice’. The American University Law Review, 47: 221–293.
19. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
20. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
21. Kaswan, A., 1997. Environmental Justice: Bridging The Gap Between Environmental Laws and ‘Justice’. The American University Law Review, 47: 221–293.
22. Reath, V., 1994. The Media's Perspective. St. John's Journal of Legal Comment, 9: 531
23. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
24. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
25. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
26. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
27. Kaswan, A., 1997. Environmental Justice: Bridging The Gap Between Environmental Laws and ‘Justice’. The American University Law Review, 47: 221–293.
28. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
29. Guralnik, J.M., and Leveille, S. G., 1997. Annotation: Race, Ethinicity, and Health Outcomes—Unraveling the Mediating Role of Socioeconomic Status. American Journal of Public Health, 87: 728–729.
30. Kaswan. 1997. Annotation: Race, Ethinicity, and Health Outcomes—Unraveling the Mediating Role of Socioeconomic Status. American Journal of Public Health, 87: 728–729.
31. Liu, F., 1998. Who Will Be Protected by EPA's New Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards?. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 32A–39A.
32. Northridge, M.E., and Shepard, P.M., 1997. Comment: Environmental Racism and Public Health. American Journal of Public Health, 87: 730–732.
33. Been, V., 1995. Analyzing Evidence of Environmental Justice. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 11: 1
34. Lazarus, R.J., 1993. Pursuing Environmental Justice: The Distributive Effects of Environmental Protection. Northwestern University Law Review, 57: 787
35. Godsil, R.D., 1991. Remedying Environmental Racism. Michigan Law Review, 90: 394
36. Greenberg, M., 1993. Proving Environmental Inequity In Siting Locally Unwanted Land Uses. Risk Issues In Health and Safety,: 235–236.
37. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
38. Greenberg, M., 1993. Proving Environmental Inequity In Siting Locally Unwanted Land Uses. Risk Issues In Health and Safety,: 235–236.
39. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
40. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
41. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
42. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
43. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
44. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
45. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
46. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
47. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
48. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
49. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
50. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
51. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
52. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
53. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
54. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
55. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
56. Sexton, K., and Adgate, J.L., 1999. Looking at Environmental Justice from an Environmental Health Perspective. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9 (9): 3–8.
57. Moller, L., Schuetzle, D., and Autrup, H., 1994. Future Research Needs Associated with the Assessment of Potential Human Health Risks from Exposure to Toxic Ambient Air Pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102 (4): 193–210.
58. 1999. “ Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute of Medicine ”. In Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
59. Hansen, H., De Rosa, C., Pohl, H., Fay, M., and Mumtaz, M., 1998. Public Health Challenges Posed by Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (6): 1271–1280.
60. Sram, R. J., 1996. Future Research Directions to Characterize Environmental Mutagens in Highly Polluted Areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (3): 603–607.
61. Sexton, K., and Adgate, J.L., 1999. Looking at Environmental Justice from an Environmental Health Perspective. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9: 3–8.
62. Sexton, K., and Adgate, J.L., 1999. Looking at Environmental Justice from an Environmental Health Perspective. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9: 3–8.
63. Sexton, K., and Adgate, J.L., 1992. Environmental Equity: Reducing Risk for all Communities Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA/230-R-92-008
64. Sram, R.J., 1996. Future Research Directions to Characterize Environmental Mutagens in Highly Polluted Areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (3): 603–607.
65. Onalaja, A.O., and Claudio, L., 2000. Genetic Susceptibility to Lead Poisoning. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 23–28.
66. 1999. “ Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute of Medicine ”. In Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
67. Gragg, R., Christaldi, R., Leong, S., and Cooper, M., 1996. The Location and Community Demographics of Targeted Environmental Hazardous Sites in Florida. Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law, 12: 1–44.
68. Foster, S., 1998. Justice From the Ground Up: Distributive Inequities, Grassroots Resistance, and the Transformative Politics of the Environmental Justice Movement. California Law Review, 86: 775–837.
69. 1999. “ Committee on Environmental Justice, Institute of Medicine ”. In Toward Environmental Justice: Research, Education, and Health Policy Needs Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
70. Zahm, S.H., and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. 1995. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Variations in Cancer Risk: Considerations for Future Epidemiologic Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (8): 00–00.
71. Perera, F., and Weinstein, I.B., 1982. Molecular Epidemiology and Carcinogen-DNA Adduct Detection: New Approaches to Studies of Human Cancer Causation. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 35: 581–600.
72. Schulte, P.A., 1993. “ A Conceptual and Historical Framework for Molecular Epidemiology ”. In Molecular Epidemiology Principles and Practices Edited by: Schulte, P.A., and Perera, F.P., San Diego, California: Academic Press.
73. Whyatt, R.M., and Perera, P.P., 1995. Application of Biologic Markers to Studies of Environmental Risks in Children and the Developing Fetus. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (6): 105–110.
74. Lybarger, J.A., Spengler, R.F., and DeRosa, C., eds. 1993. “ Priority Health Conditions: An Integrated Strategy To Evaluate the Relationship Between Illness and Exposure to Hazardous Substances ”. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
75. 1987. National Research Council. Biological Markers in Environmental Health Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 74: 3–9.
76. Schulte, P.A., 1995. “ Biomarkers ”. In In Environmental Medicine Edited by: Brooks, S., Gochfeld, M., Herzstein, J., Schenker, M., and Jackson, R., St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby.
77. Gann, P.H., Davis, D.L., and Perera, F., 1985. Biologic Markers in Environmental Epidemiology. August12–161985. Mexico City, Mexico Proceedings of the 5th Workshop of the Scientific Group on Methodologies for the Safety and Evaluation of Chemicals, Sponsored by the World Health Organization
78. Hulka, B.S., and Wilcosky, T., 1988. Biological Markers in Epidemiology Research. Archives of Environmental Health, 31: 83–89.
79. Schulte, P.A., 1989. A Conceptual Framework for the Validation and Use of Biologic Markers. Environmental Research, 48: 129–144.
80. 1987. National Research Council. Biological Markers in Environmental Health Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 74: 3–9.
81. Hulka, B.S., and Wilcosky, T., 1988. Biological Markers in Epidemiology Research. Archives of Environmental Health, 31: 83–89.
82. Schulte, P.A., 1989. A Conceptual Framework for the Validation and Use of Biologic Markers. Environmental Research, 48: 129–144.
83. Schulte, P.A., 1995. “ Biomarkers ”. In Environmental Medicine Edited by: Brooks, S., Gochfeld, M., Herzstein, J., Schenker, M., and Jackson, R., St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby.
84. Hatch, M.C., and Stein, Z.A., 1987. “ The Role of Epidemiology in Assessing Chemical Induced Disease ”. In Mechanisms of Cell Injury: Implications for Human Health Edited by: Fowler, B.A., New York: John Wiley and Sons.
85. Perera, F.P., 1987. The Potential Usefulness of Biological Markers in Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 76: 141–145.
86. Perera, F.P., 1987. Molecular Cancer Epidemiology: A New Tool in Cancer Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 78: 887–898.
87. 1987. National Research Council. Biological Markers in Environmental Health Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 74: 3–9.
88. Hulka, B.S., and Wilcosky, T., 1988. Biological Markers in Epidemiology Research. Archives of Environmental Health, 31: 83–89.
89. Schulte, P.A., 1989. A Conceptual Framework for the Validation and Use of Biologic Markers. Environmental Research, 48: 129–144.
90. Schulte, P.A., 1989. A Conceptual Framework for the Validation and Use of Biologic Markers. Environmental Research, 48: 129–144.
91. Hatch, M.C., and Stein, Z.A., 1987. “ The Role of Epidemiology in Assessing Chemical Induced Disease ”. In Mechanisms of Cell Injury: Implications for Human Health Edited by: Fowler, B.A., New York: John Wiley and Sons.
92. Perera, F.P., 1987. The Potential Usefulness of Biological Markers in Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 76: 141–145.
93. Perera, F.P., 1987. Molecular Cancer Epidemiology: A New Tool in Cancer Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 78: 887–898.
94. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
95. Schulte, P.A., and Perera, F.P., eds. 1993. Molecular Epidemiology Principles and Practices San Diego, California: Academic Press.
96. Ayesh, R., Idle, J.R., Richie, J.C., Crothers, M.J., and Hertzel, M.R., 1984. Metabolic Oxidation Phenotypes as Markers for Susceptibility to Lung Cancer. Nature, 312: 169–170.
97. Lybarger, J.A., Spengler, R.F., and DeRosa, C., eds. 1993. “ Priority Health Conditions: An Integrated Strategy To Evaluate the Relationship Between Illness and Exposure to Hazardous Substances ”. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
98. Savitz, D.A. et al., 1997. Assessment of Reproductive Disorders and Birth Defects in Communities Near Hazardous Chemical Sites. I. Birth Defects and Reproductive Disorders. Reproductive Toxicology, 11: 223–230.
99. Geschwind, S.A. et al., 1992. Risk of Congenital Malformations Associated with Proximity to Hazardous Waste Sites. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135: 1197–1207.
100. Levine, R., and Chitwood, D.D., 1985. Public Health Investigations of Hazardous Organic Chemical Waste Disposal in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 62: 415–422.
101. Phillips, A.M., and Silbergold, E.K., 1985. Health Effects Studies of Exposure from Hazardous Waste Site—Where Are We Today?. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 8: 1–7.
102. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment, and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496–509.
103. Vrijheid, M., 2000. Health Effects of Residence Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites: A Review of Epidemiologic Literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 101–112.
104. Bearer, C., 1998. Biomarkers in Pediatric Environmental Health: A Cross-Cutting Issue. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (3): 813–816.
105. Lasley, B.L., and Overstreet, J.W., 1998. Biomarkers for Assessing Human Female Reproductive Health, An Interdisciplinary Approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (4): 955–960.
106. Sram, R., 1998. Effect of Glutathione S-transferase MI Polymorphisms on Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (1): 231–239.
107. Lubin, B., and Lewis, R., 1995. Biomarkers and Pediatric Environmental Health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (6): 99–104.
108. Phillips, A.M., and Silbergold, E.K., 1985. Health Effects Studies of Exposure from Hazardous Waste Site—Where Are We Today?. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 8: 1–7.
109. Kreiss, K., 1981. Association of Blood Pressure and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Level. Journal of the American Medical Associated, 245: 2505–2509.
110. Fischbein, A., Wolf, M.S., Lilis, R., Thornton, J., and Selikoff, I.J., 1979. Clinical Finding Among PCB Exposed Capacitor Manufacturing Workers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 320: 703–715.
111. Savitz, D.A. et al., 1997. Assessment of Reproductive Disorders and Birth Defects in Communities Near Hazardous Chemical Sites. I. Birth Defects and Reproductive Disorders. Reproductive Toxicology, 11: 223–230.
112. Whyatt, R.M., and Perera, P.P., 1995. Application of Biologic Markers to Studies of Environmental Risks in Children and the Developing Fetus. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (6): 105–110.
113. Rogan, WJ et al. 1988. Congenital Poisoning by Polycholorinated Biphenyls and Their Contaminants in Taiwan. Science, 241: 334–336.
114. Whyatt, R.M., and Perera, P.P., 1995. Application of Biologic Markers to Studies of Environmental Risks in Children and the Developing Fetus. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (6): 105–110.
115. Rogan, WJ et al. 1988. Congenital Poisoning by Polycholorinated Biphenyls and Their Contaminants in Taiwan. Science, 241: 334–336.
116. Jacobson, S.L., Jacobson, S.W., and Humphrey, H.E.B., 1990. Effects of Exposure to PCBs and Related Compounds on Growth and Activity in Children. Neurotoxicity and Teratology, 12: 319–326.
117. Jacobson, S.L., Jacobson, S.W., and Humphrey, H.E.B., 1990. Effects of In Utero Exposure to PCBS and Related Contaminants on Cognitive Functioning in Young Children. Journal of Pediatrics, 116: 38–45.
118. Schaumburg, H.H., Spencer, P.S., and Arezzo, J.C., 1983. Monitoring Potential Neurotoxic Effects of Hazardous Waste Disposal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 48: 61–64.
119. Savitz, D.A., et al., 1997. Assessment of Reproductive Disorders and Birth Defects in Communities Near Hazardous Chemical Sites I. Birth Defects and Reproductive Disorders. Reproductive Toxicology, 11: 223–230.
120. Schulte, P.A., ed. 1993. Molecular Epidemiology Principles and Practices San Diego, California: Academic Press.
121. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
122. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility Risk Assessment, and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
123. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufacturers Association.
124. Vrijheid, M., 2000. Health Effects of Residence Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites: A Review of Epidemiologic Literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 101–112.
125. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
126. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
127. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufactures Association.
128. Vrijheid, M., 2000. Health Effects of Residence Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites: A Review of Epidemiologic Literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 101–112.
129. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
130. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
131. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufactures Association.
132. Vrijheid, M., 2000. Health Effects of Residence Near Hazardous Waste Landfill Sites: A Review of Epidemiologic Literature. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 101–112.
133. Lasley, B.L., and Overstreet, J.W., 1998. Biomarkers for Assessing Human Female Reproductive Health, An Interdisciplinary Approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (4): 955–960.
134. Sram, R., 1998. Effect of Glutathione S-transferase MI Polymorphisms on Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (1): 231–239.
135. Hansen, H., De Rosa, C., Pohl, H., Fay, M., and Mumtaz, M., 1998. Public Health Challenges Posed by Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (6): 1271–1280.
136. Hansen, H., De Rosa, C., Pohl, H., Fay, M., and Mumtaz, M., 1998. Public Health Challenges Posed by Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (6): 1271–1280.
137. Autrup, H., Ddaneshvar, B., Dragsted, L.O., Gamborg, M., Hansen, A.M., Loft, S., Okkels, H., Nielsen, F., Nielsen, P.S., Raffn, E., Wallin, H., and Knudsen, L.E., 1999. Biomarkers for Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution-Comparison of Carcinogen-DNA Adduct Levels with Other Exposure Markers and Markers for Oxidative Stress. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107 (3): 233–238.
138. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
139. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
140. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufactures Association.
141. Pirkle, J.L., Sampson, E.J., Needham, L.L., Patterson, D.G., and Ashley, D.L., 1995. Using Biological Monitoring to Assess Human Exposure to Priority Toxicants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (3): 45–48.
142. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
143. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
144. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufactures Association.
145. Onalaja, A.O., and Claudio, L., 2000. Genetic Susceptibility to Lead Poisoning. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108 (1): 23–28.
146. Hirvonen, A., 1999. Polymorphisms of Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes and Susceptibility to Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107 (1): 37–47.
147. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
148. Perera, F.P., 1996. Molecular Epidemiology: Insights Into Cancer Susceptibility, Risk Assessment and Prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88: 496
149. 1996. “ Chemical Manufacturers Association ”. In Risk Assessment: A Flexible Approach to Problem Solving Arlington, Virginia: Chemical Manufactures Association.
150. Lasley, B.L., and Overstreet, J.W., 1998. Biomarkers for Assessing Human Female Reproductive Health: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (4): 955–960.
151. Sram, R., 1998. Effect of Glutathione S-transferase MI Polymorphisms on Biomarkers of Exposure and Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (1): 231–239.
152. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
153. Kuehn, R.R., 1996. The Environmental Justice Implications of Quantitative Risk Assessment. University Illinois Law Review, 103: 188–272.
154. Lubin, B., and Lewis, R., 1995. Biomarkers and Pediatric. Environmental Health Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (6): 99–104.
155. Zahm, S.H., and Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., 1995. Racial Ethic and Gender Variations in Cancer Risk: Considerations for Future Epidemiologic Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103 (8): 00–00.
156. Brooks, S. et al., ed. 1995. Environmental Medicine St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby.
157. Decaprio, A.P., 1997. Biomarkers: Coming of Age for Environmental Health and Risk Assessment. Environmental Science and Technology, 31: 1837–1848.
158. Phillips, C.V., and Sexton, K., 1999. Science and Policy Implications of Defining Environmental Justice. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 9: 9–17.